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89-676: The perceived level of threat influences what potential for violence or warfare the state must achieve to assure itself an acceptable level of security. When the perceived level of threat is low, as with Canada, a country may have a relatively small military and level of armament. However, in Israel, the threat of attack from neighbouring countries means that the armed forces and defense have a high profile and are given significant funding and personnel. This threat may involve the: Militaristic ideas are referred to within civilian contexts. The War on Poverty declared by President Lyndon B. Johnson , and

178-454: A short story about Häyhä, called "Wolves of Karelia", which was published in the August 2019 issue of The Atlantic magazine. Häyhä also appears in the 2024 novel Les Guerriers de l'hiver by Olivier Norek . Häyhä's story has been adapted in two manga , in one called The White Witch ( Japanese : 白い魔女 , Shiroi Majo ) by Nagakawa Naruki, the main character is named Simo Häyhä, but

267-472: A different mindset from those with universal conscription. In some countries, men must have served with the military to be considered citizens. Compare historical Prussia (where every male was required to serve, and service was a requirement of citizenship) to post-Vietnam America's all-volunteer army. In 2016 in Israel , military service is mandatory. This develops a society where almost all people have served in

356-444: A group leader with the rest of his unit, he used a Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. Häyhä preferred iron sights over telescopic sights , as they enable a sniper to present a smaller target for the enemy (a sniper must raise his head a few centimetres higher when using a telescopic sight), and can be relied on even in extreme cold, unlike telescopic sights which tend to cloud up in cold weather. Another disadvantage of telescopic sights

445-481: A hero of mythical proportions. To add to the myth, he was also nicknamed "The Magic Shooter" among Finns ( Finnish : taika-ampuja , in close reference to the Finnish word for "sniper"; Finnish: tarkka-ampuja ). All of Häyhä's kills were accomplished in less than 100 days, an average of five per day at a time of year with very few daylight hours. His kill count as a sniper was based on his own reporting, with

534-535: A long-standing partnership between religious organizations and militarization, two spheres that religion scholar Elizabeth A. McAlister argues are rarely considered together, although aggressive forms of prayer have long been used to further the aims of expanding Christian influence through a variety of conversion tactics. These tactics have begun being articulated in militaristic imagery, using terms such as "enlist, rally, advance and blitz". Major moments of increased political militarization have occurred concurrently with

623-767: A long-time board member of the Kollaa Fighters' Brotherhood, formed after the Winter War in May 1940. However, some people did not approve of his actions during the Winter War; he was met with hate and even death threats . The injuries he sustained in the war left recognizable facial scars, so as a well-known person, he avoided large groups of people. He never married, and lived as a bachelor. He enjoyed working, but he suffered from loneliness and fear; nights were especially difficult for him. However, he had friends and also spent time at his parents' and siblings' homes after

712-436: A means for lower-class people to receive training and experience that they would not normally receive, propelling them to higher incomes and higher positions in society. Joining the military has enabled many people from lower socioeconomic demographics to receive college education and training. As well, a number of positions in the military involve transferable skills that can be used in the regular labor market after an individual

801-553: A nameplated SAKO M/28-30 “Pystykorva” Honorary Rifle (serial number 100 781), donated by Eugen Johansson, a Swedish businessman and supporter of Finland. According to an unofficial count, he had shot 219 Red Army soldiers at the time. He later donated the rifle to the Karelia Jaeger Battalion's Heritage Room, from where it was transferred to the Finnish Military Museum's collection after

890-556: A part of the Great Society , Johnson believed in expanding the federal government's roles in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies. These policies can also be seen as a continuation of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , which ran from 1933 to 1937, and Roosevelt's Four Freedoms of 1941. Prior to John F. Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963, Kennedy planned on proposing anti-poverty legislation in

979-651: A program that would meet emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological needs. Head Start was then transferred to the Office of Child Development in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (later the Department of Health and Human Services ) by the Nixon Administration in 1969. President Johnson also announced a second project to follow children from the Head Start program. This

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1068-401: A snow pit, he could lie still and observe the enemy for long periods of time. It was Häyhä's custom to move, well before daybreak, to the position he had prepared, and stay there until after sunset. He would frequently pack dense mounds of snow in front of his position to conceal himself, provide padding for his rifle, and reduce the characteristic puff of snow stirred up by the muzzle blast. He

1157-415: A war on poverty, so-called "poverty" increases. It has a welfare program, and the welfare program leads to an expansion of problems. A general attitude develops that government isn't a very efficient way of doing things." Adherents of this school of thought recommend that the best way to fight poverty is not through government spending but through economic growth. Historian Tony Judt said in reference to

1246-640: A writer in The Nation remarked that "the war on poverty has too often been a war on the poor themselves," but that much can be done. In 1989, the former executive officer of the Task Force on Poverty Hyman Bookbinder addressed such criticisms of the "war on poverty" in an op-ed in The New York Times . He wrote that: Today, the ranks of the poor are again swelling ... These and other statistics have led careless observers to conclude that

1335-626: A year before the war, at a training centre in Utti . According to Major Tapio Saarelainen—who met Häyhä several times and has written five books about him, including his biography—Häyhä was able to estimate distances with an accuracy of 1 metre (3.3 ft) up to 150 metres (500 ft). Häyhä served as a sniper in the Finnish Army during the 1939–40 Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union, under Lieutenant Aarne Juutilainen in

1424-430: Is also associated with intelligence agency -style information gathering aimed at the public and political activists , and a more aggressive style of law enforcement . Criminal justice professor Peter Kraska has defined militarization of law enforcement as "the process whereby civilian police increasingly draw from, and pattern themselves around, the tenets of militarism and the military model." Observers have noted

1513-538: Is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I, and others, have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor –both black and white – through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam and I watched

1602-413: Is discharged (e.g., pilot, air traffic controller, mechanic). The militarization of police involves the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers . This includes the use of armored personnel carriers , assault rifles , submachine guns , flashbang grenades , grenade launchers , sniper rifles , Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams. The militarization of law enforcement

1691-458: Is important to note, however, that the steep decline in poverty rates began in 1959, 5 years before the introduction of the war on poverty (see figure 4 below). A 2019 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that according to Johnson's standard of poverty, the poverty rate declined from 19.5 percent in 1963 to 2.3 percent in 2017. The 'absolute poverty line' is the threshold below which families or individuals are considered to be lacking

1780-474: Is permitted. Concerns about the militarization of police have been raised by both ends of the political spectrum in the United States , with both the right-of-center/libertarian Cato Institute and the left-of-center American Civil Liberties Union voicing criticisms of the practice. The Fraternal Order of Police has spoken out in favor of equipping law enforcement officers with military equipment, on

1869-578: Is that sunlight may reflect off the lenses and reveal the sniper's position. Häyhä did not have prior training with scoped rifles, and therefore preferred not to switch to the Soviet scoped rifle (M/91-30 PE or PEM). Häyhä dealt with the intense cold by dressing properly with multiple layers of clothing. He kept sugar and bread in his pockets, consuming them for the calories necessary to keep his body warm. His slight stature of 160 centimetres (5 ft 3 in) assisted him in disguising his position. Hidden in

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1958-491: The Washington Monthly that: The fallout and backlash from the war on poverty gave way to what Kaaryn Gustafson called the criminalization of poverty. As white middle-class Americans became more disgruntled about the “government handouts” that Black low-income communities were receiving, policymakers and legislators took action to respond to their concerns. This led to more substantial restrictions on welfare and

2047-472: The Battle of Kollaa , and features a special permanent exhibition dedicated to the life of Simo Häyhä. In the 2004 Suuret suomalaiset (Great Finns) television show and poll, which determined the 100 greatest Finns of all time , Häyhä was ranked 74th. It took several years for Häyhä to recuperate from his wound. Although his face remained disfigured, he otherwise made a full recovery. Häyhä's family farm

2136-607: The Community Action Program . The OEO was established in 1964 and quickly became a target of both left-wing and right-wing critics of the War on Poverty. Directors of the OEO included Sargent Shriver , Bertrand Harding , and Donald Rumsfeld . The OEO launched Project Head Start as an eight-week summer program in 1965. The project was designed to help end poverty by providing preschool children from low-income families with

2225-752: The National Security Act of 1947 restructured both civilian and military leadership structures, establishing the Department of Defense and the National Security Council . The Act also created permanent intelligence structures (the CIA et al.) within the United States government for the first time, reflecting the civilian government's perception of a need for previously military-based intelligence to be incorporated into

2314-652: The United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty. The forty programs established by the Act were collectively aimed at eliminating poverty by improving living conditions for residents of low-income neighborhoods and by helping the poor access economic opportunities long denied from them. As

2403-573: The Vietnam War ) or as war criminals (the Nazi leaders and SS units responsible for the Holocaust ). Structural organization is another process of militarization. Before World War II (1939–1945), the United States experienced a post-war reduction of forces after major conflicts, reflecting American suspicion of large standing armies. After World War II, not only was the army maintained, but

2492-552: The Vietnam War , Vietnamese women who worked as prostitutes were allowed on US bases as local national Jabaits. The role and image of the military within a society is another aspect of militarization. At differing times and places in history, soldiers have been viewed as respectable, honoured individuals (for example, this was the reputation of Allied soldiers who liberated the Nazi-occupied Netherlands in WWII, or

2581-469: The War on drugs declared by President Richard Nixon , are rhetorical wars. They are not declared against a concrete, military enemy which can be defeated, but are symbolic of the amount of effort, sacrifice, and dedication which needs to be applied to the issue. They may also be a means of consolidating executive power , because war implies emergency powers for the executive branch which are normally reserved for

2670-718: The welfare state , and an ideological shift to reducing federal aid to impoverished people in the 1980s and 1990s culminated in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which President Bill Clinton claimed "ended welfare as we know it." The legacy of the war on poverty policy initiative remains in the continued existence of such federal government programs as Head Start , Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), TRiO , and Job Corps . The official poverty rate has fallen from 19.5% in 1963 to 10.5% in 2019 while other measures of poverty show that

2759-474: The "war on poverty" such as "housing programs, job training and family counseling" all had "a fatal disadvantage [because] the programs have never proceeded on a coordinated basis...[and noted that] at no time has a total, coordinated and fully adequate program been conceived." In his speech on April 4, 1967, at Riverside Church in New York, NY, King connected the war in Vietnam with the "war on poverty": There

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2848-520: The 1964 State of the Union address that Johnson ended up giving. In that address, Johnson stated, "Our aim is not only to relieve the symptom of poverty, but to cure it and, above all, to prevent it". The war on poverty was heavily criticized by conservatives and has been treated as an "idealistic touchstone" by liberals for decades, although some liberals felt that the war on poverty did not go far enough with its reforms. Deregulation, growing criticism of

2937-420: The 6th Company of Infantry Regiment 34 ( Jalkaväkirykmentti 34 , or JR 34 ) during the Battle of Kollaa in temperatures between −40 and −20 °C (−40 and −4 °F). He was dressed completely in white camouflage ; Soviet troops were not issued camouflage uniforms for most of the war, making them easily visible to snipers in winter conditions. Joseph Stalin had purged military experts in

3026-539: The German economy after the devastation it suffered after the First World War . Increasingly, Christian evangelical prayer has taken on militaristic forms and language. Spiritual warfare may involve forms of prayer spoken in militarized discourse. Its adherents, sometimes referring to themselves as " prayer warriors ", wage "spiritual battle" on a "prayer battlefield". Spiritual warfare is the latest iteration in

3115-727: The Kiiskinen hamlet of the Rautjärvi municipality in the Viipuri Province of southern Finland, near the border with Russia. He was the seventh of eight children in a Lutheran family of farmers. His father, Juho Häyhä, was the owner of the Mattila farm, while his mother, Katriina (née Vilkko), was a loving and hard-working farmer's wife. He attended school in the village of Miettilä in Kivennapa parish and helped cultivate

3204-512: The Office of Economic Opportunity. Yet, the war on poverty was founded on the most conservative principle: Put the power in the local community, not in Washington; give people at the grassroots the ability to stand tall on their own two feet. Conservative claims that the OEO poverty programs were nothing but a waste of money are preposterous ... Eleven of the 12 programs that OEO launched in

3293-540: The Russians; according to information from prisoners, to the Russians "White Death" referred to a severe frost in the deep forest. Häyhä having the nickname "White Death" first appeared in the Finnish Winter War literature of the late 1980s. During the war, the "White Death" was one of the leading themes of Finnish propaganda. Finnish newspapers frequently featured the invisible Finnish soldier, thus creating

3382-529: The Soviet Union. He regained consciousness a week later, on 13 March, the day peace was declared . Reading about his own death in a newspaper, he sent a letter to the paper to correct the misunderstanding. Recovery took considerable time and required extensive treatment and multiple surgeries, leaving visible scars that remained for the rest of his life. Despite this, when the Continuation War (1941–1944) broke out, he requested permission to return to

3471-482: The Winter War. In this section, Steven Wiig portrays Häyhä, leading a group of Finnish soldiers to shelter. A film about Häyhä called The White Death has also been planned since 2017. The film is directed by David McElroy and written by James Poirier. According to Jalmari Helander , who wrote and directed the script for the 2022 action film Sisu , the film is partly inspired by Häyhä's legendary reputation. American author Arna Bontemps Hemenway has written

3560-566: The armed forces. Racial interactions between society and the military: Eleanor Roosevelt said "civil rights [is] an international question. . . [that] may decide whether Democracy or Communism wins out in the world." and this sort of false dichotomy was continued further throughout the McCarthy era and the Cold War in general. The military also serves as a means of social restructuring. Lower classes could gain status and mobility within

3649-696: The back in group photos during his youth, until his later successes forced him to take centre stage. In 1925, at the age of 19, Häyhä began his 15-month compulsory military service in the Bicycle Battalion 2 in Raivola , Viipuri Province. He attended the Non-Commissioned Officer School and served as a conscript officer in the Bicycle Battalion 1 in Terijoki . However, he did not receive formal sniper training until 1938,

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3738-472: The beginning of the war until 7 March 1940, one day after Häyhä was severely wounded. Some of Häyhä's figures are from a Finnish Army document, counted from the beginning of the war, 30 November 1939: Häyhä never discussed it publicly, but his own private memoir, discovered in 2017, states a number. He begins by stating that "this is his sin list", and estimates the total number he shot to be around 500. Finnish historian Risto Marjomaa questions

3827-440: The biggest automatic cash machine around: Social Security. He proposed, and Congress enacted, whopping increases in the minimum benefits that lifted some two million Americans 65 and older above the poverty line. In 1996, thanks to those increased minimum benefits, Social Security lifted 12 million senior citizens above the poverty line ... No Great Society undertaking has been subjected to more withering conservative attacks than

3916-729: The capture of a Soviet soldier by his unit: "After Christmas, we captured a Russkie, blindfolded him, spun him around until he was disoriented, and took him to a feast in the tent of the Terror of Morocco . The Russkie was content with the revelry, but when he was sent back, it felt very repugnant to him." Häyhä was awarded the First and Second class Medals of Liberty , as well as the Third and Fourth class Crosses of Liberty . The latter two were normally granted to only commissioned officers . As an additional honour, on 17 February 1940, he received

4005-746: The confirmation of his comrades, and only those who were verified to be dead were counted. No count was taken when several snipers shot at the same target. Enemy soldiers killed with a submachine gun with Häyhä as a group leader were not counted. Häyhä's division commander Antero Svensson credited him with 219 confirmed kills with a rifle and an equal number of kills by submachine gun, when he awarded Häyhä with an honorary rifle on 17 February 1940. On 21 December 1939, Häyhä achieved his highest daily count of 25 kills. In his diary, military chaplain Antti Rantamaa reported 259 confirmed kills made by rifle and an equal number of kills by submachine gun from

4094-455: The country. Besides vocational training, many Job Corps also offer GED programs as well as high school diplomas and programs to get students into college . Some economists have claimed that the war on poverty did not result in a substantial reduction in poverty rates. Other critics have further claimed that Johnson's programs made poor people too dependent on the government. Other scholars have disputed these criticisms. The effectiveness of

4183-399: The deadliest sniper in history. Häyhä estimated in his private war memoir that he shot around 500 Soviet soldiers. The memoir, titled Sotamuistoja ( War memoirs ), was written in 1940, a few months after he was wounded, and described his experiences in the Winter War from 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940. Hidden for decades, the memoir was discovered in 2017. Häyhä was born in

4272-623: The dissolution of the North Karelia Brigade in 2013. Shortly after the Winter War, on 28 August 1940, Finnish Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim promoted Häyhä straight from alikersantti (the lowest military rank of a non-commissioned officer ) to vänrikki (the first military rank of an officer). In 1941, Häyhä was also nominated as a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross , the most distinguished Finnish military honour. However, due to administrative reasons,

4361-528: The earlier proposed title of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act that "a more Orwellian title would be hard to conceive" and attributed the decline in the popularity of the Great Society as a policy to its success, as fewer people feared hunger, sickness, and ignorance. Additionally, fewer people were concerned with ensuring a minimum standard for all citizens and social liberalism . Economist Thomas Sowell also criticized

4450-474: The front lines. However, due to the severity of his facial injuries, from which he was still recovering, his request was denied. Häyhä spent the Continuation War on the home front, tending to his farm. In his private war memoir, written a few months after he was wounded, Häyhä recorded several brief accounts from the Winter War. Discovered decades later, one anecdote describes an incident involving

4539-493: The grounds that it increases the officers' safety and enables them to protect civilians. War on Poverty The war on poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union Address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led

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4628-452: The growth of prominence of militaristic imagery in many evangelical communities, such as the evangelical engagement in a militarized project of aggressive missionary expansion conducted against the backdrop of the Vietnam War in the 1970s. The military also has a role in defining gender identities. War movies (i.e. Rambo ) associate the cultural identities of masculinity with warriors. Representations of Vietnam in popular culture display

4717-529: The home farm alongside his eldest brother. Before his military service, he was a farmer and enjoyed hunting and skiing. Häyhä joined the Finnish voluntary militia, the Civil Guard ( Suojeluskunta ), at the age of 17. He excelled in shooting competitions in the Viipuri Province, and his home was reportedly filled with trophies for marksmanship. Not keen to hog the spotlight, he usually stood at

4806-518: The knighthood was not granted, as the cross was not awarded to anyone solely for achievements in the Winter War. He also received the Kollaa fighters' medal, the silver version of the Cross of Kollaa Battle, number 4 of 4. The Kollaa and Simo Häyhä Museum (Kollaa ja Simo Häyhä -museo) is located in the village of Miettilä at Rautjärvi , in a former infirmary. The museum, opened in 1983, covers

4895-473: The large number, as confirmation of casualties was difficult due to the absence of the bodies. In his article, published by the National Biography of Finland , Marjomaa credited Häyhä with the total number of "more than two hundred" kills. Complicating matters further is the use of Häyhä's achievements as a tool of propaganda: the Finnish press built a hero's myth around Häyhä at the early stage of

4984-598: The late 1930s as part of the Great Purge , and the Red Army was consequently highly disorganized. Finnish sources state that Häyhä was nicknamed "The White Death" by the Red Army (Russian: Белая смерть , Belaja smert ; Finnish : valkoinen kuolema ; Swedish : den vita döden ). The name "White Death" has been suggested to originate entirely in Finnish propaganda , rather than having been given to Häyhä by

5073-436: The legislature. As well, politicians have invoked militaristic ideas with rhetorical wars on other social issues. Some governments draw on militaristic imagery when they appoint "task forces" of bureaucrats to address pressing political or social issues. Militarization has been used as a strategy for boosting a state's economy, by creating jobs and increasing industrial production. This was part of Adolf Hitler 's plan to revive

5162-938: The male body as a weapon of war and contribute to ideals of masculinity in American culture. Military prowess has been crucial to understandings of contemporary masculinity in European and American culture. During World War I , soldiers who experienced shell-shock were seen as failures of masculinity, unable to withstand war as the ultimate task of manliness. The maintenance of military systems relies on ideas about men and manliness as well as ideas about women and femininity, including notions of fallen women and patriotic motherhood. Women have been mobilized during times of war to perform tasks seen as incompatible with men's roles in combat, including cooking, laundry, and nursing. Women have also been seen as necessary for servicing male soldiers' sexual needs through prostitution . For example, during

5251-462: The mid-'60s are alive, well and funded at an annual rate exceeding $ 10 billion; apparently legislators believe they're still working. A 2019 study in the Journal of Political Economy found that the official poverty rate has fallen from 19.5% to 1.6%. President Johnson's "war on poverty" speech was delivered at a time of recovery (the poverty level had fallen from 22.4% in 1959 to 19% in 1964 when

5340-466: The militarizing of the policing of protests . Since the 1970s, riot police have fired at protesters using guns with rubber bullets or plastic bullets . Tear gas , which was developed for riot control in 1919, is widely used against protesters in the 2000s. The use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most states have signed; however, its law enforcement or military use for domestic or non- combat situations

5429-487: The military, at least after levée en masse after the French Revolution . Also, the officer corps became open to the middle class, although it was once reserved only for nobility. In Britain, becoming a military officer was an expectation for 'second sons' who were to gain no inheritance; the role of officer was assumed to maintain their noble class. In the United States, military service has been/is advertised as

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5518-527: The more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. This criticism was repeated in his speech at the same place later that month when he said that "and you may not know it, my friends, but it is estimated that we spend $ 500,000 to kill each enemy soldier, while we spend only fifty-three dollars for each person classified as poor, and much of that fifty-three dollars goes for salaries to people that are not poor. So I

5607-435: The policing of recipients of government assistance. The resentment that middle-class Americans harbored against communities on welfare translated into anti-welfare fraud policies that disproportionately targeted low-income Black communities and failed at responding to the most egregious forms of fraud. In waging the war on poverty, congressional opposition was too strong to pass an income maintenance law. So LBJ took advantage of

5696-592: The poorest: welfare, food stamps, beds and roofs for the homeless, Medicaid. The fewer poor there are, the fewer the relief problems. Getting people out of poverty is the most cost-effective public investment." On March 3, 2014, as Chairman of the Budget Committee of the House of Representatives, Paul Ryan released his " The War on Poverty: 50 Years Later " report, asserting that some of 92 federal programs designed to help lower-income Americans have not provided

5785-441: The poverty rate fell from 19.5% to 1.6%. In 2021 the official poverty rate was 11.6% and Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) was 7.8%, the latter which increased to 12.4% in 2022 due to the end of pandemic aid. The Office of Economic Opportunity was the agency responsible for administering most of the war on poverty programs created during Johnson's Administration, including VISTA , Job Corps , Head Start , Legal Services and

5874-440: The program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such. Perhaps

5963-457: The program upon taking office in 1969. The OEO was dismantled by President Reagan in 1981, though many of the agency's programs were transferred to other government agencies. According to the Readers' Companion to U.S. Women's History , Many observers point out that the war on poverty's attention to Black America created the grounds for the backlash that began in the 1970s. The perception by

6052-420: The relief intended and that there is little evidence that these efforts have been successful. At the core of the report were recommendations to enact cuts to welfare, child care, college Pell grants and several other federal assistance programs. In the appendix titled "Measures of Poverty", when the poverty rate is measured by including non-cash assistance from food stamps, housing aid and other federal programs,

6141-774: The report states that these measurements have "implications for both conservatives and liberals. For conservatives, this suggests that federal programs have actually decreased poverty. For liberals, it lessens the supposed need to expand existing programs or to create new ones." Several economists and social scientists whose work had been referenced in the report said that Ryan either misunderstood or misrepresented their research. Simo H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4 Simo Häyhä ( Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsimo ˈhæy̯hæ] ; 17   December 1905 – 1   April 2002), often referred to by his nickname, The White Death ( Finnish : Valkoinen kuolema ; Russian : Белая смерть , romanized :  Belaya smert’ ),

6230-465: The resources to meet the basic needs for healthy living—namely, having insufficient income to provide the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve health. Poverty among Americans between ages 18–64 has fallen only marginally since 1966, from 10.5% then to 10.1% today. Poverty has significantly fallen among Americans under 18 years old from 23% in 1964 down to less than 17%, although it has risen again to 20% in 2009. The most dramatic decrease in poverty

6319-579: The same as during the Johnson Administration. A 2013 study published by Columbia University asserts that without the social safety net , the poverty rate would have been 29% for 2012, instead of 16%. According to OECD data from 2012, the poverty rate before taxes and transfers was 28.3%, while the poverty rate after taxes and transfers fell to 17.4%. Nixon attacked Job Corps as an ineffective and wasteful program during his 1968 presidential campaign and sought to substantially cut back

6408-447: The structure of the civilian state. Ex-soldiers entering business or politics may import military mindsets and jargon into their new environments – thus there is the popularity of advertising campaigns , sales break-throughs and election victories (even if Pyrrhic ones). How citizenship is tied to military service plays an important role in establishing civil–military relations. Countries with volunteer-based military service have

6497-399: The view of Americans and Canadians who placed support our troops car-magnets on their vehicles during the war on terror ). Military figures can become heroes (for example, the Finnish people's view of the Finnish sniper nicknamed "White Death" , who killed many Russian invaders). Alternatively, one can brand soldiers as "baby killers" (as a few U.S. anti-war activists did during and after

6586-451: The war on poverty failed. No, it has achieved many good results. Society has failed. It tired of the war too soon, gave it inadequate resources and did not open up new fronts as required. Large-scale homelessness, an explosion of teen-age pregnancies and single-parent households, rampant illiteracy, drugs and crime – these have been both the results of and causes of persistent poverty. While it is thus inappropriate to celebrate an anniversary of

6675-536: The war on poverty was announced) and it was viewed by critics as an effort to get the United States Congress to authorize social welfare programs. Republicans ran against the War on Poverty program. Some economists, including Milton Friedman , have argued that Johnson's policies actually had a negative impact on the economy because of their interventionist nature, noting in a PBS interview that "the government sets out to eliminate poverty, it has

6764-516: The war on poverty was limited by American involvement in the Vietnam War , which consumed the country's economic resources. In the decade following the 1964 introduction of the war on poverty, poverty rates in the U.S. dropped to their lowest level since comprehensive records began in 1958: from 17.3% in the year the Economic Opportunity Act was implemented to 11.1% in 1973. They have remained between 11 and 15.2% ever since. It

6853-562: The war on poverty's programs, writing "The black family, which had survived centuries of slavery and discrimination, began rapidly disintegrating in the liberal welfare state that subsidized unwed pregnancy and changed welfare from an emergency rescue to a way of life." Others took a different tack. In 1967, in his book Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? Martin Luther King Jr. "criticized Johnson's war on poverty for being too piecemeal", saying that programs created under

6942-401: The war on poverty, it is important to point up some of the big gains ... Did every program of the 60's work? Was every dollar used to its maximum potential? Should every Great Society program be reinstated or increased? Of course not ... First, we cannot afford not to resume the war. One way or another, the problem will remain expensive. Somehow, we will provide for the survival needs of

7031-543: The war. Häyhä used his issued Civil Guard rifle, an early series SAKO M/28-30 , serial number 35281, Civil Guard number S60974. It was a Finnish Civil Guard variant of the Mosin–Nagant rifle known as "Pystykorva" ( lit.   ' The Spitz ' due to the front sight's resemblance to the head of a spitz -type dog) chambered in the Finnish-designed Mosin–Nagant cartridge 7.62×53R . When fighting as

7120-634: The war. Eventually farm work became too difficult, so he put the farm up for rent, and moved to an apartment building in the centre of Ruokolahti. Häyhä was known as a modest man who never boasted of his wartime merits. He rarely spoke of the war and his experiences. When asked in 1998 how he had become such a good sniper, he replied simply: "Practice". In an Independence Day interview with Helsingin Sanomat in December 2001, shortly before his 96th birthday, Häyhä opened up about his war experiences. He

7209-552: The white middle class that it was footing the bill for ever-increasing services to the poor led to diminished support for welfare state programs, especially those that targeted specific groups and neighborhoods. Many whites viewed Great Society programs as supporting the economic and social needs of low-income urban minorities; they lost sympathy, especially as the economy declined during the 1970s. United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Jimmy Carter , Joseph A. Califano, Jr. wrote in 1999 in an issue of

7298-464: Was a Finnish military sniper during World War II in the 1939–1940 Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union . He used a Finnish-produced M/28-30 rifle (a variant of Mosin–Nagant ) and a Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. Häyhä is believed to have killed over 500 enemy soldiers during the conflict, the highest number of sniper kills in any major war. Consequently, he is often regarded as

7387-491: Was among Americans over 65, which fell from 28.5% in 1966 to 10.1% today. In 2004, more than 35.9 million, or 12% of Americans including 12.1 million children, were considered to be living in poverty with an average growth of almost 1 million per year. According to the Cato Institute , a libertarian think tank, since the Johnson Administration, almost $ 15 trillion has been spent on welfare, with poverty rates being about

7476-492: Was asked if he felt remorse for having killed so many people. He replied, "I did what I was told, as well as I could. There would be no Finland unless everyone had done the same." Häyhä spent his last years in a war veterans' nursing home in Hamina , where he died in 2002 at the age of 96. He was buried in his home town of Ruokolahti. Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton composed the song "White Death" in honor of Häyhä, which

7565-470: Was implemented in 1967 with Project Follow Through , the largest educational experiment ever conducted. The policy trains disadvantaged and at-risk youth and has provided more than 2 million disadvantaged young people with the integrated academic, vocational, and social skills training they need to gain independence and get quality, long-term jobs or further their education. Job Corps continues to help 70,000 youths annually at 122 Job Corps centers throughout

7654-469: Was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor, and attack it as such." The next year, King started the Poor People's Campaign to address the shortcomings of the "war on poverty" and to "demand a check" for suffering African-Americans which was carried on briefly after his death with the construction and maintenance of an encampment, Resurrection City, for over six weeks. Years later,

7743-457: Was known to keep snow in his mouth while sniping to prevent his breath in the cold air from giving away his position. On 6 March 1940, just a week before the end of the war, Häyhä was severely wounded when an explosive bullet fired by a Red Army soldier tore through his face and shattered his lower left jaw. After the battle, as he appeared to be dead, he was placed on a pile of corpses. Rumours of Häyhä's death spread throughout Finland and

7832-619: Was located in the territory ceded in the peace agreement, forcing him to start his life over in Valkjärvi ("Whitelake"), Ruokolahti , a small municipality in southeastern Finland, near the Russian border, where he worked as a farmer. In addition to farming, he enjoyed hunting, and his hunting parties over the years included the President of Finland, Urho Kekkonen . He became a successful moose hunter and dog breeder. Häyhä also served as

7921-529: Was released in 2010 on their album Coat of Arms . Scottish black / thrash metal band Achren's three-song The White Death EP from 2014 is dedicated entirely to Häyhä, right down to the cover art. Japanese metal band To Mega Therion has made a song called "Simo Hayha", which appears on the 2015 Yog = Sothoth album. In 2011, Philip Kaufman began filming HBO 's Hemingway & Gellhorn (first airdate 28 May 2012), which features Martha Gellhorn (played by Nicole Kidman ) reporting from Finland during

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