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89-812: The Midnight Sun Mosque , also known as the Inuvik Mosque or Little Mosque on the Tundra , is a non-denominational Islamic house of worship located in Inuvik , Northwest Territories, Canada. The mosque was built in 2010 for the town's small Muslim community. It is the northernmost mosque in the Western Hemisphere and the only one in North America above the Arctic Circle . Inuvik's Muslim community outgrew its original worship centre,

178-466: A Sunni family and was tutored by two Shia scholars from Iran, was aware of the dangers of Muslim sectarian dissension, and did not tolerate sectarian disputes disrupting the public order. In 1578, Akbar forced all major ulama to sign a mahzar , in this case a declaration that he alone was the caliph and that, consequently, his opinion in religious matters prevailed. Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders,

267-589: A 2012 Pew study , Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: Kazakhstan (74%), Albania (65%), Kyrgyzstan (64%), Kosovo (58%), Indonesia (56%), Mali (55%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (54%), Uzbekistan (54%), and a plurality in four countries: Azerbaijan (45%), Russia (45%), Nigeria (42%), and Cameroon (40%). They are found primarily in Central Asia . Kazakhstan has

356-647: A Winnipeg documentarian Guisti hired to make a film about the mosque. "It was refreshing to see so many grown men cry." Following the mosque's completion, the Muslim Welfare Centre (MWC) in Toronto provided the funds to purchase an adjacent property to set up the "Arctic Food Bank ". It distributes groceries to the town's population, and is now Inuvik's largest charity. The food bank was the first full-service one to be established in Inuvik, according to

445-422: A debate early in the mosque's history, the congregation settled on this timetable so that all would eat and pray at the same time. "The purpose is to worship, not to be tortured," said one member. "If you are doing something beyond your capability as a human, that is not Islam." The resulting schedule has taken some getting used to. Under the midnight sun, it is still broad daylight when the iftar meal that ends

534-421: A given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or

623-499: A long and complex history in Islam and they have been exploited and amplified by rulers for political ends. However, the notion of Muslim unity has remained an important ideal and in modern times intellectuals have spoken against sectarian divisions. Surveys have reported that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim" or "Muslim only", although there is little published analysis available regarding

712-571: A million Canadian dollars . A member reached out to Saudi -born businessman Hussain Guisti, who had built a mosque for the small Muslim community in the similarly remote northern city of Thompson, Manitoba , while his wife was doing her medical residency there. He had overcome high construction costs by having the mosque prefabricated in Winnipeg and trucked over 750 kilometres (470 mi) to Thompson. Guisti had never heard of Inuvik before he got

801-467: A new frontier for Islam." The construction and transport of the mosque inspired children's author Shazia Afzal and illustrator Aliya Ghare to co-create the book Journey of the Midnight Sun . The book will be published by Orca Book Publishers and released on March 15, 2022. Denny Rodgers, then mayor of Inuvik, said in 2011 that the mosque was "a nice addition to the community". The former trailer

890-478: A plurality in four countries: Azerbaijan (45%), Russia (45%), Nigeria (42%), and Cameroon (40%). They are found primarily in Central Asia . Kazakhstan has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population in the country. Southeastern Europe also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect. Sectarian controversies have

979-982: A proper noun-like title to Muslims without a specific sectarian affiliation by capitalizing the designation as Just a Muslim . The customs and rituals practised by non-denominational Muslims in Northern Nigeria are statistically more likely to be Sunni -inclined. In other jurisdictions, some officials have applied a mandatory religious instruction that purportedly gives students a non-denominational outlook in an attempt to appear pluralistic, but in practice, does no such thing. Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims, and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible". Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come from CAIR . Some publishers and authors have categorized such non-specified Muslims as being within

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1068-515: A proportionate level of egalitarianism between the various religions and genders, and adapting to changing circumstances. Despite on occasion sourcing indicating that those identifying as just a Muslim may constitute up to a quarter of Muslims, more established institutions may express hostility to such a flexible approach to faith due to its ability to foment attitudes calling for an elimination of Islamic clergy . In 2017, there were 144 non-denominational prayer rooms and other places of worship in

1157-430: A radical egalitarianism to a fiercely tribal society, within which a person's status was based on his tribal membership. The Quran set all believing individuals as equals, erasing the importance of tribal status. The primary identity of "Muslims" became simply "Muslim", rather than as a member of a tribe, ethnicity or gender. The Quranic concept of the ummah depends on this unified concept of an Islamic community, and it

1246-681: A religious war after the Safavids made Shia Islam the state religion in their empire. During that era some Sunnis and Shias for the first time began refusing to recognize each other as Muslims. Sectarianism continued to be exploited for political benefits into modern times. An example of this was the Zia regime in Pakistan, who used sectarian divisions between the Sunni and Shia to counter the growing geopolitical influence of Iran, as well as to distract from

1335-510: A sect. It has been described as a phenomenon that gained momentum in the 20th century which can overlap with orthodox Sunni tenets despite adherents not adhering to any specific madhab . In an alluding commentary on surah Al-Muʼminun verse 53 of the Qur'an , Abdullah Yusuf Ali states: The people who began to trade on the names of the prophets cut off that unity and made sects; and each sect rejoices in its own narrow doctrine, instead of taking

1424-474: A shared platform that could span the differences between the sects. Due to his anti-sectarian stance, Faisal had a displeasing relationship with Sati' al-Husri . Malaysian Muslim scholar Kassim Ahmad argued that some hadith promote ideas that conflict with science and create sectarian issues, stating the hadith are "sectarian, anti-science, anti-reason and anti-women". In 1947, the non-sectarian movement Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah

1513-488: A shield against the risk of becoming docile and meek subjects of domineering clergymen. According to the Muslim Council of America, facets occurring among non-denominational Muslims from a practical point of view includes lacking organizational convenance or spokespersons, and in terms of precepts, a universal or inclusive approach to all schools of thought. According to MCA, non-denominational Muslims also deemphasize

1602-497: A step toward building a formal mosque; they soon founded the Muslim Association of Inuvik. A Sudanese taxi driver who had been one of the earliest Muslims in town bought two lots at $ 90,000 in support of the construction effort. Building the mosque was a challenge. While Inuvik's remote location had made the land affordable, it also greatly inflated construction costs. The modest structure they had in mind would cost half

1691-444: A total interior floor space of 144.4 m (1,554 sq ft), comprising a prayer hall, library, kitchen, and children's playroom. The main prayer hall has dedicated prayer spaces for men and women and is lined with ornate red carpet. Muslims have been in the Inuvik area at least since Peter Baker , a Lebanese-Canadian trapper who started an Edmonton -based trading company, provided supplies to oil prospectors working out of

1780-472: A truck trailer, by the late 2000s. They had bought land for a mosque, but construction costs were too great. A Winnipeg -based Islamic charity funded a prefabricated mosque that was taken by truck to Hay River , twice nearly falling into a creek. From Hay River, it was floated via barge across Great Slave Lake and down the Mackenzie River to Inuvik, where it was moved to its permanent location on

1869-638: A young man. Jinnah publicly described himself as neither Shia nor Sunni, and his standard answer to questions asking him to define his sect being: "was the Prophet Muhammad a Shia or a Sunni?" Other intellectuals who spoke against sectarianism during this era were Altaf Hussain Hali , who blamed sectarianism for the decline of Muslims, the Aga Khan III , who cited it as a hindrance to progress, and Muhammad Akram Khan , who said sectarianism drained

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1958-440: Is a high risk investment and risk assessment is paramount for successful project portfolio management . Exploration risk is a difficult concept and is usually defined by assigning confidence to the presence of the imperative geological factors, as discussed above. This confidence is based on data and/or models and is usually mapped on Common Risk Segment Maps (CRS Maps). High confidence in the presence of imperative geological factors

2047-404: Is a potential trap which geologists believe may contain hydrocarbons. A significant amount of geological, structural and seismic investigation must first be completed to redefine the potential hydrocarbon drill location from a lead to a prospect. Four geological factors have to be present for a prospect to work and if any of them fail neither oil nor gas will be present. Hydrocarbon exploration

2136-565: Is cited as a hindrance to the unification of Islamic Law: "Codification of the Islamic Laws related to family and property on the basis of the concept of Talfiq should also be considered. This will require strong public opinion in favour of this unification of the Islamic Law on a non-sectarian basis, as no change can be considered permanent unless it has full support of the public." In Lithuania , non-denominational Muslims fall into

2225-602: Is located on the south side of Wolverine Road, 200 metres (660 ft) northeast of its junctions with Navy and Adams roads, at the northern corner of the residential portion of Inuvik. Across the road, north and east, is scrubby taiga . Northwest is an area of commercial and industrial properties that continues for several kilometers along the Dempster Highway . The building itself is a single-story modular building sided in vertical light blue-gray metallic siding with (mostly) dark blue trim and imitation foundation . It

2314-511: Is that Sunnis represent Islam as it existed before the divisions, and should be considered as normative, or the standard. This perception is partly due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works, and also because the vast majority of the population is Sunni. Both Sunnism and Shi'ism are the end products of several centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and divisions. During

2403-593: Is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for deposits of hydrocarbons , particularly petroleum and natural gas , in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology . Visible surface features such as oil seeps , natural gas seeps , pockmarks (underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine

2492-571: Is topped by a gently pitched front-gabled roof finished with brown shingles. The north (front, facing toward Mecca over the North Pole ) facade is topped by a short two-stage white octagonal tower, with a looping pattern. Atop it is a green octagonal cone topped with a crescent moon finial . A wooden wheelchair ramp runs along the west side to a rear entrance. The mosque's casement windows have dark blue surrounds. The second and third are more widely spaced. Light fixtures similar to those on

2581-477: Is usually coloured green and low confidence coloured red. Therefore, these maps are also called Traffic Light Maps, while the full procedure is often referred to as Play Fairway Analysis (PFA). The aim of such procedures is to force the geologist to objectively assess all different geological factors. Furthermore, it results in simple maps that can be understood by non-geologists and managers to base exploration decisions on. Petroleum resources are typically owned by

2670-457: The Dempster Highway , the only road to Inuvik, were too narrow for the trucks carrying the mosque . In Edmonton, it was held up for a day due to construction and heavy traffic, and authorities there made the trucks wait two more days for Labour Day weekend to pass. After crossing the 60th parallel into the NWT, the truck had to cross the very narrow Reindeer Bridge, which was not wide enough for

2759-694: The Mackenzie River delta region, where Inuvik was established as an administrative centre in the early 1960s. He was later elected to represent the Mackenzie North riding in the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly in 1964, making him the first known Muslim elected to office in Canada. In 2011 it was reported that one Muslim resident, an Albanian , had been living in Inuvik since the early 1970s. Muslims began coming to Inuvik in greater numbers starting in

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2848-593: The Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a , a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational. According to a 2012 study by the Pew Research Center , Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: Kazakhstan (74%), Albania (65%), Kyrgyzstan (64%), Kosovo (58%), Indonesia (56%), Mali (55%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (54%), Uzbekistan (54%), and

2937-522: The United Kingdom , open to all denominations. This represented 7.4% of the total of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK. 99% of them provided women's facilities such as prayer space, toilets or ablution spaces. In 2013, there were 156 non-denominational Muslim prayer rooms and places of worship in the U.K, although according to Mehmood Naqshbandi, the congregation does not necessarily subscribe to

3026-443: The pan-Islamist revolutionary Jamal al-Din al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar. A proponent of Muslim unity, he criticised Sunni and Shia extremists as well as the ideology of nationalism , insisting that Islam was doctrinally the only nationality for all Muslims and historically the only bond that effectively tied them all together. Believing in

3115-502: The Emirates urged solidarity and co-operation between nations, Arab and non-Arab. The ideal policy in his view was openness and a combination of modernisation and preservation of traditional values and distinct identity. He also called for protecting Islam against sectarianism and factionalism. During his reign, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (r. 2005-2015) acted to reduce regional sectarianism. Abdullah's promotion of sectarian harmony

3204-593: The Midnight Sun Mosque is made with reindeer meat, not the traditional beef. During Ramadan, the food bank is supplied with qurbani , the lamb, goat and beef meats that prosperous Muslims are required to donate to the needy for Eid al-Adha . Local hunters have offered surplus food, but most local game meat is not halal . The mosque accepts reindeer or moose , but only if the animal has been killed according to dhabihah requirements: by facing it toward Mecca, cutting its jugular vein and saying "In

3293-536: The Umayyad period, many non-Arab converts ( mawali ) and their sects and schools tended to be willing to join anti-Umayyad causes. Both Sunni and Shia scholars have held anti-Umayyad views, most notably concerning Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah . In the early modern period , the conflict between Shias and Sunnis took a turn for the worse when the Safavid and Ottoman dynasties turned the military conflict between them into

3382-453: The call, but when he looked for the town's location on a map, he decided he had to make the mosque possible, believing (erroneously) that it would make history as the northernmost mosque yet built. Before agreeing to fund the construction, Guisti imposed three conditions. First, while the mosque would be open to all Muslims, worship would follow the Sunni traditions he had been raised in. Second,

3471-480: The category of "non-traditional religious communities", and are formally separated by law from Sunnis. There are faith schools and graduation programs with curriculums that have been described as being oriented towards non-denominational Islam . Non-denominational Muslims have been adopted by some theocratic governments into their fold of pan-Islamism as a means to tackle unreasoning partisanship and takfirism . Some academic press publishing companies have assigned

3560-598: The community. Others believed that Muhammad had chosen his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. This disagreement eventually resulted in a civil war which pitted supporters of Ali against supporters of the founder of the Umayyad dynasty Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan , and these two camps later evolved into the Sunni and Shia denominations. For the Shias, Ali and the Imams who succeeded him gradually became

3649-562: The congregation, the mosque is oriented on a very north-northeast qibla , its front facing Mecca over the North Pole . This is distinct from most other mosques in North America, which face more to the east, via the direct or great circle routes. Omar Mouallem considers this an example of ijtihad , since it was not derived from any religious authority. Services are held in both Arabic and English. The mosque officially opened two months later on November 10, with Guisti calling

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3738-434: The daily fast is prepared and served. "You're supposed to break your fast when it's dusk, and we eat when the sun is out. It's not usual to have iftar when the sun is up", one member told The Guardian . Timing is not the only concession the feast makes to its location. Inuvialuit food has also influenced the menu. Dates and curries, common elements at iftar meals around the world, are served. But biryani served at

3827-411: The domestic political problems. Post-Zia governments in Pakistan continued to "cynically manipulate sectarian conflicts for short term political gain." Non-denominational Muslims defend their stance by pointing to the Qur'an such as Al Imran verse 103, which asks Muslims to stay united and not to become divided. Talking about sectarianism, Persian Muslim poet Hafiz (d. 1389-1390) said, "Forgive

3916-404: The embodiment of God's continuing guidance, and they tended to stress the religious functions of the caliphate and deplore its political compromises; Sunnis were more inclined to circumscribe its religious role and more readily accepted its pragmatic dimensions. As these differences became increasingly vested with religious importance, they gave rise to two distinct forms of Islam. One assumption

4005-400: The extent of these deposits using exploration geophysics . Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey , magnetic survey , passive seismic or regional seismic reflection surveys to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology. Features of interest (known as leads ) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of

4094-438: The first prayer. After a day-long open house at the mosque, the community hosted a dinner at the local arena open to all Inuvik residents. Lebanese and Palestinian relatives of one local restaurateur arranged for enough supplies to be flown in from Edmonton for a Middle Eastern dinner attended by 500–600. A man came from Dubai to personally donate the carpeting. "The day was filled with a lot of emotion", recalled Nilufer Rahman,

4183-505: The first time that autumn. At the time of its arrival the congregation had not chosen a name for the mosque. One member jokingly suggested calling it the "Graceful Mosque" because it had reached Inuvik intact. Assembling the interior furnishings and dome was the next challenge. Some of the congregants volunteered to do so, but they did not know how. Fathallah Farjat, a Palestinian-born carpenter then working in Hamilton, Ontario , heard about

4272-468: The front are mounted north of the first window and between the second and third. The east profile is identical to the west one, without the wheelchair ramp. To the northeast of the front entrance stands a three-stage 10-metre (33 ft) white minaret . It is in the Ottoman style , narrow and octagonal. When dark, it can be illuminated by lights at the top of the first and second stages. The mosque has

4361-570: The government of the host country. In the United States, most onshore (land) oil and gas rights (OGM) are owned by private individuals, in which case oil companies must negotiate terms for a lease of these rights with the individual who owns the OGM. Sometimes this is not the same person who owns the land surface. In most nations the government issues licences to explore, develop and produce its oil and gas resources, which are typically administered by

4450-520: The intellectual capacities of Muslim scholars. An anti-sectarian culture and anti-sectarian nationalist movements and parties emerged in Syria after 1860, especially around the Arab movement and the Arab government under King Faisal I of Iraq (r. 1921-1933). Faisal, who abhorred sectarianism, was an advocate of a mild and inclusive form of Arab nationalism , around which a consensus could be built, and as

4539-441: The largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population. According to WorldAtlas , 30% of Moroccans are non-denominational Muslims. While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a , a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational. Southeastern Europe also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with

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4628-657: The liberal or progressive stream of the faith. Sahelian non-denominational Muslims have demonstrated an aversion to austere religious measures. However, non-denominational Muslims in a locality in India have expressly suggested that non-denominational Islam is more traditional than what they consider as the more puritan and reformist Deobandi movement. Although some non-denominational Muslims came to their position influenced by their parents, others have come to this position irrespective and in spite of their parents. Some laymen non-denominational Muslims exhibit hostility towards

4717-562: The main asset of an oil company. Booking is the process by which they are added to the balance sheet. In the United States, booking is done according to a set of rules developed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). The reserves of any company listed on the New York Stock Exchange have to be stated to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Reported reserves may be audited by outside geologists, although this

4806-506: The mid-1970s, as the Arctic oil exploration boom created new job opportunities. The boom ended with the collapse of oil prices in 1986 . By the 2000s, there were a hundred Muslims in Inuvik, mostly Sunni from Egypt, Lebanon and the Sudan, including all the town's taxi drivers, and many architects, engineers and businessmen. Many were men whose families remained in southern Canada, supported by

4895-452: The mosque estimated that at any given time one-quarter to one-third of the immediate residents have used the food bank. As with other mosques in the Arctic and subarctic, great variations in the length of the day over the course of the year affect how the community observes Ramadan , when Muslims fast during the day for a month and only eat at night, as determined by the rising and setting of

4984-622: The mosque leadership. It fills a need since the town's remoteness and dependence on the mostly unpaved 715-kilometre (444 mi) Dempster Highway as its main conduit for goods results in higher prices at local markets, which can rise still further as fuel prices do. Since locals are thus often reluctant to donate in quantity, the MWC ships at least $ 35,000 worth of donated halal food to Inuvik annually, available to all residents for free once every two weeks if they have registered. As of 2019 that included 700 families living within two hours' drive of Inuvik;

5073-581: The mosque would have to be financially self-sustaining once it was open. Last, he wanted to call the first prayer . In early 2010, Guisti's Zubaidah Tallab Foundation (ZTF) funded the construction of the mosque. Instead of building it on site in Inuvik, the ZTF realized it would be cheaper to have the mosque prefabricated in a Winnipeg warehouse. That September, the completed mosque was shipped over 4,000 km (2,500 mi) in two sections on trucks and river barge to its current location. The mosque's journey

5162-455: The motivations underlying this response. Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as non-sectarian Muslims . The description non- madhhabi may be used for example in relation to Islamic studies at educational institutions that are not limited in scope to one particular madhhab or school of jurisprudence. For non-denominational Muslims, Pew uses the description of "choose not to affiliate" while Russian officials use

5251-401: The name of Allah ". Inuvialuit hunters prefer to follow their own sacrificial traditions, so the mosque receives little of this meat. Fishermen, in contrast, offer large quantities of surplus trout and pike in summer. Amier Suliman, one of the congregants, remarked to an Egyptian news outlet that "this [the mosque] is the first minaret to be erected in the Arctic   ... some will say it's

5340-555: The northern edge of the town. Religious observances at the mosque, held per Sunni tradition although they are open to all Muslims, have made some adjustments to the Arctic . In some years Ramadan , with its daily fasts required during the day for a full month, falls during either midnight sun or polar night . Since it is impossible to fast between sunrise and sunset, worshippers use the corresponding times on that day in Mecca , but at their local time. During midnight sun this means that

5429-443: The notion that Islam is divided into the binary subdivisions of Sunnism and Shiaism, thereby erasing space for the unaffiliated non-denominational Muslims. Non-denominational Islam has been described as a generic or a broad run-of-the-mill approach to the faith. Some adherents to the non-denominational form of Islam perceive it as less judgemental or censorious. Some non-denominational Muslims consider their unaffiliated stance to be

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5518-491: The oil ministry. There are several different types of licence. Oil companies often operate in joint ventures to spread the risk; one of the companies in the partnership is designated the operator who actually supervises the work. Resources are hydrocarbons which may or may not be produced in the future. A resource number may be assigned to an undrilled prospect or an unappraised discovery. Appraisal by drilling additional delineation wells or acquiring extra seismic data will confirm

5607-531: The operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time. The term 1P is frequently used to denote proved reserves; 2P is the sum of proved and probable reserves; and 3P the sum of proved, probable, and possible reserves. The best estimate of recovery from committed projects is generally considered to be the 2P sum of proved and probable reserves. Note that these volumes only refer to currently justified projects or those projects already in development. Oil and gas reserves are

5696-467: The opinion of scholars, viewing them as non-binding, reject the blasphemy or riddah laws within Islam, and posit the implementation of human dignity, freedom of expression and human intellect according to circumstance and changing situations, such as discernment between the present and seventh century Arabia. They have also depicted non-denominational Muslims as having a theological position that favors self-determination , human intellect, human dignity,

5785-422: The other direction as they attempted the crossing a second time. A construction crew in the area used their backhoes and lent chains to secure it to the truck bed, and it was able to cross successfully. "We almost had an underwater mosque, a house of worship for toads and fish," Guisti said later. This caused delays getting to Hay River, where the mosque was scheduled for the last barge of the season—any later and

5874-431: The problem and called Guisti, who paid for his flight to Inuvik. Farjat worked for six weeks without pay on the mosque's interior, doing framing , hanging drywall , laying carpet, finding space for a kitchen, and designing, then building, the dome and pulpit. A minaret, not part of the original design, was suggested; Farjat then designed and built one despite never having done so before. On the suggestion of an engineer in

5963-500: The relatively high incomes from jobs in the Arctic. Some of the congregants' wives had joined them in Inuvik, but many had to leave their children in southern Canada to be educated in their faith. The men prayed at Our Lady of Victory Church , the igloo-shaped Roman Catholic church in downtown Inuvik. Beginning in 2000, the local Muslim community was served by a converted 2.7-by-4.3-metre (9 by 14 ft) truck trailer with space for 20 attendees; Eid al-Fitr celebrations were held at

6052-510: The risk can be reduced by using electromagnetic methods Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore and remote area exploration is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical shallow shelf oil wells (e.g. North Sea ) cost US$ 10 – 30 million, while deep water wells can cost up to US$ 100 million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as US$ 100,000. A prospect

6141-541: The rulings of a particular traditional madhhab but identify as Sunni Muslims. [REDACTED] After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , two conflicting views emerged about who should succeed him as the leader of the Muslim community. Some Muslims, who believed that Muhammad never clearly named his successor, resorted to the Arabian tradition of electing their leader by a council of influential members of

6230-503: The same viewpoints as the staff. This represented 3.5 per cent of the total mosque capacity and 9.4% of the total number of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK. Those who are non-denominational Muslim have seen the term adopted or adherents coalescing with a wide assortment of persuasions, including Muslim revivalists (known as mujaddids ), Salafists , active members of the Muslim Brotherhood , those who criticise

6319-891: The size of the field and lead to project sanction. At this point the relevant government body gives the oil company a production licence which enables the field to be developed. This is also the point at which oil reserves and gas reserves can be formally booked. Oil and gas reserves are defined as volumes that will be commercially recovered in the future. Reserves are separated into three categories: proved, probable, and possible. To be included in any reserves category, all commercial aspects must have been addressed, which includes government consent. Technical issues alone separate proved from unproved categories. All reserve estimates involve some degree of uncertainty. Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from

6408-550: The sun, so many Muslim congregations above the Arctic Circle fast based on the time of day at Mecca , or some city to the south with a more regular diurnal cycle. The Midnight Sun Mosque's worshippers decided to use the times of sunrise and sunset at Mecca, but in Inuvik's North American Mountain Time Zone , since Mecca is nine hours ahead of local time. This results in a fast that usually lasts 13 hours out of 24, beginning around 5 a.m. and ending around 6:30 p.m. After

6497-462: The sun. In some years in Inuvik since the mosque opened, Ramadan has occurred during the midnight sun period between May and July that gives the mosque its name; and in the years around 2030 it will occur during the month-long polar night in December and January, when the sun never rises. During both those periods of the year it would be impractical and unhealthy to fast based on the movements of

6586-400: The term "Unaffiliated Muslims" for those who do not belong to any branch or denomination. Unlike Sunnis , Shias , and Ibadis , non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any school of thought (madhhab). The term ghair-muqallid , i.e., "non-blind-follower", can be used to describe the adherents of movements such as Salafism and Ahl-e-Hadith who do not necessarily follow

6675-410: The time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of depth conversion to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an exploration well is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas. Offshore

6764-416: The town's curling lounge or its arena. A painted crescent moon over the entrance was the only outward sign it was a mosque Inside, prayer rows were marked on the carpet with tape. On Fridays men took turns leading the services and giving the jumah sermon to a packed house. An Egyptian imam was impressed with the community centre on a 2008 visit. He advised members to incorporate a non-profit society as

6853-512: The traditional Muslim view on homosexuality, or the quintessential all-embracing Ansar-ud-Din college, described as a "non-denominational Muslim institution" in Ota Ogun State , Nigeria wherein in the 1950s, all its Islam-related shelves were stocked with books solely affiliated with Ahmadiyya or from western orientalists, even though Ahmadiyya is considered heretical in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. According to

6942-433: The traditional evening iftar meal is consumed while the sun is still out. Biryani served is made from reindeer meat instead of beef. The mosque operates Inuvik's food bank , most of which is stocked with halal food donated from elsewhere in Canada. It is available to all regardless of faith, and serves hundreds of families in the area. Muslims elsewhere also contribute qurbani foods for Eid al-Adha . The mosque

7031-434: The trucks. After the driver took the tires off and used another truck to balance the building, they attempted the crossing, only for that section of the mosque to become unbalanced and threaten to fall off the trailer into the creek. The crew attempted to compensate by moving all the construction supplies for the interior, such as carpeting, furniture and plumbing, to the opposite side of the structure, but that only made it lean

7120-416: The truth when the truth itself is in danger." In his later life, Iqbal began to transcend the narrow domain of nationalist causes and began to speak to the Muslims spread all over the globe, encouraging them to unify as one community. Iqbal's influence on Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan, is also well documented. Jinnah was born to an Ismaili Shia family and briefly converted to Sunni Islam as

7209-454: The unification of Muslims in order to go back to the "true Islam", Egyptian scholar Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905) held that the extreme fervour of sects was responsible for the divide of Muslims, and this division, alongside unsubstantiated religious practises and false religious doctrine such as the exaggerations of the Sufi order , was one of the reasons for their decline. Islam originally brought

7298-515: The universal teaching of unity from Allah. But this sectarian confusion is of man's making. It will last for a time, but the rays of truth and unity will finally dissipate it. Worldly wealth, power and influence may be but trials. Let not their possessors think that they are in themselves things that will necessarily bring them happiness. Notable figures who have espoused an anti-sectarian stance include: Other religions: Oil prospector Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration )

7387-401: The war of the 72 sects ; since they did not see the truth they have struck out on the road to fancy". Hafiz regarded sectarian quarrels as afsana (a tale) that preoccupies those who fail to understand the diversity of faith. The poems of Hafiz were known for their non-sectarian tone, and were even quoted by Debendranath Tagore . The third Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556-1605), who was from

7476-552: The water levels along the Mackenzie might not be high enough to guarantee passage all the way to Inuvik. Only a late phone call to the barge operator persuaded it to wait. Once the mosque reached the barge, it was transferred to it but rough weather on Great Slave Lake kept the vessel in port for another two days. The trip across the lake and down the Mackenzie to Inuvik took ten days, and the mosque reached its destination in late September, greeted by 40 local Muslims, as snow fell for

7565-463: Was an undistinguished building, "but now the minaret tower is lit up all the time. At night it's quite spectacular. We're already known for the Igloo [Roman Catholic] Church , but now the mosque provides another feature to help us attract quality professionals to move here, bring their families, and become part of the community." Non-denominational Muslim While the majority of the population in

7654-480: Was appealed to again in the 19th century, as a response to colonialism by European powers. One Muslim scholar leading the emphasis on Muslim unity was Muhammad Iqbal , whose views have been referred to as "ummatic". Iqbal emphatically referred to sectarianism as an " idol " that needed to be "smashed forever". He is quoted as having stated, "I condemn this accursed religious and social sectarianism, there are no Wahhabis, Shias or Sunnis. Fight not for interpretations of

7743-570: Was faced by many challenges, including the king not having the support of all members of the royal family . According to Thomas West and Sonia Alianak, Jordan and Morocco withstood the tidal wave of revolutions during the Arab Spring of 2011 because King Abdullah II of Jordan and King Muhammad VI of Morocco , both descendants of Prophet Muhammad and non-sectarian, resorted to reform instead of being toppled by making use of their religious credentials and pedigrees. In Pakistan, sectarianism

7832-589: Was founded in Cairo, Egypt. Several of its supporters were high-ranking scholars of Al-Ahzar University . The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is. At the end of the 1950s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser discovered the usefulness of pan-Islamism for his foreign policy. During his reign, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of

7921-594: Was heavily covered by the media, which termed it "Little Mosque on the Tundra" after the CBC series Little Mosque on the Prairie , and beset with difficulties. On the road leg, a truck took it first to Edmonton , where it would take a route north to Hay River in the Northwest Territories (NWT) for the beginning of the barge trip. The water route was necessary because several bridges on the upper reaches of

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