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90-473: Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin ( Serbian Cyrillic : Михајло Идворски Пупин , pronounced [miˈxǎjlo ˈîdʋoɾski ˈpǔpin] ; October 4, 1858 – March 12, 1935), also known as Michael Pupin , was a Serbian-American electrical engineer , physicist and inventor. Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance telephone communication by placing loading coils (of wire) at predetermined intervals along

180-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

270-483: A 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor ( Scribner's , 1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title From pastures to scientist (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka). Beside this he also published: Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named Pupin Hall in his honor. It houses

360-468: A calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use

450-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

540-538: A desire to seek a better haven of happiness in any other place". Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted Orthodox Christian and was the chief financial benefactor of St. Sava Monastery founded in 1923. Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and

630-487: A difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president Woodrow Wilson , who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of Dalmatia , Slovenia , Istria , Banat , Međimurje , Baranja and Macedonia , stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between

720-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

810-410: A fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes. A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at

900-577: A good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time. After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling supervised by John Tyndall at the University of Cambridge . He obtained his Ph.D. at

990-535: A longtime president (1909–1926). He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the " Serbian National Defense Council " which he founded and led. Later, at the start of

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1080-572: A politically influential figure in America, Pupin participated in the final decisions of the Paris peace conference after the war, when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government. My home town is Idvor, but this fact says little because Idvor can't be found on

1170-539: A separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district. Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in Idvor got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences

1260-521: A swimming test before receiving their diploma. The foreign language requirement, however, may be skipped if the student passes a placement exam or demonstrates requisite proficiency. Most students graduate within four years with a Bachelor of Arts degree . Most of the college's facilities are located on Columbia University's Morningside Heights campus, especially in Hamilton Hall , which houses its administrative and admissions offices, as well as

1350-507: A trend towards applicants applying to more than seven different institutions – an increasingly "scattershot approach" when compared to applications in the 1990s. Columbia College (including Columbia Engineering ) has an admittance rate that places it among the most selective of American colleges. For the fall term of 2010, there were 26,178 applicants for 2,397 placements in the Class of 2014, for an acceptance rate of 9.16%. By

1440-491: Is Columbia University's traditional undergraduate program, offering BA degrees, and is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. Columbia College is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum and is among the most selective of American colleges, with an admission rate of 3.85% in 2024. Columbia College was founded as King's College in 1754 in

1530-627: Is as follows: Columbia College, Columbia University Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college of Columbia University , a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Situated on the university's main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan , it was founded by the Church of England in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain . It

1620-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1710-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

1800-709: The American Institute of Electrical Engineers , the New York Academy of Sciences , the Radio Institute of America, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was also an honorary consul of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Mihajlo Pupin was an ethnic Serb, born on 4 October (22 September, O.S. ) in

1890-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

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1980-458: The Province of New York by royal charter from King George II of Great Britain . Owing in part to the influence of the Church of England , a site was chosen for the new college within the churchyard of Trinity Church on Broadway opposite Wall Street in New York City. The college remained at this site for less than a decade. The college chose Samuel Johnson to be its first president. He

2070-484: The Real Gymnasium . He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship. Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague , where he continued the sixth and first half of

2160-550: The Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans. Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and

2250-534: The University of Berlin under Hermann von Helmholtz with a dissertation titled "Osmotic Pressure and its Relation to Free Energy”. In 1889 Pupin returned to Columbia University, where he was offered a position as "Teacher of Mathematical Physics in the Department of Electrical Engineering". Shortly afterwards he was appointed associate professor, and in 1901 professor of electromechanics. Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis. He

2340-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

2430-797: The physics and astronomy departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey , in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water , the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen". Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews and 34 patents. Mihajlo Pupin was: After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father

2520-450: The transmitting wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA , and he participated in the founding of American Mathematical Society and American Physical Society . In 1924, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as

2610-468: The 1968 protests. Paralleling a national trend after 1970, Columbia classes in the 1970s and 1980s, earned lower SAT scores than did Columbia students in the late 1960s. The scores were, however, similar to other Ivy schools except Harvard , Yale , and Princeton —a position not acceptable to Columbia's ambitious administration. After two committees reported in 1980 and 1981 that the all-male college's competitiveness with other Ivy League universities

2700-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

2790-697: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

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2880-553: The Morningside Heights main campus or within 10 blocks of the 116th Street entrance. First-year students are housed on the main quad in John Jay , Carman , Wallach , Hartley and Furnald Halls . The two main dining facilities are John Jay Dining Hall and Ferris Booth Commons; all freshmen are required to have a full meal plan. Other school dining facilities available on the Morningside Heights campus are located in

2970-623: The allies and Italy. In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Olimpijada Aleksić-Pupin" within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in Ohrid was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established

3060-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3150-495: The biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College , where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for

3240-721: The board count among them PBS president Lawrence K. Grossman , Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer , hedge fund manager Mark E. Kingdon , Bain Capital co-managing partner Jonathan Lavine , Univision CFO Frank Lopez-Balboa, airline investor Frank Lorenzo , real estate developer Philip L. Milstein , H.I.G. Capital founder Sami Mnaymneh, KKR executive Alex Navab , C-SPAN co-founder Robert Rosencrans , Tishman Speyer CEO Rob Speyer , healthcare entrepreneur Daniel E. Straus . Many eminent individuals have attended or taught at Columbia College or King's College, its predecessor. Among those College alumni categorized as "remarkable" by

3330-695: The board currently include ZhenFund CEO Anna Fang , JP Morgan Chase global head of research Joyce Chang, Virtu Financial CEO Doug Cifu, Academy Award -winning producer Dede Gardner , former NYC Commissioner for Consumer and Worker Protection Peter Hatch , USRowing Chairman and president Nobuhisa Ishizuka, HEICO co-president Eric Mendelson, Sixth Street Partners co-founder Vijay Mohan, Warner Bros. General Counsel John Rogovin, Morgan Stanley 's global head of technology Robert Rooney, HNA Group CEO Tan Xiangdong , former FTC Commissioner Mozelle W. Thompson , Happy Family CEO Shazi Visram , and hedge fund manager William von Mueffling . Former members of

3420-782: The college moved to 49th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan . During the college's forty years at this third location, in addition to granting the Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Medicine degrees, the faculties of the college were expanded to include the Columbia Law School (founded 1858), the Columbia School of Mines (founded 1864, now known as the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science ). The Columbia School of Mines awarded

3510-615: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

3600-629: The directors of the Core Curriculum. Butler Library , Columbia University's main library, is home to more than 2 million volumes of the university's humanities collection. The facility recently underwent an extensive four-year renovation, including the creation of a new wing, named Philip L. Milstein Family College Library in honor of its donor. Included is a specialized collection of approximately 100,000 volumes containing subject matter in history, literature, philosophy, and

3690-527: The division of the individual schools and colleges into their own semi-autonomous entities under the central administration of the university. The complexity of managing the institution had been further increased when Barnard College for Women became affiliated with Columbia in 1889 followed by Teachers College of Columbia University in 1891. Also by this time, graduate faculties issuing the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in philosophy, political science, and

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3780-612: The eyes of reading and writing. There is so much wonderful knowledge and learning in the world which you cannot get unless you can read and write. Knowledge is the golden ladder over which we climb to heaven; knowledge is the light which illuminates our path through this life and leads to a future life of everlasting glory. Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in Perlez . He enrolled in high school in Pančevo , and later in

3870-405: The fall term of 2024, applications had more than doubled, with 60,248 applicants for 2,319 placements in the Class of 2028, for an acceptance rate of 3.85%. Columbia College has long been known for its rigorous Core Curriculum , a series of mandatory classes and distribution requirements that form the heart of Columbia College students' academic experience. Students are also required to pass

3960-732: The field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war, Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received acclamation from President Warren G. Harding , which was published on page 386 of his autobiography. By World War I , Pupin was as well-known for Serbian nationalism as science. He wrote that the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 "was ... prepared in Vienna" when Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina began in 1878. Pan-Serb ideology was, Pupin said, "a natural heritage of every true Serb". As

4050-776: The first Secretary of the Treasury ; John Jay , author of several of the Federalist Papers and the first Chief Justice of the United States ; Robert Livingston , one of the Committee of Five who drafted the Declaration of Independence ; and Gouverneur Morris , one of the Committee of Detail who finished the last draft of the United States Constitution . Hamilton's first experience with

4140-459: The first Ph.D. from Columbia in 1875. At this time, Columbia College was now not only the name of the original undergraduate college founded as King's College, but it also encompassed all of the other colleges and schools of the institution. (Though technically known as the "School of Arts", the undergraduate division was often called "The College proper " to avoid confusion.) After Seth Low became president of Columbia College in 1890, he advocated

4230-433: The identity of Columbia College and making it the focus of the newly rearranged Columbia University , Low was also responsible for the monumental relocation of the university to its current location atop a hill in Morningside Heights in uptown Manhattan . A tract for the campus was purchased, which extended from 114th St. to 120th St. between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue . Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White

4320-805: The lead balls in a very short time. Pupin's 1899 patent for loading coils , archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath Oliver Heaviside , which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by George Campbell and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which

4410-1962: The list. Major publishers included were Alfred Knopf , Arthur Sulzberger , and Bennett Cerf . Rabbi Stephen Wise is also considered prominent. Columbia College graduates recognized in the arts include pianist Emanuel Ax , actor James Cagney , musician Art Garfunkel , composers Richard Rodgers and John Corigliano , lyricists Oscar Hammerstein II and Lorenz Hart , playwrights Samuel Spewack , Tony Kushner and Terrence McNally , writers Jack Kerouac , Allen Ginsberg , Herman Wouk , John Berryman , Thomas Merton , Clement Clarke Moore , Ben Coes , and Clifton Fadiman , screenwriter Herman Mankiewicz , filmmaker Joseph Mankiewicz , sculptor Isamu Noguchi , and violinist Gil Shaham . Architects James Renwick Jr. , Robert A.M. Stern , engineer William Barclay Parsons , baseball player Lou Gehrig , football player Sid Luckman , and business leader John Kluge were also Columbia College students. Additionally, highly visible former Columbia College students in recent years include former President Barack Obama , former United States Attorney General William Barr , and former Attorneys General Michael Mukasey and Eric Holder , New York Governor David Paterson , New Hampshire Senator Judd Gregg , former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey , Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti , Texas Congressman Beto O'Rourke , New York Congressman Jerry Nadler , Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves , political advisor and commentator George Stephanopoulos , actors Maggie Gyllenhaal , Jake Gyllenhaal , Anna Paquin , Casey Affleck , Amanda Peet , Matthew Fox , Timothée Chalamet , George Segal , Julia Stiles , Cinta Laura , and Kate McKinnon , radio personality Max Kellerman , directors Jim Jarmusch , Brian De Palma and Bill Condon , television showrunners Jenji Kohan and Beau Willimon , writer Paul Auster , historian Eric Foner , and

4500-725: The map. That is a small village which is found near the main road in Banat, which belonged to Austro-Hungary, and now is an important part of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians Kingdom. This province on the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, was requested by the Romanians, but their request was invalid. They could not negate the fact that the majority of the inhabitants were Serbs, especially in the Idvor area. President Wilson and Mr. Lancing knew me personally and when found out that I

4590-418: The military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston . Along with Nicholas Fish , Robert Troup , and a group of other students from King's College, he joined a volunteer militia company called the " Hearts of Oak " and achieved the rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under

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4680-436: The name of the institution was changed from King's College to Columbia College, the name by which the institution continues to be known today. The college was briefly chartered as a state institution, lasting only until 1787, when due to a lack of public financial support the school was permitted to incorporate under a private board of trustees . This 1787 charter remains in effect. The renamed and reorganized college, located in

4770-492: The natural sciences had also developed. Thus, in 1896, the trustees of Columbia College, under the guidance of Seth Low, approved a new name for the university as a whole, Columbia University in the City of New York . At this point, the name Columbia College returned to being used solely to refer to the original undergraduate college, founded as King's College in 1754 and renamed Columbia College in 1784. In addition to reclaiming

4860-526: The new national capital under the Constitution and free from its association with the Church of England, received students from a variety of denominations as a response to its growing reputation as one of the finest institutions of higher learning in the new nation. Columbia was located at its Park Place campus near New York City Hall for nearly a century, from approximately 1760 to 1857, at which point

4950-509: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

5040-405: The oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – Sloga ." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies. Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and

5130-462: The period. Columbia College and Columbia University as a whole relocated to the new campus in 1897. The academic history of traditions of Columbia College clearly had their beginnings in the classical education of the Enlightenment, and in this mold, the college's famous Core Curriculum was officially recognized and codified in 1919 with John Erskine's first seminar on the great books of

5220-413: The proposed expansion of the university's campus into Morningside Park and to protest the university's sponsorship of classified military research. University officials wished to build new gymnasium facilities in the park, which, while located directly adjacent to the university, is separated by a steep cliff. Plans to create separate entrances for students and local residents was the primary objection of

5310-458: The public. The college's board of visitors is an independent and self-governing advisory body composed of college alumni and parents. The board advocates for the interest of the college among the Columbia community, New York city and beyond. It also provides advice to the dean in identifying and addressing both immediate challenges and short-and long-term opportunities for the college. Members of

5400-628: The recently remodeled student center, Alfred Lerner Hall , Faculty House, and Uris Hall. In 2011, after the resignation of Michele Moody-Adams , James Valentini replaced her as Dean of Columbia College. The students of Columbia College elect the Columbia College Student Council (CCSC) to serve as their primary representative, advocate, and liaison to the Columbia University community, including its administration, faculty, alumni and students, as well as to

5490-494: The same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and

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5580-416: The same. A young immigrant such as I was then does not begin his career until he has spent all the money which he has brought with him. I brought five cents, and immediately spent it upon a piece of prune pie, which turned out to be a bogus prune pie. It contained nothing but pits of prunes. If I had brought five hundred dollars, it would have taken me a little longer to spend it, mostly upon bogus things, but

5670-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

5760-523: The seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the twenty-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States. When I landed at Castle Garden , forty-eight years ago, I had only five cents in my pocket. Had I brought five hundred dollars, instead of five cents, my immediate career in the new, and to me perfectly strange, land would have been

5850-475: The site that would later become home to his alma mater more than a century later, only to be entombed after his dueling death some years later at the original home of King's College in Trinity Church yard. With the successful Treaty of Paris in 1783, the domestic situation was stable enough for the college to resume classes in 1784. With the new nation's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain ,

5940-532: The social sciences specifically intended to complement the Columbia College curriculum. The collection of the Columbia University Libraries consists of more than 9.2 million volumes held in 25 specialized libraries as well as a digital library, however Columbia College students do not have unlimited access to all specialized libraries. Students at Columbia College are guaranteed campus housing for four years. Residence halls, which also house undergraduate students of Columbia's engineering school , are either located on

6030-407: The struggle which awaited me would have been the same in each case. It is no handicap to a boy immigrant to land here penniless; it is not a handicap to any boy to be penniless when he strikes out for an independent career, provided that he has the stamina to stand the hardships that may be in store for him. For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at

6120-402: The student protesters to the proposed expansion plan. A fence at the site was torn down, and police arrested one student, whose release became one of the demands of the protest. After five days, the functions of the university were brought to a halt, and early on the morning of April 30 the students were forcibly removed by the New York City Police Department . As a result of the student protests,

6210-412: The time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of

6300-427: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

6390-1161: The university during its 250th anniversary celebrations in 2004 were Founding Fathers of the United States Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , and Gouverneur Morris (author of Preamble to the U.S. Constitution , "We, The People"). Other political figures in this group include statesman and educator Nicholas Murray Butler , New York Governor DeWitt Clinton , U.S. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish , South African anti- apartheid leader Pixley ka Isaka Seme , Chinese diplomat Wellington Koo , many New York City mayors, including Seth Low and John Purroy Mitchel , as well as spymaster William Joseph Donovan . Academics listed include philosophers Mortimer Adler and Irwin Edman , historians Jacques Barzun and Alfred Thayer Mahan , economist Arthur Burns , paleontologist Niles Eldredge , drama scholar Brander Matthews , art historian Meyer Schapiro and literary critic Lionel Trilling . Public intellectuals and journalists, including broadcaster Roone Arledge , social critic Randolph Bourne , environmentalist Barry Commoner , and writers like Henry Demarest Lloyd and Norman Podhoretz are also prominent on

6480-410: The university president Grayson L. Kirk retired, classified research projects on campus were abruptly ended, long-standing ROTC programs were expelled, and the proposed expansion plans were canceled. The university experienced financial difficulties throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, and admissions standards in the college slightly relaxed to hasten the diversification of the student body following

6570-575: The village of Idvor (in the modern-day municipality of Kovačica , Serbia) in the region of Banat , in the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire , 1858. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, From Immigrant to Inventor (1923): My boy, If you wish to go out into the world about which you hear so much at the neighborhood gatherings, you must provide yourself with another pair of eyes;

6660-625: The watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby St. Paul's Chapel . In August 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia , the Hearts of Oak (the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from the Battery , becoming an artillery unit thereafter. Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in the Battle of Harlem Heights , which took place on and around

6750-585: The western tradition. Also in 1919, a course, War and Peace, was required of all Columbia College students in addition to the Great Books Honors Seminar. During the 1960s, Columbia College, like many others across the United States, experienced unrest and turmoil due to the ongoing civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War . On April 23, 1968, more than 1,000 students forcefully occupied five campus buildings in protest to

6840-544: Was also the college's first (and for a time only) professor. During this period, classes and examinations, both oral and written, were conducted entirely in Latin . By 1760, Columbia had relocated from the Trinity Church site to one along Park Place, near the city commons and today's New York City Hall . In 1767, Samuel Bard established a medical college at the school, now known as the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , which

6930-491: Was an early investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgen's discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with

7020-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

7110-555: Was decreasing, women were admitted in 1983. The median SAT score of the class of 1991 was the highest since the early 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s, the college experienced a drastic increase in gifts and endowment growth, propelling it from the periphery to the forefront of a university historically dominated by its graduate & professional schools. During the leadership of university presidents Michael Sovern and George Erik Rupp , many of Columbia College's facilities were extensively expanded and renovated. The number of residence halls

7200-454: Was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor. Pupin established a foundation in the museum of Natural History and Arts in Belgrade . The funds of the foundation were used to purchase artistic works of Serbian artists for the museum and for the printing of certain publications. Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation. In 1909, he established one of

7290-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

7380-494: Was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones. When the United States joined the First World War in 1917, Pupin was working at Columbia University , organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques. Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous experiments with the aim of discovering submarines at Key West and New London . He also conducted research in

7470-579: Was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

7560-472: Was increased to accommodate all Columbia College students for all four years of the undergraduate education. Hamilton Hall , the primary academic building of Columbia College has undergone extensive renovations, and the college's athletic facilities, located at Baker Field Athletics Complex on Manhattan 's far northern tip at 218th Street , were renovated and expanded. Like other elite schools, Columbia has been attracting ever higher numbers of applicants, with

7650-472: Was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx . Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During

7740-683: Was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in Yonkers, New York , and died on August 2, 1962, in New York. Pupin and his wife were married for eight years; she died from pneumonia at the age of 37. Pupin owned an estate and farm in Norfolk, Connecticut . He wrote about it as his "real American home", because he "never had

7830-456: Was originally from Banat, Romanian reasons lost its weight. According to the London agreement from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get Dalmatia . After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje. In

7920-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

8010-537: Was selected to design the new campus, which was to be patterned after the buildings of the Italian Renaissance . While most American universities at this point had followed more medieval and Gothic styles of architecture, the neoclassical style of the new Columbia University campus was meant to reflect the institution's roots in the Enlightenment and the spirit of intellectual discovery of

8100-535: Was the first medical school to grant the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in America. Due to the American Revolutionary War , instruction was suspended from 1776 until 1784, but by the beginning of the war, the college had already educated some of the nation's foremost political leaders, such as Alexander Hamilton , who served as military aide to General George Washington , initiated and authored most of The Federalist Papers , and served as

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