Misplaced Pages

#237762

169-457: Each Federative Unit has its own Military Firefighters Corps with different structures, rules and uniforms . The first organization of firefighters was created by Emperor Pedro II in 1856. Initially the Corps was not of a military character. It was only in 1880 that the Corps was militarized and it adopted a military hierarchy . Because of cultural and linguistic affinities to France ,

338-403: A cleat or pulley . For cold weather, a jumper was knitted from yarn or wool . For wet weather, old sail cloth was made into a coat (with hat or attached hood) that was waterproofed with tallow or fat . In these days, the officers would designate certain afternoons to " make and mend " (clothing). A sailor with little clothing to make or mend used this time as "time off". In January 1857

507-769: A climbing harness . Today it is not as strong and only serves as a ceremonial item. There are only two models of belts: The Inspectorate General of Military Police is a command element of the Brazilian Army , responsible for coordinating and conducting activities of control over the Military Police and Military Firefighters Corps of the States. It is part of the Land Operations Command ( Portuguese : Comando de Operações Terrestres ) and its mission is: Established on July 8, 2004, during

676-513: A cuirassier's uniform. Cavalrymen of the Guard had no fewer than 10 different uniforms. One justification for the expensive parade dresses of the Guard was that they would "lead the people of the conquered nations to regard the French uniforms with unreserved astonishment". As a general trend France and other European states replaced their bicornes by feathered shakos or crested helmets , while

845-631: A total war ". Fighting alongside the Allies , Brazil received weapons (via Lend-Lease ) and sent officers to study in the United States. The army's strength grew from around 80,000 men to 200,000 in 1944, organized into eight infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions and a mixed brigade. The army's participation consisted of reinforcing the northeastern salient and sending the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) to

1014-470: A "war footing" when necessary, although there was no mobilization system. With no apparent external danger, the authorities used the army in public order, capturing fugitive slaves and controlling elections, which outraged the new generation of officers. New positivist ideas were spreading. In the 1880s, a series of incidents with civilian authorities, known as the Military Question , strained

1183-627: A century of emulating foreign armies, the Brazilian Army sought a doctrine more suited to local needs. The order of battle was reorganized, suppressing infantry and artillery regiments and creating brigades, which became the main large maneuver units, a system that still remains in the 21st century. Total strength was at 170 thousand in 1970. In 1980 the army fielded 13 ordinary infantry, one airborne, two jungle infantry, three armored infantry, one armored cavalry and four mechanized cavalry brigades. But not all goals were met, and there remained

1352-527: A coup. The 2nd line troops were replaced by the National Guard, which was considered civilian and was outside the jurisdiction of the Secretariat of War. The army did not have a monopoly on legitimate violence , which was shared with the National Guard and the justices of the peace, parish priests and police chiefs, who had authority over recruitment. Personnel were drastically reduced: in 1837,

1521-460: A distinctive colour. Officers wore a waist sash or pekotarion , which may have been of different colours according to rank. The styles and decoration of military uniforms varied immensely with the status, image, and resources of the military throughout the ages. Uniform dress became the norm with the adoption of regimental systems, initially by the French army in the mid-17th century. Before 1600

1690-500: A dress uniform dating from the 19th century with a distinctive red pompon on the round cap. The infantry and cavalry of the Republican Guard retain their late 19th-century dress uniforms, as do the military cadets of Saint-Cyr and the École polytechnique . A dark blue/black evening dress is authorized for officers and individual branches or regiments may parade bands or "fanfares" in historic dress dating as far back as

1859-753: A few German and Dutch regiments had worn red or yellow coats. From about 1626 onwards some Swedish infantry had been issued with standard coloured dress under Gustavus Adolphus (hence his "yellow" or "blue" regiments). However, most levies of the 15th and 16th centuries wore civilian dress and regiments were dressed at the expense of their colonels in whatever style and colours the colonel preferred. Even Royal guards would sometimes only be issued with distinctive coloured or embroidered surcoats to wear over ordinary clothing. To help armies distinguish friend from foe, scarves, pieces of foliage, or other makeshift identification known as "field signs" would be worn, (a practice still recognised under international humanitarian law and

SECTION 10

#1732772738238

2028-580: A field uniform (" gymnasterka " shirt with collar tabs and a 2-button breast opening, belt, breeches, garrison cap, and boots), a service dress "kittel" tunic worn with breeches or trousers, and a dress uniform "mundir" tunic (worn with deep blue breeches). Soviet tank troops wore the gymnastyrka shirt, kittel (dress tunic) in a bluish grey (rather than brown) colour. In 1943, the Soviet Army began to re-adopt many Tsarist Army features, notably braided shoulder boards , which had previously been forbidden (since

2197-575: A heterogeneous army. The hierarchy had feudal aspects. Promotion criteria were poorly defined. Some officers progressed in their careers within the institution, but others, coming from the civilian elite and the aristocracy, moved between the ranks and politics. Officers did not serve far from their birthplaces, and it was only later that service rotation in the provinces emerged. Soldiers were generally obtained by impressment , although there were volunteers, including fugitive slaves . Until 1830, and again in 1851–1852, foreign mercenaries served in

2366-464: A light beige dress uniform which is worn with coloured kepis, sashes, fringed epaulettes, fourragères and other traditional items on appropriate occasions. As an alternative parade dress, camouflage uniforms can be worn with the dress items noted above. The legionnaires of the Foreign Legion wear white kepis, blue sashes and green and red epaulettes as dress uniform, while the sappers wear

2535-464: A light grey uniform with the same branch colours as the line. A khaki summer uniform was worn by the entire army. By the 20th century, drab colours were increasingly being adopted for active service and ordinary duty wear. The First World War finally put an end to the expensive practice of furnishing colourful uniforms to all ranks of the various armies. Amongst the frontline troops in August 1914 only

2704-410: A long history of internal defense and state structuring, defending political regimes and addressing threats from unresolved social issues that have resulted in internal conflicts. Throughout Brazil's republican period, it is the most politically powerful of the three forces due to its past positions, its presence throughout the country's territory and its larger strength. Covering the incompleteness of

2873-631: A military award), and the vine stick (Vitis) that they carried as a mark of their office. While some auxiliary cohorts in the late Roman period had carried shields with distinctive colours or designs, there is no evidence that any one Roman legion was distinguished from another by features other than the numbers on the leather covers protecting their shields. The feudal system of Western Europe provided instances of distinguishing features denoting allegiance to one or another lord. These however seldom went beyond colours and patterns painted on shields or embroidered on surcoats. Orders of military monks such as

3042-472: A mix of khaki and bright colours when war broke out in 1914. The Japanese Army probably went further than most in adopting khaki for all occasions after 1905, although even here officers of all branches and the cavalry of the Imperial Guard retained traditional coloured uniforms for formal and ceremonial occasions. With the exception of Western-influenced units such as the "Ever-Triumphant Army" of

3211-482: A much larger scale than the War of Independence. Ground forces were expanded to 135,000 soldiers, including 59,000 from the National Guard and 55,000 Homeland Volunteers . At least initially, there was great popular enthusiasm for military service. Three army corps were fielded. The army's official history recognizes Paraguay a second historical milestone after Guararapes. The institution became aware of its importance for

3380-589: A number of distinctions after the establishment of the German Empire (1871). Two regiments of the Prussian Guard and one of the Russian were still issued with the brass mitre caps of the 18th-century grenadier . The British infantry retained their scarlet tunics for parade and "walking out" wear, while the bulk of French regiments wore red trousers with dark or light blue tunics. The infantry of

3549-483: A servant and demeaning to members of the social class from which officers came. One early practice in the French and other armies was for officers to wear coats of the facing colour of their regiments. Rank insignia as such was unknown until well into the 18th century. The gorget hanging from a chain around the neck (a last survival of medieval armour) was the only universally recognised mark of an officer until epaulettes developed from clusters of ribbons formerly worn on

SECTION 20

#1732772738238

3718-476: A sign of organised military forces equipped by a central authority. Military uniforms differ not only according to military units but tend to also be offered in different levels of formality in accordance with Western dress codes : full dress uniform for formal wear , mess dress uniform for formal evening wear , service dress uniform for informal wear , and combat uniform (also called "battle/field dress") which would equal casual wear . Sometimes added to

3887-414: A simplified form this dress (without the cocked hat) survives as the modern ceremonial dress for flag officers. Throughout this period sailors supplied or made their own clothing. Sailors developed traditional clothing suitable for their work: loose-fitting trousers with belts made of rope; tunics that slipped over the head, with arms to above the wrist so that the cloth would not foul in ropes passing through

4056-668: A technological delay in relation to the Argentine Army. Argentina's defeat in the Falklands War in 1982 shocked the Brazilian military. The United States did not support a South American country against an extracontinental power, and the Brazilian Armed Forces would clearly be out of date in a similar conflict. Basic equipment was lacking and operational capacity was very low. The EME began to study

4225-518: A whole series of internal missions. Its declared objectives include deterring external aggression, gaining prominence on the international stage and contributing to "sustainable development and social peace". Historically, previous Brazilian constitutions defined both external and internal functions for the Armed Forces. A large workload is dedicated to the doctrine, planning, preparation and execution of law and order operations. The army has

4394-601: A wide variety of styles and colours in the early stages of the war. Some regiments—such as the North's Berdan Sharpshooters and the South's Alexandria Rifles—had green uniforms, while the French zouave style was widely imitated. The Union eventually got most of its men into regulation Federal blue but this often faded until it appeared grey. Originally the Confederate government relied on the "commutation" system which required

4563-490: Is a standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations. Military dress and styles have gone through significant changes over the centuries, from colourful and elaborate, ornamented clothing until the 19th century, to utilitarian camouflage uniforms for field and battle purposes from World War I (1914–1918) on. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification and display, are typically

4732-716: Is designed for use in woodland environments. The Indian Army Desert camouflage, which features a desert camouflage pattern, is used by artillery and infantry posted in dusty, semi-desert, and desert areas of Rajasthan and its vicinity. Parade dress for the modern Indian Army normally involve the addition of pagris ( turbans ), cravats and cummerbunds in regimental colours to olive green uniforms. Gurkha, Kumaoni, Naga, Garhwali and Assam units wear wide brimmed felt hats. The Indonesian National Armed Forces have different types of uniforms worn by its personnel for certain occasions. The uniforms are basically regulated into several categories including "PDU" ( Pakaian Dinas Upacara ), which

4901-518: Is the Spartan hoplite in his red garment, attributed by Plutarch "partly because it seems to be a manly colour and partly because (it) causes more terror amongst inexperienced foes". The Terracotta Army discovered in the tomb of the first Emperor of China (c. 200 BC) have a superficial similarity but closer examination shows up to seven different styles of armour, which do not appear to have been standardised within separate units. The legions of

5070-639: Is the full dress uniform worn for attending formal state occasions; "PDH" ( Pakaian Dinas Harian ), which is the service dress uniform worn during everyday-indoor duties; "PDL" ( Pakaian Dinas Lapangan ), which is the combat dress uniform worn during outdoor duties; and "PDP" ( Pakaian Dinas Parade ), which is the parade dress uniform worn during military parades and other ceremonial occasions. Each uniform category consists of different types which usually consists of type I until type IV (four types). The uniform regulations are basically different for men and women. The Army , Navy , and Air Force basically have

5239-892: Is the largest army in South America and the largest branch of the Armed Forces of Brazil. Emerging from the defense forces of the Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil as the Imperial Brazilian Army , its two main conventional warfare experiences were the Paraguayan War and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , and its traditional rival in planning, until the 1990s, was Argentina, but the army also has many peacekeeping operations abroad and internal operations in Brazil. The Brazilian Army

Military Firefighters Corps - Misplaced Pages Continue

5408-605: The Brazilian Armed Forces , alongside the Brazilian Navy and the Air Force , all of which, according to article 142 of Brazil's constitution , act in the defense of the homeland and in guaranteeing constitutional powers and law and order, in addition to subsidiary attributions defined by complementary laws. The army forms the nation's land force, acting primarily in its external defense, but it also has

5577-477: The British Indian Army . The modern Indian Army uniform standardises on dun for khaki. The Indian Army camouflage uniform consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up with two chest pockets with buttoned flaps. Trousers have two pockets, two thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. The Indian Army Jungle camouflage dress features a jungle camouflage pattern and

5746-516: The Duke of Caxias , the patron of the army, is known as the "Peacemaker". The army's official history emphasizes its role in ensuring national integrity. By 1850 the political consensus was already in favor of the army. The force grew to 15–16 thousand men. By the 1851 organization, the army had eight rifle battalions, six caçadores battalions, four light cavalry regiments, one horse artillery regiment, and four foot artillery battalions. These would be

5915-594: The English Civil War . In the earlier years of the latter, though the richer colonels uniformed their men (for instance, the Marquess of Newcastle's "Whitecoats" and King Charles's own red-coated Lifeguard of foot), the rustics and the citizens turned out for war in their ordinary rough clothes, donning armour and sword-belt. But in 1645 the Long Parliament raised an army for permanent service, and

6084-515: The Federal Capital ( Rio de Janeiro , until 1960), was from the start completely autonomous, being created within the structure of the armed forces of the State, the former name of the current Brazilian military police . In 1915 Federal legislation authorized the incorporation of the militarized forces of the states into the Brazilian Army, in the event of national mobilization . In 1917

6253-478: The Guyana-Venezuela crisis began in 2023, the army reinforced Roraima , but still did not have cruise missiles, medium-altitude anti-aircraft defense or Centauro II tank destroyers available. Military personnel may be on active or reserve status. If active, they may be career military personnel (with guaranteed or presumed lifetime status) or temporary personnel. The number established by decree for

6422-757: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 the forces of the East India Company in India dyed their white summer tunics to neutral tones; initially a tan called khaki (from the Hindi word for "dusty"). This was a temporary measure which became standard in the Indian service in the 1880s. Only during the Second Boer War in 1902, did the entire British Army standardise on dun for Service Dress including

6591-656: The Italian Campaign . The Brazilian government promised three infantry divisions for the war effort, but due to mobilization difficulties, it was only possible to send the 1st Expeditionary Infantry Division (1st DIE), subordinate to the IV Corps of the United States Army . The Battle of Monte Castello , which it fought in 1944–1945, was not the most important of the IV Corps, but it stood out within

6760-545: The Knights Templar or Hospitaller wore mantles respectively of white (with red crosses on the shoulder) and of black (later red with white crosses) over the usual pattern of armour for their periods. In the later part of the Medieval period instances of standardised clothing being issued for particular campaigns began to occur. English examples included the white coats worn by Norfolk levies recruited in 1296 and

6929-490: The Leopard 1 and M60 models, and the structure of Brazilian armored brigades was made equivalent to their Argentine counterparts, despite good bilateral relations . An attempt was made to reduce dependence on compulsory military service, but the costs of professional soldiers limited the measures. The Amazon Military Command 's two brigades of jungle infantry were reinforced by another three. In 2012 some generals gave

Military Firefighters Corps - Misplaced Pages Continue

7098-670: The Military Police . In 1967 the Inspectorate General of Military Police ( Portuguese : Inspetoria Geral das Polícias Militares – IGPM) was created, reporting to the Ministry of War, which is responsible for coordinating and conducting control activities over the Military Police (and Firefighters Corps). With the end of the Military Government and the institution of a new Constitution in 1988,

7267-529: The Ottoman Empire employed distinctive features of dress to distinguish one corps or class of soldier from another. An example would be the conical black hats of felt worn by the Deli cavalry of the early 19th century. However the basic costume was usually that of the tribal group or social class from which a particular class of warrior was drawn. As such it was sufficiently varied not to rank as "uniform" in

7436-617: The Platine War . The intervention was successful, but the risk of war remained in the region, and the government did not pay adequate attention to defense. When the Paraguayan War began in 1864, the Paraguayan Army had 60 thousand men, compared to 16 thousand in Brazil, whose war effort was marked by improvisation. Technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution , such as the rifle, the telegraph and

7605-596: The Roman Republic and Empire had a fairly standardised dress and armour, particularly from approximately the early to mid 1st century onward, when Lorica Segmentata (segmented armour) was introduced. However the lack of unified production for the Roman army meant that there were still considerable differences in detail. Even the armour produced in state factories varied according to the province of origin. Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that

7774-627: The Royal Navy wore regulated uniforms. Through the 18th century to the Napoleonic Wars navy officers had a form of dress broadly resembling that of army officers, though in dark blue with white facings. In the early 19th century Royal Navy officers developed a more distinctive form of uniform comprising (in full dress uniform ) a cocked hat, dark blue coatee with white collar and cuffs, dark blue or white trousers, or breeches. Epaulettes and braiding were gold and varied according to rank. In

7943-559: The Taiping Rebellion (1851–66), Chinese armies of the 19th century wore dress that was broadly variegated. Embroidered chest panels and coloured buttons on headdresses were used to distinguish rank and sometimes unit. From 1910 the Imperial Chinese Army adopted dark blue uniforms of Japanese style with coloured facings of red, white, or yellow to distinguish the different branches. The Imperial Guard Division had

8112-507: The coatee -type jacket replaced the combination of tailcoat and waistcoat. The ornamental peak of the military uniform was reached in the early 19th century in Western Europe . Sometimes the Napoleonic Wars are identified as being the acme of colourful and ornate uniforms, but actually the several decades of relative peace that followed were a time of even more decorative styles and embellishments. The Napoleonic soldier on campaign

8281-482: The observation balloon , coexisted with Napoleonic tactics , such as the infantry square , the "cult of the bayonet", cavalry as a shock weapon and artillery fired at close range, with grapeshot. Lack of cartographic knowledge, good use of the terrain by the Paraguayans, logistical difficulties and epidemics delayed a decisive victory in the period before December 1868. The campaign was long and exhausting, on

8450-602: The "Young Turks") were sent to intern in the Imperial German Army in 1906–1912, and a French Military Mission was hired to advise on the reorganization of the Brazilian Army from 1920 to 1940. Strategic planning had the Argentine Army as its hypothetical enemy, at the time more modern and supported by a railway network that was denser than the Brazilian one . Armament also had to be imported, as

8619-553: The "first great ideologue" of the institution, wrote about the need for the "army's politics", not "politics in the army". The military aligned with the authoritarian and developmentalist ideals of the Estado Novo dictatorship, established by Vargas with a coup in 1937 . The army served as the strong arm of a centralized State, and the Public Forces were placed under the control of the Ministry of War, putting an end to

SECTION 50

#1732772738238

8788-425: The "mobile corps", intended for operations in any region. A series of small corps and companies were designated "garrison corps", responsible for the internal security of the provinces. Officers' careers were professionalized from 1850 onwards, with the adoption of formal criteria for advancement in the hierarchy and mandatory education in military courses. The sons of the civilian nobility , who preferred to serve in

8957-488: The 1890s, the army's operational capacity had fallen to a level sometimes inferior to the insurgents it faced. This and foreign policy fears sparked a military reform movement. The First World War (1914–1918) favored reformism, although direct Brazilian participation in land operations was limited to a mission of 26 officers to the French Army . Seeking a successful army as a reference, groups of officers (known as

9126-403: The 18th and early 19th centuries soiled easily and had to be pipeclayed to retain any semblance of cleanliness. Green as worn by Jäger and Rifle regiments proved particularly prone to fading until suitable chemical dyes were devised in the 1890s. British soldiers were known for their striking red clothing (hence the name " Redcoats "). This was actually a fairly dull shade of madder red until

9295-434: The 18th century. There was infinite variety, even within smaller armies, between regiments, branches or ranks and the subject is a complex one. The British were the first to introduce drab/khaki uniforms: in 1848 in India. This khaki drill then became more generally worn from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 both in India and Africa. A darker version, known as "service drab", was adopted for home service field wear in 1902,

9464-434: The 1980s, due to budget restrictions. The army of 2007, despite not being much larger than that of 1985, was more specialized, with new technologies. Electronic warfare capabilities were acquired and the roster of rapid action forces was expanded with the new Army Aviation Brigade (1989), airmobile infantry (1995) and the expansion of special operations forces (2003). The first Brazilian main battle tanks were acquired,

9633-513: The 19th century. The Ironsides cavalry , however, wore buff leather coats and armour long after the infantry had abandoned them. Thus the principle ever since followed — uniform coat and variegated facings — was established. By choice or convenience the majority of the corps out of which the New Model Army was formed had come to be dressed in red, with facings according to the colonel's taste. In Austria sixty years afterwards events took

9802-482: The 7th National Firefighters Conference, the National League is mandated to, among others support all national civil defense and security policies, enforce civil defense laws and regulations, and promote the latest technological advances in firefighting. Note: The Military Firefighters Corps of São Paulo is still operated by its homonymous Military Police . Military uniform A military uniform

9971-739: The Armed Forces and the police. Military personnel were responsible for illegal detentions, torture , executions, forced disappearances and concealment of corpses, and the army played a fundamental role in the genocide of the Waimiri-Atroari indigenous people. The armed struggle against the dictatorship was faced mainly by high-ranking intelligence bodies, such as the CODI and the Army Information Center ( Centro de Informações do Exército ; CIEx). Large-scale use of conventional troops for counterinsurgency occurred rarely and

10140-483: The Austro-Hungarian Empire discarded their historic white tunics in 1868 in favour of dark blue. However, the extremely large number of colours appearing on collars, cuffs, and shoulder straps to distinguish the various regiments were retained. There were for example ten shades of red, ranging from cherry red to pink. The Swedish Army had favoured dark blue with yellow facings since the beginning of

10309-523: The Belgian and French armies saw active service in bright colours and old fashioned headgear (although the Austro-Hungarian cavalry retained their blue and red uniforms for field wear after the remainder of the army had gone into pike grey in 1909). The Imperial German field grey of 1910 retained a number of traditional features such as spiked helmets, shakos, busbies , and coloured piping from

SECTION 60

#1732772738238

10478-537: The Brazilian "Delta Doctrine". The Brazilian arms industry collapsed. In 1991, the incursion of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) into Brazilian territory and the subsequent Operation Traíra redoubled attention in the Amazon. Army officers viewed transnational crime, Colombian guerrillas, and environmental and indigenous issues as possible pretexts for foreign intervention in

10647-473: The Brazilian Army has officially commemorated the First Battle of Guararapes , fought on 19 April 1648, as the moment in which the "seeds" of the institution were planted. There was still no "Brazilian nation" or Brazilian Army, however, and no current military organization in the country has institutional continuity with those that fought in 1648. Several current units, however, trace their history back to

10816-574: The Brazilian Army, which was introduced to the center of political power. The military received investments and positions in the administration. But the army was deeply divided. Revolts by sergeants and corporals threatened the hierarchy, to the point of overthrowing the government of Piauí in 1931, and the officers also rebelled. A large part of the São Paulo garrison joined the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, which

10985-684: The Brigade of Police and the Firefighters Corps of the Federal Capital were officially considered part of the military reserve; condition that to continuation extended to the States. In this period the Firefighters Corps, as members of the military forces of the States, fought in the main conflicts that resulted in present-day Brazil. This situation was altered again after the Revolutions of 1930 and 1932 ; demilitarization of

11154-411: The CBMs was imposed by the Federal Government in 1934 to diminish the power of the military forces of the States, which threatened the balance of power in the country. With the end of World War II , and the fall of the Estado Novo ( Portuguese : New State ), the forces in the States reverted to full State control; once again allowing the militarization of the CBMs, since these were incorporated into

11323-402: The Emperor. This organization would undergo numerous changes. The structure of the Secretariat of State for War Affairs was small, and there was no general management body for the army in peacetime. The army was initially an instrument of emperor Pedro I 's authority, closing the Constituent Assembly in 1823 (the Night of Agony ) and suppressing a separatist movement, the Confederation of

11492-404: The Equator . Its greatest difficulty was in the Cisplatine War , when it faced logistical obstacles and a high desertion rate. At the beginning of the regency period (1831–1840), the Liberal Party , predominant in politics, did not accept a large-scale professional military force, associating it, since previous years, with military losses in Cisplatina , mercenary revolts and the possibility of

11661-415: The FT 90 and its successors. By the end of the 1980s, the social and economic standards of officers had declined, and by the beginning of the following decade, the army's strategic priorities had become undefined. Traditional threats (communism and Argentina) were giving way to non-traditional ones. The United States Army once again became the "model to be followed" by winning the 1991 Gulf War , inspiring

11830-428: The French Army, for example, had large dark blue cuffs on its off-white coats. To a certain extent the functions required of a given group of soldiers were reflected in their dress. Thus artillery uniforms in most armies were usually of dark blue, for the practical reason that handling black powder would have soiled lighter coloured clothing. Infantry drummers and cavalry trumpeters often had "reverse" colours with coats

11999-406: The French, German, Italian, and Soviet armies, amongst others, between the Wars. Uniforms of varying shades of khaki and grey were universal in the Second World War but the cut and outline appearance of the different armies still made identification in the field relatively straight forward. A Soviet soldier would, for example be distinguishable from his German opponent by his general outline, even in

12168-570: The German Landsknechte of the 16th century is an example of distinctive military fashion. Special units such as Zouaves developed non-standard uniforms to distinguish them from troops of the line. There are a few recorded attempts at uniform dress in antiquity, going beyond the similarity to be expected of ethnic or tribal dress. One example is the Spanish infantry of Hannibal who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. Another

12337-633: The German black and the Italian blue, with various facings. The French grey was probably decided upon, like the Austrian grey, as being a good "service" colour, which could be cheaply manufactured. During the 18th century the normal military uniform in Europe comprised a standardised form of civilian dress ( tricorn hat , long-skirted coat, waistcoat and breeches ). One distinctively military feature were

12506-479: The IISS estimated the reserve at 1,340,000 military personnel in 2023, but did not distinguish between the three branches; Frank McCann estimated over a million Army reservists in 2017. The Brazilian Army is historically one of the largest in the region. Hierarchy and discipline are formally defined as the basis of the organization of the Armed Forces. In the army the hierarchy comprises 19 levels, called " postos " on

12675-662: The Integrated Border Monitoring System, Cyber Defense and others. A notable peacekeeping operation during this period was the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (2007–2017). Most of the Brazilian battalion commanders in Haiti achieved generalship. The occupation of Complexo do Alemão in 2010 was the largest law and order operation since the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution , and

12844-568: The Marine Corps Birthday Ball in November. The British Household Cavalry and Foot Guards wear uniforms largely unchanged from 1914 for "public duties" i.e. ceremonial. The military of many countries have adopted the economical expedient of smartening up combat uniforms for parade by adding medals , neck scarves and coloured berets to the terrain coloured camouflage uniforms intended for combat. As an interesting example of

13013-662: The Military Firefighter adopted an organisation similar to that of the Sapeurs-pompiers of Paris ; who were classified as military engineers , and organized to serve as pioneers or sappers when necessary. With the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889, the States that were financially better off were able to constitute their own Firefighters Corps. On the other hand, the Firefighters Corps of

13182-564: The Napoleonic period. The German Army has retained a form of field grey for dress wear though of modern cut and worn with berets. Some senior officers still wear peaked caps . The collar braid stripes ( Litzen ), that distinguished regiments of the Prussian Guard prior to 1918, have become a general feature of modern German uniforms. The Mountain infantry troops retain a more traditional dress uniform. The Nationale Volksarmee of

13351-566: The National Guard, gradually disappeared. Except in Rio Grande do Sul , officers were recruited from social groups with lower incomes, especially children of military personnel. With internal conflicts quelled, the Empire of Brazil used the army in external interventions in the Río de la Plata region. In 1851–1852, four army divisions, the National Guard and regional Argentine allies campaigned in

13520-463: The Nazi regime retained uniforms with many traditional features from Imperial Germany for its army uniforms, such as field grey cloth, marching boots (a taller version for officers), collar litzen (braiding) and breeches (for officers and NCOs); German Panzer (tank) troops had a special combat uniform made of black wool and German troops serving in tropical climates had uniforms in a shade of khaki. Later in

13689-613: The Royal Navy from Trafalgar to the Second World War RN uniforms became the model for virtually all other navies. While certain distinctive features emerged - such as the red pompon worn on the crown of the French sailor's cap, the open fronted jacket of the German Navy or the white round cap of the U.S. Navy - the overall pattern remained standard until the development of specialist working or protective rigs during

13858-607: The Second World War. It is generally supposed that Union soldiers wore blue uniforms and Confederate soldiers wore grey ones. However, this was only a generalisation. Both the Union and the Confederacy drew up uniform regulations, but as a matter of practical reality neither side was able to fully equip its men at the outbreak of the war. Existing state units and quickly raised volunteer regiments on both sides wore

14027-590: The States were granted autonomy to administer their security forces as best suited them. The majority opted to separate the Firefighters Corps from the Military Police. The term "Military" was inserted in 1990 to distinguish the Military Firefighters Corps from organizations of civilian and voluntary firefighters . Starting 2013, the MFC also has full operational duties over the civilian private firefighting academies in order to combat corruption in

14196-548: The Sword). The military were not united and lost power to the civilian oligarchies, which were alienated from the officer class and transformed the Public Forces of the most powerful states into "small armies", a major obstacle to the expansion of the Armed Forces' power. The period was one of struggle to assert its relevance. In this context, the federal army guaranteed central power against regionalist tendencies. By

14365-469: The abolition of the National Guard two years later, changed the army's relationship with society, made recruitment more judicious and allowed a gradual and continuous expansion of personnel. In the long term, this strengthened central power at the expense of regional oligarchies. Military Aviation was introduced and remained in the army until 1941, when it was absorbed by the newly created Brazilian Air Force. The organization of these forces in peacetime

14534-535: The arms industry was very limited. By 1919, the training of officers at the Military School of Realengo was already very different from Praia Vermelha: a curriculum dominated by professional subjects, field exercises and strict discipline, training officers with a strong sense of distinction from civilians. The introduction of compulsory military service through the Sortition Law , in 1916 allowed

14703-490: The army in 2023 was 212,217 active military personnel, of which 149 were generals, 29,220 other officers, 46,773 warrant officers and sergeants and 136,005 corporals and privates. Out of 214 thousand in 2023, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) quantified 112 thousand conscripts. There are much lower estimates of the proportion of conscripts (30%). In addition to active duty personnel,

14872-564: The army's relationship with the monarchy. The army had already become a political force, capable of making a minister resign. In the end, young officers, old leaders and civilians proclaimed the republic in a military coup that deposed emperor Pedro II . Until 1894, a period marked by the Federalist Revolution and the Navy Revolts , the new republican regime began under the tutelage of the army (the so-called Republic of

15041-502: The basic legionnaire uniform but with leather aprons and gloves. Troupes de marine wear blue and red kepis and yellow epaulettes. The Chasseurs Alpins wear a large beret, known as the "tarte" (the pie ), and mountain outfits. The single remaining regiment of Spahis retains the white cloak and red sash of the days when this corps consisted of Algerian and Moroccan cavalry. Sailors of the French Navy and Fusiliers marins wear

15210-476: The basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of un-dyed (off-white) or red-dyed wool. Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes. Centurions – the century commanders who made up the long serving backbone of the legions – were distinguished by transverse crests on their helmets , various chest ornaments (phaleræ) corresponding to modern medals, torques (a symbol borrowed from the Gauls and also used as

15379-402: The casual wear category is physical training uniforms . The study used to design and produce military uniforms is referred to as military textile science . A distinction should be made between uniforms and ethnic dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive dress style this could easily create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The issue is further complicated by

15548-455: The civil fire services. In all of Brazil, the emergency telephone number of the Military Firefighters Corps is one, nine, three (193). It is a toll-free call. The Gymnastic belt ( Portuguese : cinto ginástico ) is one of the essential elements of the uniforms of the Military Firefighters Corps; which has been used with few modifications, since 1887. At first the belt was reinforced, made of cotton and leather , enabling it to serve as

15717-526: The clothes and accoutrements to be worn on various occasions was strictly regulated by orders. But uniformity of clothing was not to be expected so long as the "enlistment" system prevailed and soldiers were taken in and dismissed at the beginning and end of every campaign. The beginnings of uniform are therefore to be found in truly national armies, in the Indelta of Gustavus Adolphus, and the English armies of

15886-499: The coat was eventually evolved the tunic of the mid-19th century, and the hat became the cocked hat of a later generation, which generally disappeared during the decade of 1800–1810 to reappear in the late 19th and early 20th century, by which time it had its original form of a "slouch-hat." For service in Ireland the New Model Army's red coat was exchanged for one of russet colour, just as scarlet gave way to khaki for Indian service in

16055-410: The colonels became officials rather than proprietors. The New Model Army was clothed in the civilian costume of the date—ample coat, waistcoat, breeches, stockings and shoes (in the case of cavalry, boots)—but with the distinctive colour throughout the army of red and with regimental facings of various colours and breeches of grey. Soon afterwards the helmet was replaced by a grey broad-brimmed hat. From

16224-601: The colonial period, such as the Old Terço of Rio de Janeiro, from 1567, whose heir is the 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion. The highest authority in the army was the Adjutant General, whose body, the Adjutant General's Office, was created in 1857. The Adjutant General was always a military officer and served as an intermediary between the army and the Minister of War, whose position was a political one. When

16393-404: The colour of the regimental facings and facings the colour of the regimental coats. Officers (who paid for their own clothing) were slower to accept uniforms. During the late 17th century they were often dressed in individual styles and colours according to their own taste and means. In part this was because the uniform dress issued to the rank and file was considered a form of livery — the mark of

16562-730: The combining of old and new features of uniform the French Spahis and the Spanish Regulares still wear the flowing cloaks, fezzes, turbans and sashes of the North African colonial regiments from which they are descended with modern khaki or camouflage clothing, on appropriate occasions. The battle dress of the French Armed Forces is the FÉLIN system combined with SPECTRA helmets . France has adopted

16731-535: The constitutional branches, subordinating itself, in the Federal Government 's structure, to the Ministry of Defense , alongside the Brazilian Navy and Air Force . The Military Police ( Polícias Militares ; PMs) and Military Firefighters Corps ( Corpos de Bombeiros Militares ; CBMs) are legally designated as reserve and auxiliary forces to the army. Its operational arm is called Land Force. It

16900-420: The country, but it did not benefit after the victory in 1870: the budget was drastically reduced. Officers' nonconformity with political leaders grew. The participation of slaves in the struggle brought abolitionism to fore. A new military service law attempted to reform recruitment in 1874, but was not enforced due to popular resistance by the so-called " list rippers ". In the same year, officer education

17069-533: The decision was taken to issue complete uniforms to petty officers and seamen. This included features which can still be recognised in the Class I uniform of ratings in the modern Royal Navy - notably the wide blue collar with white tapes, a black neckerchief, white lanyard and blue or white jumper. The flared " bell bottom " trousers disappeared after the Second World War . Because of the global dominance of

17238-402: The deficiency in the ammunition industry. The Chaco War (1932– 1935) between Bolivia and Paraguay helped the army to continue expanding its numbers, which exceeded 60 thousand men. Anti-aircraft artillery and mobile coastal artillery were implemented. Later on, Brazil's entry into the Second World War in 1942 gave the army its "only experience [...] in a conventional war along the lines of

17407-692: The distinctive features (weapons, armour, fighting style and native dress) of particularly effective warrior classes often being copied. Thus the distinctive and colourful clothing of the Hungarian hussars became a model for hussar units all over Europe. The kilts and sporrans of Scottish Highland clans were distilled into regimental dress when the British Army started to recruit from these tribal groups. Mercenary or irregular fighters could also develop their own fashions, which set them apart from civilians, but were not really uniforms. The clothing of

17576-462: The entire force numbered just 6,320 men. Faced with the numerous rebellions of the period, the political elite realized that territorial fragmentation of the country was the greatest danger and could not be controlled with the National Guard alone. Thus began the reconstruction of the army, which put down the Cabanagem , Balaiada , Sabinada and Ragamuffin uprisings. It is for this reason that

17745-476: The expense of preparing for war, the army operates in the scientific-technological and socioeconomic fields, carries out engineering works, receives refugees ( Operation Acolhida ) and distributes water in Northeastern Brazil (Operation Pipa), among many other missions. The Brazilian Army originates from the defense forces of the Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil . A Brazilian national army

17914-493: The experience of the FEB, which overcame its inexperience and won after several demoralizing defeats in the offensive. Tactics changed from French to American: from frontal attacks to flanking enemy positions and attacking in multiple directions. The FEB was demobilized even before returning to Brazil, as it was considered a political threat. This did not prevent the ousting of Vargas by the Armed Forces in 1945, after which democracy

18083-485: The federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro in 2018, an army general held the position of Secretary of Security in Rio de Janeiro, and other generals held roles in that secretariat and in the federal intervention office. Strategic projects suffered from contingencies and cuts in military spending resulting from the economic crisis of the mid-2010s, and by 2019 their deadlines were already being extended, some until 2040. When

18252-501: The first with Brazilian participation was the Suez battalion (1957–1967). The institution's political participation was continuous. In 1955, Minister of War Henrique Teixeira Lott carried out a " preventative coup ", opposing the Navy and Air Force, to ensure the inauguration of president Juscelino Kubitschek . In 1961, the three military ministers (army, navy and air force) tried to veto

18421-415: The fog of battle. British, American, Japanese and French uniforms still retained some distinctive features, even as they became more and more utilitarian in the course of the War. The US Army discarded its First World War style field uniforms in 1941 in favour of a very plain and practical combat dress in a thin light brown wool shirt (sometimes with an olive green cast) and slightly darker trousers. This

18590-645: The form of the "Adrian" helmet adopted by the French Army in 1915. The practical advantages of this innovation led the British and German armies to adopt their own helmets by 1916. Other armies followed suit – the Belgians and Italians for example copying the French model and the Austro-Hungarians that of Germany. The drab uniforms of 1914–18 remained in general use until the Second World War. This

18759-675: The former German Democratic Republic also maintained a stone grey uniform, following the Imperial German tradition. Both the West and East German militaries still retained Prussian-style dress uniform respectively, with the West abandoning the "Stiefelhosen" (bootcut trousers). Until 1945 Waffenrock (English: service coat or tunic ) – was the generic term for military uniform. This included dress uniforms, parade uniforms, and also epaulettes or shoulder boards with rank insignia, as well as uniform cuffs, badges and other insignia. During

18928-532: The founding of the Soviet Army) as a sign of an undesirable "social class" mentality. The reintroduction of these epaulettes in 1943 was a relatively inexpensive means of boosting Soviet troop morale. Once reintroduced to the Soviet Army, the use of shoulder boards was never rescinded and they remained part of the uniform until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The distinct bluish grey colour for tankers

19097-652: The garrisons of Seville, Barcelona, and Madrid for special ceremonials until 1931. These included red trousers for the line infantry, following the French practice in an example of cross-border influence. The use of steel helmets was by now almost universal and a number of countries adopted their own designs moving away from the German, British, and French models of the First World War. The Italians, Soviets, Japanese, Swiss, Spanish and Portuguese were amongst these. Steel helmets, originally simply items of utilitarian protective clothing, were adopted as parade headdress by

19266-422: The general adoption of scarlet for tunics in the 1870s. In an early instance of military camouflage , the sailors of Imperial Rome are reported to have worn blue/grey tunics. However uniform dress was not a feature of navies (officers and marines excepted) until comparatively recent times. This may reflect the considerable difference in roles and conditions of service between sailors and soldiers. No uniform

19435-495: The green and white clothing that identified Cheshire archers during the 14th century. The regular thematic (provincial) and Tagmata (central) troops of the Byzantine Empire (East Roman) are the first known soldiers to have had what would now be considered regimental or unit identification. During the 10th century, each of the cavalry "banda" making up these forces is recorded as having plumes and other distinctions in

19604-721: The history of the army, with the current phase, since 2010, known as the Army Transformation Process. Its presence strategy extends it throughout Brazil's territory, and the institution considers itself the only guarantee of Brazilianness in the most distant regions of the country. There are specialized forces for different terrains (jungle, mountain, Pantanal, Caatinga and urban) and rapid deployment forces ( Army Aviation , Special Operations Command and parachute and airmobile brigades). The armored and mechanized forces, concentrated in Southern Brazil , are

19773-619: The hypothesis of a war with a country from the Western bloc, economically and militarily superior to Brazil, in the Amazon region, at the same time that it planned the "army of the future", devising the Força Terrestre 90 (FT 90), Força Terrestre 2000 and Força Terrestre do Século XXI programs. After the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, the army distanced itself from political-ideological confrontation and began executing

19942-457: The inauguration of João Goulart as president, but a split in the army allowed the victory of the inauguration cause. Finally, the 1964 coup d'état began with the main commands of the army in loyalist hands, but officers defected en masse and the president was removed without a fight. Military personnel aligned with the deposed government were purged, including 22.5% of the generals serving in 1964. The ideological basis of Goulart's opponents

20111-542: The institution's leading elements: officers of infantry, cavalry , engineering, artillery and communications, the Quartermaster Service and the Ordnance Board. This system and the army's own health, housing and religious assistance services, are mechanisms through which it seeks to maintain its distinction from the rest of society. The Brazilian Army is one of the three singular forces that make up

20280-536: The interior of Bahia , burnt and littered by the bodies of thousands of inhabitants. The army suffered immense casualties. In the 1920s the army had difficulty suppressing a mobile enemy, the Prestes Column , as its French-influenced doctrine was for a conflict in the style of the Western Front of the First World War. On the other hand, the rebels were unable to threaten Rio de Janeiro. In 1924 there

20449-526: The later sense. An elaborate system of colourful standards largely provided unit identification. Even the appearance of the Janissaries was likely to reflect individual means and taste, although red was a favoured colour and the white felt zarcola headdresses were similar. It was not until the reorganisation of the Ottoman Army by Sultan Mahmud II during the 1820s that completely standardised dress

20618-679: The laws of war as a "distinctive sign"). Field signs were easily removed or donned, as in the example of John Smith , a squire on the Royalist side who at the Battle of Edgehill put on the orange scarf of the Parliamentarians and with no more elaborate disguise recaptured the royal standard from the Earl of Essex's own secretary. By this time, in France at least, the general character of

20787-728: The long canvas gaiters which came up to mid-thigh and had multiple buttons . Dress was surprisingly standardised between European armies in cut and general outline. The distinction normally lay in colours: red coats for the British and Danes, light grey then white for the French, Spanish, and Austrian infantry, dark blue for the Prussians and Portuguese, green for the Russians, etc. Within each army different regiments were usually distinguished by " facings " — linings, turnbacks, and braiding on coats in colours that were distinctive to one or several regiments. The Royal Comtois Infantry Regiment of

20956-506: The lower ranks and did not represent the army as a whole, damaging the hierarchy. The "Pacifying Movement", a military coup that made the 1930 Revolution triumph, differed in that it was planned by high levels of the army and navy. This was made possible by organizational changes, such as the development of the Army General Staff. Getúlio Vargas ' first period in power (1930–1945) was one of great modernization and expansion for

21125-538: The military forces present in what is now Brazilian territory: some joined the Brazilian cause and others remained loyal to Portugal. The Brazilian victory in the war did not break the continuity with the military organization and doctrine of the Portuguese Army , whose characteristics would be visible in the Brazilian institution until the beginning of the 20th century. Portuguese professionals, landowners, European mercenaries and ordenanças came together in

21294-564: The military give up external defense, in part as a way of demonstrating the state's prestige. There were two hypotheses of war: a "revolutionary war in South America" and a war between the Western and Communist blocs, with Brazil contributing an expeditionary army corps to the Western bloc. Equipment inventories were rapidly nationalized thanks to the development of companies in the national arms industry, such as Engesa . Rifles, machine guns, artillery and armor were replaced by 1980. After

21463-518: The most numerous on the continent, but include many vehicles nearing the end of their life cycle. The basic combined arms unit is the brigade . Conventional military organizations train reservist corporals and privates through mandatory military service . There is a broad system of instruction, education and research, with the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras ( Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras ; AMAN) responsible for training

21632-454: The national State, filling gaps that should have been satisfied by other institutions, is part of the army's culture. Through its "Presence Strategy", it occupies demographic voids, acting as a "colonizing army", whether through the military colonies it established in the 19th century or through current border posts, and sees itself as the only factor of Brazilianness in these remote regions of the country. Subsidiary roles are constant. Possibly at

21801-417: The numerous buttons on regimental clothing. New uniforms were issued with surprising frequency in some 18th-century armies (once a year in the British service). It should, however, be remembered that a soldier had to march, parade, fight and sometimes sleep in the same garment and that such extras as greatcoats or working clothes were seldom issued until the end of the century. The highly organised armies of

21970-602: The office was abolished, the chiefs of the Army General Staff ( Estado-Maior do Exército ; EME), created in 1899, and the Ministers of War began to compete for primacy of command. The Ministry of War won the dispute. In 1967, it was renamed Ministry of the Army, which was later transformed into the current Army Command, subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, in 1999. The Brazilian War of Independence divided

22139-514: The older uniforms. The demands of modern warfare as well as financial economy soon saw these survivals vanish, and by 1916 all involved armies were in either khaki (Russia, Turkish, Serbia, Montenegro, Japan, Greek, French colonial, and Britain), various shades of grey (German, Italian, Bulgarian, Portuguese, and Austro-Hungarian ) or sky blue (French and Romanian). The coloured uniforms of peacetime were often relegated to depot wear by recruits doing their basic training. Steel helmets first appeared in

22308-602: The past. Most Russian troops, for example, wore the very dark green introduced by Peter the Great in 1700. German infantry generally wore the dark " Prussian blue " of the previous two centuries. This and other features of the historic Prussian Army uniform were generally adopted by the other German States as they fell under Prussian influence before and after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Bavarians, however, continued to wear light blue and Saxon regiments retained

22477-454: The phenomenon of "state armies". Military engineers participated in the development of the steel and oil industries in the country. The concept of security, for the army, had been expanded, encompassing planning, energy, transport and industrialization. According to EME studies on the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, the army had evolved in its doctrine and organization, but was still unprepared to face an external aggressor, as evidenced by

22646-492: The pre-1914 colours of their branch or regiment. Elsewhere full or coloured dress of traditional cut was generally restricted to formal uniforms for officers and long service regulars, ceremonial guards, and a few other limited categories. The Spanish Army (which had not been involved in the First World War) exceptionally continued to issue coloured uniforms to all its conscript rank and file until 1926 and thereafter to

22815-403: The press an overview of the army, describing its aging equipment and technological obsolescence. Since 2004, only 9 to 10% of the budget was available for funding and investments, with the remainder being spent on personnel. The guidelines for the Army Transformation Process had just been published, with ambitious goals for the year 2030, just like the planners of the 1980s, who had defined 2010 as

22984-454: The process was not an inexorable one. The Danish Army adopted grey-green uniforms for all occasions in 1903, reverted to a combination of dark and light blue in 1910, took up light grey in 1915 and finally settled for khaki in 1923. The Imperial Russian armies, following their adoption of khaki-grey field uniforms in 1908, took the opportunity to upgrade their parade uniforms to much more elaborate and colorful styles, and were experimenting with

23153-422: The ranks, and even staged a revolt of their own . Military service, stigmatized, was known as the " blood tribute ". In December 1824, the nominal force numbered 30 thousand men of the 1st line (paid troops) and 40 thousand of the 2nd line (unpaid militia and some paid police, veterans and irregular troops). Lack of training and politicized recruitment limited the military capacity of the 2nd line. The 1st line

23322-429: The region. At the same time, public authorities often use the army for operations to guarantee law and order in places such as Rio de Janeiro, as well as for subsidiary missions, which are, in a certain way, accommodated by the political class. Abroad, participation in international UN missions increased. Total personnel grew from 194,000 in 1985 to 238,000 in 2007, below the large quantitative expansion planned in

23491-399: The rest of the Armed Forces had less repercussions on the army. In 1960 the force comprised seven infantry divisions, four cavalry divisions, one armored division, the core of an airborne division, a mixed brigade and a School-Unit Group. These forces were grouped into four Military Zones in 1946, later called Armies in 1956, equivalent to the current Military Area Commands. The new structure

23660-407: The same course. The colonels there uniformed their men as they saw fit, but had, probably to obtain "wholesale" prices, agreed upon a serviceable colour, pearl grey. When in 1707 Prince Eugene procured the issue of uniform regulations, few line regiments had to be re-clothed. In France, as in England and Austria, the cavalry, still led by the wealthy classes rather than officered by the professional,

23829-402: The same regulations for the uniform, but differ in terms of color and certain designs which represent their respective branches. Brazilian Army The Brazilian Army ( Portuguese : Exército Brasileiro ; EB) is the branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces responsible, externally, for defending the country in eminently terrestrial operations and, internally, for guaranteeing law, order and

23998-424: The same year that the US Army also adopted khaki for non-dress occasions. The Italians introduced grey-green in 1909, followed by the German and Austrian armies who adopted different shades of grey. The Russians had changed to a grey shade of khaki in 1908, following their experience in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. There was however strong attachment to the colourful uniforms as previously worn on all occasions and

24167-415: The shoulder. In the British army officers were ordered to adopt epaulettes by a clothing warrant dated 1768. Even when officers' uniforms became the subject of detailed regulation they remained easily distinguishable from those of other ranks, by the better quality and richness of the materials and trimmings used. Gold or silver braiding on the hats and coats of officers usually matched the bronze or pewter of

24336-400: The states to provide their own uniforms. While the commutation system was in place, many states were not able to provide an ample supply of uniforms and captured federal uniforms were common. Later in the war the Confederate national government provided uniforms from a central depot system, including the famous Richmond and Columbus depots. Many photographs of Confederate soldiers from later in

24505-533: The upper levels (officers), and " graduações " on the lower ones (enlisted personnel). Postos and graduações are grouped into social coexistence circles: from highest to lowest, they are the circles of general officers, senior officers, intermediate officers, junior officers, warrant officers and sergeants, and corporals and privates. In peacetime, the highest rank is that of army general. The rank of marshal may be created in wartime. Enlisted personnel can be called " graduados ", except for privates, which form

24674-510: The war (usually casualties) are wearing standardised uniforms. As Sherman's men marched across Georgia and up the Carolinas, they were cut off from supply by the Union and began wearing clothing of Confederate origin. Confederate soldiers used a variety of vegetable and imported dyes which would fade to a "butternut" colour. Until 1914 the majority of armies still provided colourful dress uniforms for all ranks, at least for parade and off-duty wear. These often retained distinctive features from

24843-552: The war, severe leather shortages led to the replacement of marching boots with ankle height shoes worn with gaiters (Gemäsch). Imperial Japan used a light brown or khaki colour for most Imperial army uniforms — though there was also a green service dress tunic for officers. Footwear was reddish brown jack boots (restricted for wear only by officers), while soldiers wore shoes with leg wrappings puttees ). From 1935 to 1943, Soviet Army uniforms for all troops (except than tank troops) were an intermediate shade of brown; uniforms included

25012-465: The year in which the "army of the future" would exist. The drivers of the Transformation Process are strategic projects/programs, such as ASTROS 2020, for the expansion of missile and rocket artillery ( Astros II ) and the development of a cruise missile ( AV-TM 300 ); Guarani armored vehicles, with a new family of wheeled armor; Anti-Air Defense, with the renewal of low-altitude anti-aircraft artillery and acquisition of medium-altitude artillery; and

25181-516: Was anti-communism , developed since 1935, and the doctrine of revolutionary war. In the subsequent military dictatorship (1964–1985) the center of political power was occupied by generals, although the institutions formally remained those of a liberal democracy. Generals disputed among themselves and were challenged by junior officers. Political repression activities were centralized in the army, whose Internal Defense Operations Centers ( Centros de Operações de Defesa Interna ; CODI) coordinated

25350-408: Was an experience of urban combat and the bombing of São Paulo by army artillery. Military revolts and interventions in politics marked the period, such as the proclamation of the republic itself, the Manifesto of the Thirteen Generals, Hermism /Salvations Policy, the Sergeants' Revolt of 1915, tenentism and the Revolution of 1930 , which ended the First Republic. Most of the revolts involved

25519-794: Was completely separated from Civil Engineering and concentrated at the Military School of Praia Vermelha. By the end of the Empire, the officers were divided between "scientists" and " tarimbeiros ": the latter, veterans of the Paraguayan War, normally without a degree, and the former, trained at Praia Vermelha. The curriculum, unrelated to military disciplines, did not produce good troop commanders but rather intellectuals, engineers, bureaucrats and politicians, who competed with civilians with degrees. The 1888 organization defined 27 infantry units, ten cavalry units, four field artillery units, four position artillery units and two engineering units. The distinction between mobile and garrison corps disappeared. Units were very small, but would theoretically be expanded to

25688-399: Was considered more difficult than Haiti. When confronting organized crime in Rio de Janeiro's favelas, the military had to change tactics and equipment. They recognize the difficulty of police work, in which they are not specialized and there is a risk of collateral damage. There were protests by local residents against abuses of authority, torture and excessive shooting and use of tear gas. In

25857-516: Was defeated due to the loyalty of the rest of the Armed Forces and state governments to Vargas. Army units rose up in the Communist Uprising of 1935, which was quickly put down. In 1938 the army also participated in the repression of the Integralist Uprising . To homogenize the institution, the government and army leaders carried out several purges of the officer ranks. Revolts by young officers became less and less likely for organizational and technical reasons. General Góis Monteiro , considered

26026-434: Was designated by law for the first time in the Brazilian Empire 's 1824 constitution , but land forces had already been fighting under the Brazilian flag since the proclamation of Independence in 1822. Command of these forces, until then dispersed among the viceroys and captain-generals of the captaincies , was unified under the Secretariat of State for War Affairs (later the Ministry of War ) in 1822. Since 1994,

26195-464: Was directly responsible for the Proclamation of the Republic and gradually increased its capacity for political action, culminating in the military dictatorship of 1964–1985. Throughout Brazilian history , it safeguarded central authority against separatism and regionalism, intervened where unresolved social issues became violent and filled gaps left by other State institutions. Changes in military doctrine , personnel, organization and equipment mark

26364-1008: Was eliminated in 1943, from which point on all units of the Soviet Army wore brown. Most military forces have developed several different uniform types, including combat dress, working dress, service or ordinary duty uniforms and (to a very limited extent) ceremonial full dress. Today, all armies wear some form of camouflage uniforms for training and combat duty purposes. Armies facing service in different theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms. Traditional coloured uniforms have long since given way to clothing more suited for actual combat in modern conditions. Bright colours are now usually reserved for wear by units having ceremonial functions, some bands and officers attending formal occasions. Elite units normally contrive to having some distinctive features. The United States Marine Corps are well known for their traditional midnight blue tunics and sky blue trousers (trimmed in red for NCO and above). These "dress blues" are worn for formal occasions such as

26533-412: Was estimated at 37 thousand men in 1919. The operational history of the period has two major conflicts arising from social issues in the interior of the country: the War of Canudos (1897) and the Contestado War (1912–1916). In Canudos the force faced peasants without military training, but the terrain was adverse and well used by the opponent. The war concluded with the settlement of Belo Monte, in

26702-462: Was ineffective. The Araguaia Guerrilla (1972–1975), the most extensive rural insurgency of the period, could only be defeated by the principle of "fighting guerrilla with guerrilla": extensive intelligence work, infiltrated plainclothes patrols and the participation of the Special Forces Company. The " economic miracle " allowed the re-equipment of the army in the period 1969–1974, with a focus on conventional warfare. Counterinsurgency did not make

26871-445: Was issued. The first fifteen years of the 19th century influenced the appearance of military uniforms until the 1850s. In particular, some uniforms of the Grande Armée – notably those of the cavalry regiments of the Imperial Guard – are considered as being amongst the most striking and distinctive of the time. The cost of the French uniforms varied widely, going from 200 to 250 francs for a line infantryman's outfit to 2000 francs for

27040-410: Was likely to present a shabby and nondescript appearance as unsuitable peacetime dress quickly deteriorated or was replaced with whatever local substitutes were available. Until later on in the century dyes were primitive and different batches of uniforms worn by the same unit might present differing shades, especially after exposure to rain and sun. The white uniforms popular amongst many armies through

27209-411: Was not uniformed upon an army system until after the infantry. But in 1688 six-sevenths of the French cavalry was uniformed in light grey with red facings; and about half the dragoon regiments had red uniforms and blue facings. The Marquis of Louvois , in creating a standing army, had introduced an infantry uniform as a necessary consequence. The native French regiments had light grey coats, the Swiss red,

27378-426: Was obtained through the Brazil–United States Treaty . Since the war, motorized vehicles began to replace carts and mules. The use of armored vehicles, until then very limited, was consolidated. The training of sergeants was centralized and professionalized at the Escola de Sergentos das Armas ( Combatant Sergeants' School ). From the 1950s onwards, sergeant revolts disappeared. The movements of enlisted personnel in

27547-535: Was organized into regiments, battalions and some smaller units called "corps". In December 1824, it comprised three grenadier battalions, 28 caçadores (light infantry) battalions, seven cavalry regiments, five horse artillery corps and 12 field artillery corps. Five brigades briefly existed in the Court ( Rio de Janeiro ), but throughout the century the army did not maintain large formations in peacetime. Provincial "commanders of arms" were subordinated to local governments, whose presidents were in turn appointed by

27716-817: Was partly for political reasons, since the republican , fascist , Nazi , and communist regimes that replaced many of the old monarchies and empires had little interest in preserving the splendours of their predecessors. However, even in those societies where there was social and political continuity the trend was away from the traditional uniforms worn prior to 1914. The British Army reintroduced full dress for Guards regiments in 1919-20 and regimental bands by 1928, while permitting officers to wear their mess (evening), blue or green "patrols" (semi-formal) and full dress on appropriate occasions. The French reintroduced "grande tenue" in 1927 for North African regiments which were mostly dependent on voluntary recruiting, and after 1930 required all regular officers to acquire dress uniforms in

27885-424: Was prescribed for the French Navy until a standardised suit for officers of blue and red was decreed in 1764. This evolved from optional blue clothing authorised by Royal decree as early as 1665, although practical grey, brown or black colours were worn at sea. In other 17th-18th navies of Mediterranean states red was a commonly worn colour. Until the middle of the 19th century only officers and warrant officers in

28054-399: Was restored. The army had changed a lot, and in addition to its technical modernization, had become politically autonomous and convinced that it could form a well-trained elite. The Brazilian Army adopted American doctrine, organization, manuals and methods after World War II, although the absorption was partial, as older materiel of European origin and French concepts remained. New equipment

28223-407: Was rudimentary until 1908, when commanders began to build a modern order of battle with regiments, brigades and divisions. In 1921 there were five infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, a mixed brigade and independent units. The actual organization differed greatly from the formal one, with many incomplete regiments. Throughout the century, each new organization was somewhat fictional. The force

28392-441: Was sophisticated, but the doctrine did not correspond to reality. Infantry divisions were supposed to have 15,000 men each, but averaged 5,500. Officials feared Brazil's military fragility. On the other hand, the relative power of neighboring countries was declining. The hypothesis of war against Argentina lost relevance and coexisted with concerns of the Cold War : nuclear war , revolutionary war and peace operations , of which

28561-502: Was worn in conjunction with a smart olive drab "Class A" dress uniform—which in many cases varied to a rich "chocolate" brown tunic worn with khaki trousers. There was a khaki version of the Class A dress uniform for summer wear. The war started with American combat troops wearing combat shoes with " spats " (a form of gaiters), replaced later in the war with 2-buckle combat boots. By contrast, British soldiers, other than officers, had their 1938 battledress for all occasions. In Germany

#237762