131-459: Mile Oak is a locality forming the northern part of the former parish of Portslade in the northwest corner of the city of Brighton and Hove , England . Now mostly residential, but originally an area of good-quality agricultural land, it covers the area north of Portslade village as far as the urban boundary. Mile Oak is on the edge of the South Downs and as such has much farmland nearby;
262-518: A contemporary worship form of service, with minimal liturgical or ritual elements, and incorporating contemporary worship music . Just as the Church of England has a large conservative or "traditionalist" wing, it also has many liberal members and clergy. Approximately one third of clergy "doubt or disbelieve in the physical resurrection". Others, such as Giles Fraser , a contributor to The Guardian , have argued for an allegorical interpretation of
393-562: A henge (as in Stonehenge ), as well as evidence of Iron Age and Romano-British farming activity. Mount Zion's east slopes, north of New Barn Farm, are just as special. They have always been grazed and there are three valleys dotted with old anthills and orchids including the rare bee orchid . The most northerly valley has a little copse with hazel and dogwood . Goldfinches , linnets and migrant birds on passage enjoy its peace. There are two notable pathways on this downland. One of
524-570: A tithe map of 1840; and the Ordnance Survey map of 1873 identified Mileoak Cottages and Mileoak Barn on the road (now Mile Oak Road) leading north from Portslade village to the South Downs . Two families were recorded as living in Mile Oak in the 1881 census. They were agricultural workers; the main farm in the area was Mile Oak Farm, which covered 294 acres (119 ha). Brighton Corporation bought Mile Oak Farm on 2 January 1890 with
655-524: A "Heritage Pub" with a historic interior of regional importance, noting the prevalence of original features and the retention of its traditional three-bar layout. The Mill House Inn at the south end of Mile Oak, close to Portslade village, opened on Mill Lane in 1950 for the Tamplins Brewery of Brighton. It closed in July 2013, and a planning application for its demolition and replacement with houses
786-609: A "prisoner for conscience sake". In September 2006, Brighton & Hove bus company honoured Fr. Enraght's memory by naming one of their new fleet buses after him. Edward Vaughan Hyde Kenealy QC (1819–1880) was an Irish born barrister , writer and poet who lived in Wellington Road, Portslade with his wife and eleven children from the 1850s until the mid-1870s. Kenealy commuted to London and Oxford for his law practice but returned at weekends and other times to be with his family. He chose Portslade because of his love of
917-423: A bishop, at which time they reaffirm the baptismal promises made by their parents or sponsors. The eucharist, consecrated by a thanksgiving prayer including Christ's Words of Institution , is believed to be "a memorial of Christ's once-for-all redemptive acts in which Christ is objectively present and effectually received in faith". The use of hymns and music in the Church of England has changed dramatically over
1048-452: A breadth of opinion from liberal to conservative clergy and members. This tolerance has allowed Anglicans who emphasise the catholic tradition and others who emphasise the reformed tradition to coexist. The three schools of thought (or parties) in the Church of England are sometimes called high church (or Anglo-Catholic ), low church (or evangelical Anglican ) and broad church (or liberal ). The high church party places importance on
1179-471: A brief period when the sixth form of Portslade Community College occupied it, the building and its attached farm were demolished and the site redeveloped for housing. Mile Oak Primary School opened in September 1965 on a site on Graham Avenue bought by East Sussex County Council 11 years earlier. It was designed by architect J. Catchpole and cost £48,000. By the start of the 21st century it had grown to be
1310-481: A cathedral and an additional "1.3 million people visited Westminster Abbey, where 99% of visitors paid / donated for entry". In 2022, the church reported than an estimated 5.7 million people visited a cathedral and 6.8 million visited Westminster Abbey. Nevertheless, the archbishops of Canterbury and York warned in January 2015 that the Church of England would no longer be able to carry on in its current form unless
1441-507: A cause of despair for churches, because people may still encounter God without attending a service in a church; for example hearing the Christian message through social media sites or in a café run as a community project. Additionally, 9.7 million people visit at least one of its churches every year and 1 million students are educated at Church of England schools (which number 4,700). In 2019, an estimated 10 million people visited
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#17327797693731572-405: A community hall; it is now a locally listed building. The urban district of Portslade-by-Sea was abolished in 1974, being absorbed into the borough of Hove . No successor parish was created for the area and so Portslade was directly administered by Hove Borough Council. The borough of Hove merged with neighbouring Brighton in 1997 to become the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove , which
1703-476: A contributor to the Sussex County Magazine described "an old oak that stood on the roadway until about 30 years ago, when it gradually rotted away ... it was on the west side of the road, about a mile [north of] the old George Inn on [Portslade] High Street". Alternatively, it may have been at Mile Oak Farm further north. Mile Oak, also spelt Mileoak in early documents, was first mentioned on
1834-685: A course enabling the English church to describe itself as both Reformed and Catholic, that is still foundational to the current Anglican Church. In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Roman Catholic martyrs and Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century, the Puritan and Presbyterian factions continued to challenge
1965-476: A feminist and will ordain both men and women to the priesthood. She is also considered by some to be a theological liberal. On women's reproductive rights , Mullally describes herself as pro-choice while also being personally pro-life . On marriage, she supports the current stance of the Church of England that marriage is between a man and a woman, but also said that: "It is a time for us to reflect on our tradition and scripture, and together say how we can offer
2096-461: A former chalk pit—a site with a "peculiar shape" and steep slope—funded by a housing trust and Brighton Borough Council; Hove Borough Council agreed to maintain the park. It opened in August 1994. The A27 road separates the built-up area from a number of special downland areas to the north, which include Cockroost Hill to the northwest, Mount Zion to the northeast and Cockroost Bottom separating
2227-527: A hierarchy of deaneries , archdeaconries , dioceses led by bishops, and ultimately the pope who presided over the Catholic Church from Rome. Catholicism taught that the contrite person could cooperate with God towards their salvation by performing good works (see synergism ). God's grace was given through the seven sacraments . In the Mass , a priest consecrated bread and wine to become
2358-400: A large 4000 year old Bronze Age settlement, which may have been a henge (as in Stonehenge ), as well as evidence of Iron Age and Romano-British farming activity. Mount Zion's east slopes, north of New Barn Farm, are just as special. They have always been grazed and there are three coombes dotted with old anthills and orchids including the rare bee orchid . The most northerly coombe has
2489-646: A pair of ordained ministers to share between them until the 19th century. From 1825 to 1839, Bermuda's parishes were attached to the See of Nova Scotia . Bermuda was then grouped into the new Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda from 1839. In 1879, the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed. At the same time, a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland , but both continued to be grouped under
2620-476: A papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . The English Reformation accelerated under the regents of his successor, King Edward VI , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach, and the Elizabethan Settlement (implemented 1559–1563), mostly ended the English reformation, and charted
2751-439: A penalty still remained. It was believed that most people would end their lives with these penalties unsatisfied and would have to spend time in purgatory. Time in purgatory could be lessened through indulgences and prayers for the dead , which were made possible by the communion of saints . In 1527, Henry VIII was desperate for a male heir and asked Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . When
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#17327797693732882-475: A place, including for some Christian LGBTI couples who see them as a way of gaining legal recognition of their relationship." Civil partnerships for clergy have been allowed since 2005, so long as they remain sexually abstinent, and the church extends pensions to clergy in same-sex civil partnerships. In a missive to clergy, the church communicated that "there was a need for committed same-sex couples to be given recognition and 'compassionate attention' from
3013-628: A province of the Anglican Communion, under the name Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui . From 1796 to 1818 the Church began operating in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon ), following the 1796 start of British colonisation, when the first services were held for the British civil and military personnel. In 1799, the first Colonial Chaplain was appointed, following which CMS and SPG missionaries began their work, in 1818 and 1844 respectively. Subsequently
3144-549: A response that is about it being inclusive love." The Church of England has been discussing same-sex marriages and LGBT clergy. The church holds that marriage is a union of one man with one woman. The church does not allow clergy to perform same-sex marriages, but in February 2023 approved of blessings for same-sex couples following a civil marriage or civil partnership. The church teaches "Same-sex relationships often embody genuine mutuality and fidelity." In January 2023,
3275-608: Is located at Chalky Road and houses a public library, although Brighton and Hove City Council announced in June 2023 that it would close the following month. Other local amenities include The Mile Oak Inn public house, the Anglican Church of the Good Shepherd and Mile Oak Farm. The location of the oak tree to which the name "Mile Oak" refers is not known for certain, but researchers have suggested two sites. In 1935,
3406-464: Is needed for the proper ordering of the church. In sum these express the 'Via Media' viewpoint that the first five centuries of doctrinal development and church order as approved are acceptable as a yardstick by which to gauge authentic catholicity, as minimum and sufficient; Anglicanism did not emerge as the result of charismatic leaders with particular doctrines. It is light on details compared to Roman Catholic, Reformed and Lutheran teachings. The Bible,
3537-597: Is now continuous north of Portslade village to the South Downs. Mile Oak Farm is still council-owned, and the remaining land and managed by tenant farmers . Planning permission for an Anglican church for the Mile Oak area was granted in March 1936, and later that year a tin tabernacle was acquired with help from the Church of the Good Shepherd, Brighton and a private benefactor. The land and building cost £450, and it
3668-461: Is on Station Road. Boundary Road in neighbouring Hove is the location of Portslade and West Hove station , with direct trains to London Victoria with a journey time of just over an hour. The adjacent areas of West Sussex are Southwick and Fishersgate with Fishersgate occurring south of the railway line. Fishersgate has its own railway station and like the Portslade station actually occurs at
3799-542: Is part of the Portslade Aldridge Community Academy complex on Chalky Road. It has two sports halls, four squash courts, two exercise studios, a gymnasium and an all-weather 3G pitch . The building, which opened at a cost of £115,200 in 1973, was designed by architect J. Catchpole. Portslade Portslade is a western suburb of the city of Brighton and Hove in the ceremonial county of East Sussex , England. Portslade Village ,
3930-791: Is the established Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies . It is the origin of the Anglican tradition , which combines features of both Reformed and Catholic Christian practices. Its adherents are called Anglicans . English Christianity traces its history to the Christian hierarchy recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the 3rd century and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . It renounced papal authority in 1534, when King Henry VIII failed to secure
4061-693: Is thought to form part of the Chichester ( Noviomagus Reginorum ) to Portslade Roman road. Roman remains and a Roman burial site were found in Roman Road. The name of the town had been thought to stem from the Roman placename Portus Adurni , but this is based on a misidentification of Shoreham-by-Sea as Portus Adurni by Michael Drayton in the 17th century. Indeed, the River Adur , whose mouth has moved many times due to longshore drift and erosion,
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4192-478: The Agnus Dei before communion.) The Order One rite follows the pattern of more modern liturgical scholarship. The liturgies are organised according to the traditional liturgical year and the calendar of saints . The sacraments of baptism and the eucharist are generally thought necessary to salvation. Infant baptism is practised. At a later age, individuals baptised as infants receive confirmation by
4323-455: The A27 trunk road away from inner suburban areas, was first discussed in the 1920s, but the borough and county councils only voted in favour of one in 1980–81. A route looping tightly around the northern boundary of the Mile Oak estate and the rest of the urban area was chosen. Hove Council insisted that the road must run entirely to the north of Mile Oak, rather than passing through it; this pushed
4454-575: The Bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919, when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own bishop. The Church of England in Bermuda was renamed in 1978 as the Anglican Church of Bermuda , which is an extra-provincial diocese , with both metropolitan and primatial authority coming directly from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among its parish churches is St Peter's Church in
4585-434: The Church of Ceylon was established: in 1845 the diocese of Colombo was inaugurated, with the appointment of James Chapman as Bishop of Colombo. It served as an extra-provincial jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury , who served as its metropolitan . Under the guidance of Rowan Williams and with significant pressure from clergy union representatives, the ecclesiastical penalty for convicted felons to be defrocked
4716-480: The Monarch's Way and Sussex Border Path long-distance footpaths skirt the edge of the built-up area. The first urban development occurred in the 1930s, and growth continued throughout the postwar era; houses were provided by the council, private builders and housing associations, many of them provided for people occupying substandard houses in the southern part of Portslade. The Portslade Aldridge Community Academy
4847-762: The New Model Army . After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, Parliament restored the Church of England to a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version. Until James II of England was ousted by the Glorious Revolution in November 1688, many Nonconformists still sought to negotiate terms that would allow them to re-enter the church. In order to secure his political position, William III of England ended these discussions and
4978-655: The UNESCO World Heritage Site of St George's Town , which is the oldest Anglican church outside of the British Isles, and the oldest Protestant church in the New World. The first Anglican missionaries arrived in Nigeria in 1842 and the first Anglican Nigerian was consecrated a bishop in 1864. However, the arrival of a rival group of Anglican missionaries in 1887 led to infighting that slowed
5109-416: The body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation . The church taught that, in the name of the congregation, the priest offered to God the same sacrifice of Christ on the cross that provided atonement for the sins of humanity. The Mass was also an offering of prayer by which the living could help souls in purgatory . While penance removed the guilt attached to sin, Catholicism taught that
5240-527: The date of Easter , baptismal customs, and the style of tonsure worn by monks. King Oswiu of Northumbria summoned the Synod of Whitby in 664. The king decided Northumbria would follow the Roman tradition because Saint Peter and his successors, the bishops of Rome, hold the keys of the kingdom of heaven. By the late Middle Ages , Catholicism was an essential part of English life and culture. The 9,000 parishes covering all of England were overseen by
5371-530: The nine parishes of Bermuda , subsequently transferred to the Diocese of Newfoundland . As they developed, beginning with the United States of America, or became sovereign or independent states, many of their churches became separate organisationally, but remained linked to the Church of England through the Anglican Communion . In the provinces that made up Canada, the church operated as
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5502-484: The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist . During the reign of Mary I (1553–1558), England was briefly reunited with the Catholic Church. Mary died childless, so it was left to the new regime of her half-sister Queen Elizabeth I to resolve the direction of the church. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement returned the Church to where it stood in 1553 before Edward's death. The Act of Supremacy made
5633-520: The virgin birth of Jesus . The Independent reported in 2014 that, according to a YouGov survey of Church of England clergy, "as many as 16 per cent are unclear about God and two per cent think it is no more than a human construct." Moreover, many congregations are seeker-friendly environments. For example, one report from the Church Mission Society suggested that the church open up "a pagan church where Christianity [is] very much in
5764-708: The "Church of England in Canada" until 1955 when it became the Anglican Church of Canada . In Bermuda, the oldest remaining British overseas possession, the first Church of England services were performed by the Reverend Richard Buck, one of the survivors of the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture which initiated Bermuda's permanent settlement. The nine parishes of the Church of England in Bermuda , each with its own church and glebe land , rarely had more than
5895-538: The 19th century. Roman Catholics, perhaps 5% of the English population (down from 20% in 1600) were grudgingly tolerated, having had little or no official representation after the Pope's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in 1570, though the Stuarts were sympathetic to them. By the end of 18th century they had dwindled to 1% of the population, mostly amongst upper middle-class gentry, their tenants, and extended families. By
6026-508: The BCP. Like its predecessor, the 1980 Alternative Service Book , it differs from the Book of Common Prayer in providing a range of alternative services, mostly in modern language, although it does include some BCP-based forms as well, for example Order Two for Holy Communion. (This is a revision of the BCP service, altering some words and allowing the insertion of some other liturgical texts such as
6157-673: The Bible known as the King James Version , which was published in 1611 and authorised for use in parishes, although it was not an "official" version per se. The Church of England's official book of liturgy as established in English Law is the 1662 version of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP). In the year 2000, the General Synod approved a modern liturgical book , Common Worship , which can be used as an alternative to
6288-593: The Bishops approved "prayers of thanksgiving, dedication and for God's blessing for same-sex couples." The commended prayers of blessing for same-sex couples, known as "Prayers of Love and Faith," may be used during ordinary church services, and in November 2023 General Synod voted to authorise "standalone" blessings for same-sex couples on a trial basis, while permanent authorisation will require additional steps. The church also officially supports celibate civil partnerships; "We believe that Civil Partnerships still have
6419-474: The Catholicism that had created it; and would result in the rejection of predestinarian theology in favor of sacraments, especially the eucharist, ceremonial, and anti-Calvinist doctrine". The existence of cathedrals "without substantial alteration" and "where the "old devotional world cast its longest shadow for the future of the ethos that would become Anglicanism," This is "One of the great mysteries of
6550-644: The Church Fathers, unless these are considered contrary to scripture. It accepts the decisions of the first four ecumenical councils concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation . The Church of England also preserves catholic order by adhering to episcopal polity , with ordained orders of bishops, priests and deacons. There are differences of opinion within the Church of England over the necessity of episcopacy. Some consider it essential, while others feel it
6681-494: The Church of England . Henry's religious beliefs remained aligned to traditional Catholicism throughout his reign, albeit with reformist aspects in the tradition of Erasmus and firm commitment to royal supremacy. In order to secure royal supremacy over the church, however, Henry allied himself with Protestants, who until that time had been treated as heretics . The main doctrine of the Protestant Reformation
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#17327797693736812-452: The Church of England admitted that it was embarrassed to be paying staff under the living wage. The Church of England had previously campaigned for all employers to pay this minimum amount. The archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged it was not the only area where the church "fell short of its standards". The COVID-19 pandemic had a sizeable effect on church attendance, with attendance in 2020 and 2021 dropping well below that of 2019. By 2022,
6943-641: The Church of England's Catholic tradition, his promotion of ritualism in worship, and his writings on Catholic worship and church-state relationships led him into conflict with the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 . While serving as Vicar of Holy Trinity, Bordesley , Birmingham in 1880, he paid the maximum price under the Act of prosecution and imprisonment in Warwick Prison. Fr. Enraght became nationally and internationally known as
7074-483: The Church of England's continuity with the pre-Reformation Catholic Church, adherence to ancient liturgical usages and the sacerdotal nature of the priesthood. As their name suggests, Anglo-Catholics maintain many traditional catholic practices and liturgical forms. The Catholic tradition, strengthened and reshaped from the 1830s by the Oxford movement, has stressed the importance of the visible Church and its sacraments and
7205-575: The Church of England. The Diocese of Nova Scotia was created on 11 August 1787 by Letters Patent of George III which "erected the Province of Nova Scotia into a bishop's see" and these also named Charles Inglis as first bishop of the see. The diocese was the first Church of England see created outside England and Wales (i.e. the first colonial diocese). At this point, the see covered present-day New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Quebec. From 1825 to 1839, it included
7336-521: The Church's growth. In this large African colony, by 1900 there were only 35,000 Anglicans, about 0.2% of the population. However, by the late 20th century the Church of Nigeria was the fastest growing of all Anglican churches, reaching about 18 percent of the local population by 2000. The church established its presence in Hong Kong and Macau in 1843. In 1951, the Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao became an extra-provincial diocese, and in 1998 it became
7467-441: The Church, including special prayers." "There is no prohibition on prayers being said in church or there being a 'service'" after a civil union. After same-sex marriage was legalised, the church sought continued availability of civil unions, saying "The Church of England recognises that same-sex relationships often embody fidelity and mutuality. Civil partnerships enable these Christian virtues to be recognised socially and legally in
7598-772: The Creeds, Apostolic Order, and the administration of the Sacraments are sufficient to establish catholicity. The Reformation in England was initially much concerned about doctrine but the Elizabethan Settlement tried to put a stop to doctrinal contentions. The proponents of further changes, nonetheless, tried to get their way by making changes in Church Order (abolition of bishops), governance (Canon Law) and liturgy ('too Catholic'). They did not succeed because
7729-608: The Ecclesiastical Committee of the Parliament before it could be finally implemented at the November 2014 synod. In December 2014, Libby Lane was announced as the first woman to become a bishop in the Church of England. She was consecrated as a bishop in January 2015. In July 2015, Rachel Treweek was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in the Church of England when she became the Bishop of Gloucester . She and Sarah Mullally , Bishop of Crediton, were
7860-589: The English Reformation," that there was no complete break with the past but a muddle that was per force turned into a virtue. The story of the English Reformation is the tale of retreat from the Protestant advance of 1550 which could not proceed further in the face of the opposition of the institution which was rooted in the medieval past, and the adamant opposition of Queen Elizabeth I. The Church of England has, as one of its distinguishing marks,
7991-709: The Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800 , the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into "one Protestant Episcopal church, to be called, the United Church of England and Ireland". Although "the continuance and preservation of the said united church ... [was] deemed and taken to be an essential and fundamental part of the union", the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of
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#17327797693738122-458: The First World War, some women were appointed as lay readers, known as " bishop's messengers ", who also led missions and ran churches in the absence of men. After the war, no women were appointed as lay readers until 1969. Legislation authorising the ordination of women as deacons was passed in 1986 and they were first ordained in 1987. The ordination of women as priests was approved by the General Synod in 1992 and began in 1994 . In 2010, for
8253-500: The General Synod voted overwhelmingly in support of a plan to allow the ordination of women as bishops, with 378 in favour, 8 against and 25 abstentions. On 14 July 2014, the General Synod approved the ordination of women as bishops. The House of Bishops recorded 37 votes in favour, two against with one abstention. The House of Clergy had 162 in favour, 25 against and four abstentions. The House of Laity voted 152 for, 45 against with five abstentions. This legislation had to be approved by
8384-404: The Ordinal containing the rites for the ordination of deacons , priests , and the consecration of bishops. Unlike other traditions, the Church of England has no single theologian that it can look to as a founder. However, Richard Hooker 's appeal to scripture, church tradition , and reason as sources of authority, as well as the work of Thomas Cranmer , which inspired the doctrinal status of
8515-456: The Sussex County League. Home games are played at Mile Oak Recreation Ground, which has been equipped with floodlights since 1996. Mile Oak Wanderers F.C. were formed in 2007 to provide youth football for the boys and girls within the local community. They originally played at Mile Oak Primary School, but since October 2010 all home matches have taken place at Southwick Hill Recreation Ground in Southwick, West Sussex . Portslade Sports Centre
8646-543: The Tudor ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation was abandoned. The religious landscape of England assumed its present form, with the Anglican established church occupying the middle ground and Nonconformists continuing their existence outside. One result of the Restoration was the ousting of 2,000 parish ministers who had not been ordained by bishops in the apostolic succession or who had been ordained by ministers in presbyter's orders. Official suspicion and legal restrictions continued well into
8777-482: The area now known as Mile Oak began in the 1930s and was piecemeal. Portslade Council established a girls' school and built some council housing ; private housing development also took place; and some people informally occupied land along Mile Oak Road and claimed squatters' rights . A central focus to the Mile Oak area developed when Chalky Road was built up with private and housing association houses, shops and community buildings after World War II: until that time it
8908-412: The authority of a bishop who is a woman. On 7 July 2008, the synod voted to approve the ordination of women as bishops and rejected moves for alternative episcopal oversight for those who do not accept the ministry of bishops who are women. Actual ordinations of women to the episcopate required further legislation, which was narrowly rejected in a General Synod vote in November 2012. On 20 November 2013,
9039-446: The belief that the ministry of bishops, priests and deacons is a sign and instrument of the Church of England's Catholic and apostolic identity. The low church party is more Protestant in both ceremony and theology. It has emphasized the significance of the Protestant aspects of the Church of England's identity, stressing the importance of the authority of Scripture, preaching, justification by faith and personal conversion. Historically,
9170-464: The boundary. A notable building in the village is Portslade Manor , one of the few surviving ruins of a Norman manor. It was built in the 12th century and is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Foredown Tower houses a camera obscura , one of only two in the south of England. It is open to the public. To the north is Mile Oak and the A27 road which separates the built-up area from a number of special downland areas, which include Cockroost Hill to
9301-432: The centre" to reach out to spiritual people. The Church of England is launching a project on "gendered language" in Spring 2023 in efforts to "study the ways in which God is referred to and addressed in liturgy and worship". Women were appointed as deaconesses from 1861, but they could not function fully as deacons and were not considered ordained clergy. Women have historically been able to serve as lay readers . During
9432-605: The centuries. Traditional Choral evensong is a staple of most cathedrals. The style of psalm chanting harks back to the Church of England's pre-reformation roots. During the 18th century, clergy such as Charles Wesley introduced their own styles of worship with poetic hymns. In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the Charismatic Movement significantly altered the worship traditions of numerous Church of England parishes, primarily affecting those of evangelical persuasion. These churches now adopt
9563-631: The church again and disestablished it, the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871. As the English Empire (after the 1707 union of the Kingdom of England with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain , the British Empire ) expanded, English (after 1707, British ) colonists and colonial administrators took the established church doctrines and practices together with ordained ministry and formed overseas branches of
9694-574: The church and enact more far-reaching Protestant reforms, and those who wanted to retain traditional beliefs and practices. In a period when many believed "true religion" and "good government" were the same thing, religious disputes often included a political element, one example being the struggle over bishops. In addition to their religious function, bishops acted as state censors, able to ban sermons and writings considered objectionable, while lay people could be tried by church courts for crimes including blasphemy , heresy , fornication and other 'sins of
9825-590: The church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop. Within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . There is evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain as early as the 3rd century. After
9956-484: The church's only official confessional statement. Though not a complete system of doctrine, the articles highlight areas of agreement with Lutheran and Reformed positions, while differentiating Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism . While embracing some themes of the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England also maintains Catholic traditions of the ancient church and teachings of
10087-453: The church, continue to inform Anglican identity. The Church of England's doctrinal character today is largely the result of the Elizabethan Settlement, which sought to establish a comprehensive middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The Church of England affirms the protestant reformation principle that scripture contains all things necessary to salvation and is the final arbiter in doctrinal matters. The Thirty-nine Articles are
10218-451: The city, dating from approximately 1150. Portslade-by-Sea, to the south, has both the small but busy seaport harbour basin of Shoreham harbour and the industrial centre of Brighton and Hove . The east arm of Shoreham Canal Port, which includes the north and south basin quays, separates the pebble beach from the town centre. Terraced housing dating back to the 19th century is interspaced with parks and allotments . The main shopping area
10349-408: The downward spiral in membership were somehow to be reversed, as typical Sunday attendance had halved to 800,000 in the previous 40 years: The urgency of the challenge facing us is not in doubt. Attendance at Church of England services has declined at an average of one per cent per annum over recent decades and, in addition, the age profile of our membership has become significantly older than that of
10480-665: The episcopate. The Thirty-nine Articles were replaced by the Westminster Confession . Worship according to the Book of Common Prayer was outlawed and replace by the Directory of Public Worship . Despite this, about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform to this form of state presbyterianism . It was also opposed by religious Independents who rejected the very idea of state-mandated religion, and included Congregationalists like Oliver Cromwell , as well as Baptists , who were especially well represented in
10611-575: The estate; access can be obtained via the Hangleton Link Road (A293). The Brighton & Hove bus company run regular services around the Mile Oak estate on routes 1 and 1A. Destinations include Portslade village, Portslade railway station , central Hove, central Brighton, Kemptown , the Royal Sussex County Hospital and Whitehawk . Mile Oak's first bus service began in 1928 and ran from Portslade station to
10742-767: The fall of the Roman Empire , England was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons , who were pagans , and the Celtic church was confined to Cornwall and Wales. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England to Christianise the Anglo-Saxons . This mission was led by Augustine , who became the first archbishop of Canterbury . The Church of England considers 597 the start of its formal history. In Northumbria , Celtic missionaries competed with their Roman counterparts. The Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over
10873-573: The first full year without substantial restrictions related to the pandemic, numbers were still notably down on pre-pandemic participation. According to the 2022 release of "Statistics for Mission" by the church, the median size of each church's "Worshipping Community" (those who attend in person or online at least as regularly as once a month) now stands at 37 people, with average weekly attendance having declined from 34 to 25; while Easter and Christmas services have seen falls from 51 to 38 and 80 to 56 individuals respectively. Examples of wider declines across
11004-472: The first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests (290 women and 273 men), but in the next two years, ordinations of men again exceeded those of women. In July 2005, the synod voted to "set in train" the process of allowing the consecration of women as bishops. In February 2006, the synod voted overwhelmingly for the "further exploration" of possible arrangements for parishes that did not want to be directly under
11135-503: The first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral . Treweek later made headlines by calling for gender-inclusive language, saying that "God is not to be seen as male. God is God." In May 2018, the Diocese of London consecrated Dame Sarah Mullally as the first woman to serve as the Bishop of London . Bishop Sarah Mullally occupies the third most senior position in the Church of England. Mullally has described herself as
11266-601: The flesh', as well as matrimonial or inheritance disputes. They also sat in the House of Lords and often blocked legislation opposed by the Crown; their ousting from Parliament by the 1640 Clergy Act was a major step on the road to war. Following Royalist defeat in 1646, the episcopacy was formally abolished. In 1649, the Commonwealth of England outlawed a number of former practices and Presbyterian structures replaced
11397-466: The importance of social and political action in forwarding God's kingdom. The balance between these strands of churchmanship is not static: in 2013, 40% of Church of England worshippers attended evangelical churches (compared with 26% in 1989), and 83% of very large congregations were evangelical. Such churches were also reported to attract higher numbers of men and young adults than others. In 1604, James I ordered an English language translation of
11528-447: The intention of building a waterworks and pumping station there. This was completed in 1900 to the design of James Johnston, who also designed two adjacent cottages for waterworks employees (these are now locally listed buildings ). The Corporation intended that the surrounding land should remain undeveloped to preserve the purity of the water. Also in 1900, a rifle range was opened to replace an earlier facility in east Brighton. It
11659-481: The land was owned by Brighton Borough Council. They built some council housing , and other houses were built by private developers and housing associations between the late 1970s and the 1990s. The area has no community facilities of its own, although the large West Hove Sainsbury's supermarket is at the southern edge of the estate. The company bought the site in June 1989, and the store opened in October 1992 and
11790-611: The largest primary school in the city of Brighton and Hove; an extension was built in 1999 at a cost of £475,000. Hill Park School, for children with special educational needs , was created in September 2019 from the merger of Hillside and Downs Park Schools. Downs Park School opened on its site on Foredown Road in October 1961, four years after it was established in the church hall of Bishop Hannington Memorial Church in West Blatchington . Hillside School opened three years later on an adjacent site. Mile Oak Recreation Ground
11921-468: The latter producing a growing evangelical wing. Tensions between theological conservatives and liberals find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The British monarch (currently Charles III ) is the supreme governor and the archbishop of Canterbury (vacant since 12 November 2024, most recently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric . The governing structure of
12052-674: The leadership of the church, which under the Stuarts veered towards a more Catholic interpretation of the Elizabethan Settlement, especially under Archbishop Laud and the rise of the concept of Anglicanism as a via media between Roman Catholicism and radical Protestantism. After the victory of the Parliamentarians , the Book of Common Prayer was abolished and the Presbyterian and Independent factions dominated. The episcopacy
12183-454: The library would close on 21 July 2023. Portslade Industrial School, a "handsome structure of red brick", was built jointly by London County Council (who ran it from 1913) and Brighton Corporation in 1904 at a cost of £30,000. It was a reform school for boys, many of whom were sent there from outside Sussex. Later names were Mile Oak School, Mile Oak Approved School and finally (in 1971) Mile Oak Community Home. It closed in 1977, and after
12314-601: The little copse with hazel and dogwood . Goldfinches , linnets and migrant birds on passage enjoy its peace. There are two notable pathways on this downland. One is the Mid Sussex Path of the Sussex Border Path which separates East and West Sussex and runs north into the Fulking parish. There is also the final stretch of the Monarch's Way which passes through Mile Oak and Porstlade and follows
12445-409: The majority (70%) in the first half of the period; only 514 being closed between 1990 and 2010. Some active use was being made of about half of the closed churches. By 2019 the rate of closure had steadied at around 20 to 25 per year (0.2%); some being replaced by new places of worship. Additionally, in 2018 the church announced a £27 million growth programme to create 100 new churches. In 2015
12576-473: The monarch the Church's supreme governor . The Act of Uniformity restored a slightly altered 1552 Book of Common Prayer . In 1571, the Thirty-nine Articles received parliamentary approval as a doctrinal statement for the Church. The settlement ensured the Church of England was Protestant, but it was unclear what kind of Protestantism was being adopted. The prayer book's eucharistic theology
12707-480: The monarchy and the Church resisted and the majority of the population were indifferent. Moreover, "despite all the assumptions of the Reformation founders of that Church, it had retained a catholic character." The Elizabethan Settlement had created a cuckoo in a nest..." a Protestant theology and program within a largely pre-Reformation Catholic structure whose continuing life would arouse a theological interest in
12838-631: The monasteries , which controlled much of the richest land. He disbanded religious houses, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided pensions for the former residents. The properties were sold to pay for the wars. Historian George W. Bernard argues: The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular canons, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries; some 12,000 people in total, 4,000 monks, 3,000 canons, 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns....one adult man in fifty
12969-544: The more built-up southern part near the coast became an urban district and parish called "Portslade-by-Sea", leaving a smaller northern parish covering the more rural areas and the old village, which kept the name Portslade. In 1921 the (northern) parish of Portslade had a population of 523. That Portslade parish was abolished in 1928 and added to the parish and urban district of Portslade-by-Sea. Portslade-by-Sea Urban District Council built itself Portslade Town Hall on Victoria Road in 1928 to serve as its headquarters and as
13100-465: The north was added. Today, Portslade is bisected from east to west by the old A27 road (now the A270) between Brighton and Worthing , each part having a distinct character. Portslade Village, to the north, nestles in a valley of the South Downs and still retains its rural character with flint buildings, a village green and the small parish church of St Nicolas , which is the second-oldest church in
13231-407: The northwest, Mount Zion to the northeast and Cockroost Bottom separating the two. The name, Cockroost, may have come from the population of great bustard that used to inhabit the area. Although there are no longer bustards here, there is remarkable wildlife, including the rare moth Sitochroa palealis , orchids and butterflies. There is also a lot of history to be found on these slopes including
13362-410: The original settlement a mile inland to the north, was built up in the 16th century. The arrival of the railway from Brighton in 1840 encouraged rapid development of the coastal area and in 1898 the southern part, formerly known as Copperas Gap , was granted urban district status and renamed Portslade-by-Sea , making it distinct from Portslade Village. After World War II the district of Mile Oak to
13493-519: The pope refused, Henry used Parliament to assert royal authority over the English church. In 1533, Parliament passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals , barring legal cases from being appealed outside England. This allowed the Archbishop of Canterbury to annul the marriage without reference to Rome. In November 1534, the Act of Supremacy formally abolished papal authority and declared Henry Supreme Head of
13624-441: The population... Renewing and reforming aspects of our institutional life is a necessary but far from sufficient response to the challenges facing the Church of England. ... The age profile of our clergy has also been increasing. Around 40 per cent of parish clergy are due to retire over the next decade or so. Between 1969 and 2010, almost 1,800 church buildings, roughly 11% of the stock, were closed (so-called " redundant churches ");
13755-614: The route further north and added engineering complexity, and the Department for Transport stated in 1982 that the budget would have to increase by £5.75 million to accommodate this change. Another disadvantage would be that it would sever Mile Oak Farm's buildings from its farmland. Construction started in 1989, but the section between Mile Oak and Southwick Hill Tunnel was the last to be built, between 1993 and 1995. The whole route opened in April 1996. There are no junctions leading into
13886-400: The sea, of which he wrote: "Oh, how I am delighted with this sea-scenery and with my little marine hut ! The musical waves, the ethereal atmosphere, all make me feel as in the olden golden days when I was a boy and dreamed of Heaven". While living in Portslade he wrote the greater portion of his theological works. Portslade was an ancient parish . In 1898 the parish was split into two;
14017-630: The seafront west towards Shoreham . The Way is a 625-mile (1,006 km) long-distance footpath that runs from Worcester to Shoreham . Portslade has been suggested as being the Roman port Novus Portus mentioned in Ptolemy 's Geography of the 2nd century AD. Drove Road, in the original Portslade Village, has been linked with the Roman road (sometimes known as the " London to Portslade Way ") that passes through Patcham valley to Haywards Heath and on to Streatham in London. The Old Shoreham Road
14148-561: The strata of Sussex greensand stone that emerges at this point in the coast. A part-finished assembly hall in Portslade became an Odeon Cinema about 1930 when George Coles, one of the Odeon chain's principal architects, adapted the original design. Revd Richard William Enraght (1837–1898) was the Priest in Charge of St Andrew Church, Portslade, from 1871 to 1874. Fr. Enraght's belief in
14279-425: The term 'broad church' has been used to describe those of middle-of-the-road ceremonial preferences who lean theologically towards liberal protestantism. The liberal broad church tradition has emphasized the importance of the use of reason in theological exploration. It has stressed the need to develop Christian belief and practice in order to respond creatively to wider advances in human knowledge and understanding and
14410-511: The two Mid Sussex tracks of the Sussex Border Path starts here, roughly separating East and West Sussex, and runs north into the parish of Fulking and then east through Pyecombe and as far as Ditchling . There is also the final stretch of the Monarch's Way which passes through Mile Oak and Portslade and follows the seafront west towards Shoreham . The Way is a 625-mile (1,006 km) long-distance footpath that runs from Worcester to Shoreham . A bypass for Brighton and Hove, rerouting
14541-416: The two. The name Cockroost may have come from the population of great bustard that used to inhabit the area and although bustards are no longer found here, there are some remarkable wildlife survivals, including the rare Pyralid Sitochroa palealis , orchids and butterflies. There is also a lot of history to be found on these slopes including a large 4000-year-old Bronze Age settlement, which may have been
14672-666: The waterworks. The "Mile Oak Shuttle", an express service to central Brighton using buses in a special livery, ran from 1982 to 1992. Mile Oak F.C. were founded in 1960 and play in Division One of the Southern Combination Football League , the tenth tier of the English football league system . They played in the Brighton, Hove & District Football League until 1987, when they moved up to
14803-618: The whole church include: The canon law of the Church of England identifies the Christian scriptures as the source of its doctrine. In addition, doctrine is also derived from the teachings of the Church Fathers and ecumenical councils (as well as the ecumenical creeds ) in so far as these agree with scripture. This doctrine is expressed in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion , the Book of Common Prayer , and
14934-452: Was justification by faith alone rather than by good works. The logical outcome of this belief is that the Mass, sacraments, charitable acts, prayers to saints , prayers for the dead, pilgrimage, and the veneration of relics do not mediate divine favour. To believe they can would be superstition at best and idolatry at worst. Between 1536 and 1540, Henry engaged in the dissolution of
15065-549: Was abolished in 1646 but the Restoration restored the Church of England, episcopacy and the Book of Common Prayer . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance . Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used the English language in the liturgy . As a broad church , the Church of England contains several doctrinal strands: the main traditions are known as Anglo-Catholic , high church , central church , and low church ,
15196-568: Was also named from this misidentification. The actual etymology of Portslade may be portus- + -ladda , way to the port, where ladda is from the Old English for way, but this is conjectural at best. The old name, Copperas Gap, for Portslade-by-Sea suggests that the coast was used for the production of copperas or green vitriol, a form of ferrous sulfate used extensively in the textile industry. The process took over six years and made use of iron pyrite -rich nodules that could be found in
15327-483: Was awarded city status in 2000. Brighton and Hove City Council is therefore the only local authority which covers Portslade today. Portslade encompasses Portslade Aldridge Community Academy . Portslade railway station is located on the West Coastway Line west of Aldrington and east of Fishersgate , Southwick and Shoreham-by-Sea . Church of England The Church of England ( C of E )
15458-406: Was consecrated in 1994 and became a parish church in its own right in the same year, separating it from the parish of St Nicolas, Portslade. It is a locally listed building . Mile Oak Gospel Hall, a place of worship for the Church of God (Needed Truth Brethren) , was built on Chalky Road in 1966. Hove Borough Council sold land to the community for £500, and construction cost £6,000; most of this
15589-422: Was dedicated on 8 November 1936. Work to replace this temporary facility began in June 1966, and on 28 October 1967 the new Church of the Good Shepherd was dedicated. It was designed by local architects Clayton, Black and Daviel (scheme architect M. G. Alford) in a Modernist style and cost £25,000; local churches including All Saints Church, Hove and St Nicolas Church, Portslade contributed towards this. It
15720-475: Was extended in July 1999. Since 1986 Downs Park and the Sainsbury's supermarket have been served by the Brighton & Hove bus company's route 6 to Brighton station via Portslade station , Aldrington , central Hove and central Brighton. A connecting road to the Mile Oak estate (Fox Way) was built the early 1990s but did not open until January 1996. A large park was built on the north side of this road on
15851-546: Was extended soon after this, and a library which could be used by the public was also provided. Until it opened in May 1975, Mile Oak residents had to make do with "a few boxes of books in the community centre". The school is now called Portslade Aldridge Community Academy and is based solely at Mile Oak, the Portslade High Street site having been sold to another school. The city council announced in June 2023 that
15982-532: Was in religious orders. In the reign of Edward VI (1547–1553), the Church of England underwent an extensive theological reformation. Justification by faith was made a central teaching. Government-sanctioned iconoclasm led to the destruction of images and relics. Stained glass, shrines, statues, and roods were defaced or destroyed. Church walls were whitewashed and covered with biblical texts condemning idolatry. The most significant reform in Edward's reign
16113-407: Was laid out in the 1930s by Portslade Council. The land was part of a farm but had been used for dumping rubbish. It covers 3.4 hectares (8.4 acres) and is home to local football club Mile Oak F.C. A children's playground opened in 1992. Downs Park is an area of late 20th-century housing at the eastern edge of Mile Oak, between the estate and Hangleton . Although located in the borough of Hove,
16244-427: Was merely a chalk-covered cart track. East Sussex County Council built Portslade Senior Girls School, the predecessor of Portslade Community College, and a clinic and doctors' surgery in 1960. Mile Oak Gospel Hall followed in 1966. Housebuilding then continued until the end of the 20th century, both on the land originally acquired by Brighton Corporation and on parcels of land in other ownership, and urban development
16375-680: Was raised by the sale of the congregation's former chapel in Portslade. It was registered for the solemnisation of marriages in August 1968. The church closed in the early 2010s and is now occupied by the Brighton Wellness Centre. The Mile Oak Inn on Mile Oak was designed in 1951 by local architects John Leopold Denman and Son for the Kemp Town Brewery of Brighton. It is Neo-Georgian in style and opened in December 1954. The Campaign for Real Ale have listed it as
16506-507: Was raised in July 2015. East Sussex County Council bought 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land at Mile Oak in 1937 and built Portslade Girls' School on the site. Pupils moved from a smaller school in Wellington Road in Portslade . The new building cost £19,800 and opened in 1940. It merged with Portslade Boys' School in Portslade High Street in 1972 to form Portslade Community College, which operated across both sites. The Chalky Road building
16637-505: Was set aside from the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003 . The clergy union argued that the penalty was unfair to victims of hypothetical miscarriages of criminal justice, because the ecclesiastical penalty is considered irreversible. Although clerics can still be banned for life from ministry, they remain ordained as priests. Bishop Sarah Mullally has insisted that declining numbers at services should not necessarily be
16768-584: Was the established church (constitutionally established by the state with the head of state as its supreme governor). The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century. Struggle for control of the church persisted throughout the reigns of James I and his son Charles I , culminating in the outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642. The two opposing factions consisted of Puritans , who sought to "purify"
16899-468: Was the adoption of an English liturgy to replace the old Latin rites. Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , the 1549 Book of Common Prayer implicitly taught justification by faith, and rejected the Catholic doctrines of transubstantiation and the sacrifice of the Mass. This was followed by a greatly revised 1552 Book of Common Prayer that was even more Protestant in tone, going so far as to deny
17030-533: Was used by the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment . It was in an isolated position north of Mile Oak Farm on the slopes of the South Downs; this seclusion made it an ideal location. The facility was set to be closed in September 1934, but it was used throughout World War II. No trace of it remains. Apart from a terrace of four houses on Mile Oak Road which date from the early 20th century and which are locally listed, development of
17161-496: Was vague. The words of administration neither affirmed nor denied the real presence. Perhaps, a spiritual presence was implied, since Article 28 of the Thirty-nine Articles taught that the body of Christ was eaten "only after an heavenly and spiritual manner". Nevertheless, there was enough ambiguity to allow later theologians to articulate various versions of Anglican eucharistic theology . The Church of England
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