63-453: Milorg (abbreviation of mil itær org anisasjon – mil itary org anization) was the main Norwegian resistance movement during World War II . Resistance work included intelligence gathering, sabotage , supply-missions, raids, espionage, transport of goods imported to the country, release of Norwegian prisoners and escort for citizens fleeing the border to neutral Sweden . Following
126-418: A German if it could be avoided (many pretended to speak no German , though it was then almost as prevalent as English is now) and refusing to sit beside a German on public transport . The latter was so annoying to the occupying German authorities that it became illegal to stand on a bus if seats were available. Nazi authorities (both German and Norwegian) attempted to pressure school teachers into supporting
189-532: A chamber voted on a bill. In all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations , the Storting would meet in plenary session. A proposal to amend the constitution and abolish the Odelsting and Lagting was introduced in 2004 and was passed by the Storting on 20 February 2007 (159–1 with nine absentees). It took effect with the newly elected Storting in 2009. The number of seats in the Storting has varied over
252-663: A form of "qualified unicameralism", in which it divided its membership into two internal chambers making Norway a de facto bicameral parliament, the Lagting and the Odelsting . Following a constitutional amendment in 2007, this was abolished, taking effect following the 2009 election. Following the 2021 election , ten parties are represented in parliament: the Labour Party (48), the Conservative Party (36),
315-689: A key role in the Nazi home management program ( Hjemmefrontens Ledelse ), because the majority of HL's communications abroad, went through Milorg's radio network. Milorg was organised as a council and 14 districts. The Military Committee ( Militærkommiteen ) was subordinate to The council. It counted around 20,000 people by the summer of 1942. There were export organisations (for transporting fugitive members, to another nation). SL had one, codenamed "Edderkoppen" ( The Spider ). Norwegian resistance movement [REDACTED] Nazi Germany The Norwegian resistance ( Norwegian : Motstandsbevegelsen ) to
378-411: A member of parliament cannot serve (for instance because he or she is a member of the cabinet), a deputy representative serves instead. The deputy is the candidate from the same party who was listed on the ballot immediately behind the candidates who were elected in the last election. In the plenary chamber , the seats are laid out in a hemicycle . Seats for cabinet members in attendance are provided on
441-494: A portfolio that covers that of one or more government ministers . There are four other committees, that run parallel to the standing committees. The Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs consists of members of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, the presidium, and the parliamentary leaders. The committee discusses important issues related to foreign affairs, trade policy, and national safety with
504-528: A small sabotage unit and ended up building a full military force in time for the liberation. Company Linge was a special operations unit that specialised in coastal insertions and combat. There were repeated raids in Lofoten , Måløy , and other coastal areas. Norwegian spotters aided in the destruction of numerous German warships , such as the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz . The Norwegian resistance also smuggled people in and out of Norway during
567-599: Is chaired by the President of the Storting, consisting of the president and five vice presidents of the Storting. The system with five vice presidents was implemented in 2009. Before this there was a single holder of the office. The members of parliament are allocated into twelve standing committees , of which eleven are related to specific political topics. The last is the Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs . The standing committees have
630-623: Is led by a president and, since 2009, five vice presidents: the presidium . The members are allocated to twelve standing committees as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament: the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee and the Office of the Auditor General . Parliamentarianism was established in 1884, with the Storting operating
693-455: Is proportionally less than its share of votes, the party may seat more representatives through leveling seats , provided that the nationwide percentage is above the election threshold , currently at 4%. In 2009, nineteen seats were allocated via the leveling system. Elections are held each four years (in odd-numbered years occurring after a year evenly divisible by four), normally on the second Monday of September. Unlike most other parliaments,
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#1732779935707756-418: Is responsible for internal elections within the parliament, as well as delegating and negotiating party and representative allocation within the presidium, standing committees, and other committees. The Preparatory Credentials Committee has 16 members and is responsible for approving the election. Five public agencies are appointed by parliament rather than by the government. The Office of the Auditor General
819-567: Is taken, and if successful, the bill is submitted to the King in Council for royal assent. If parliament comes to a different conclusion during the second reading, a third reading will be held at least three days later, repeating the debate and vote, and may adopt the amendments from the second reading or finally dismiss the bill. Once the bill has reached the King in Council, the bill must be signed by
882-487: Is the auditor of all branches of the public administration and is responsible for auditing, monitoring and advising all state economic activities. The Parliamentary Ombudsman is an ombudsman responsible for public administration. It can investigate any public matter that has not been processed by an elected body, the courts, or within the military. The Ombudsman for the Armed Forces is an ombudsman responsible for
945-520: Is used for allocating parliamentary seats to parties. As a result, the percentage of representatives is roughly equal to the nationwide percentage of votes. Still, a party with a high number of votes in only one constituency can win a seat there even if the nationwide percentage is low. This has happened several times in Norwegian history. Conversely, if a party's initial representation in Stortinget
1008-943: The Centre Party (28), the Progress Party (21), the Socialist Left Party (13), the Red Party (8), the Liberal Party (8), the Christian Democratic Party (3), the Green Party (3), and the Patient Focus Party (1). Since 2021, Masud Gharahkhani has been President of the Storting . The parliament in its present form was first constituted at Eidsvoll in 1814, although its origins can be traced back to
1071-742: The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, Milorg was formed in May 1941 as a way of organizing the various groups that wanted to participate in an internal military resistance. At first, Milorg was not well coordinated with the Special Operations Executive (SOE), the British organization to plan and lead resistance in occupied countries. In November 1941 the Milorg became integrated with
1134-538: The Telavåg tragedy in 1942, Milorg kept a low profile at first. But they became more active as the war progressed. Its first permanent bases were established in the summer of 1944. At the time of the German capitulation on 8 May 1945, Milorg had been able to train and supply 40,000 soldiers. They then also played an important part in stabilizing the country. Twenty of the around 80 radio stations were uncovered, leading to
1197-559: The Winter War , in cooperation with Polish, French and British forces, launched several counterattacks with moderate success. Allied forces had several successes in Northern Norway, but were redirected for the futile defense of France . While Northern Norway ultimately fell, efforts there allowed the Norwegian government, including the Norwegian royal family , to escape and maintain the legitimate government in exile, as part of
1260-501: The monarch and countersigned by the prime minister . It then becomes Norwegian law from the date stated in the Act or decided by the government. Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian constitution specifically grant the King of Norway the right to withhold Royal Assent from any bill passed by the Storting. This right has never been exercised by any Norwegian monarch since the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 (though it
1323-457: The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany began after Operation Weserübung in 1940 and ended in 1945. It took several forms: The Norwegian government of Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold , with the exception of foreign minister Halvdan Koht and minister of defence Birger Ljungberg , was largely caught by surprise when it became apparent in the early hours of 9 April 1940 that Nazi Germany had launched an invasion of Norway. Although some of
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#17327799357071386-418: The 19 constituencies are unchanged. The electorate does not vote for individuals but rather for party lists, with a ranked list of candidates nominated by the party. This means that the person on top of the list will get the seat unless the voter alters the ballot . Parties may nominate candidates from outside their own constituency, and even Norwegian citizens currently living abroad. The Sainte-Laguë method
1449-717: The Allies. While on station in London , the government contributed to Norwegian forces with the Allied effort and ordered the Norwegian Merchant Fleet to assist in troop transportation. To expedite this ships operated under the Nortraship organisation, which at that time was the world's largest shipping company. It created apprehension among the Nazi leadership that Allied forces might try to recapture Norway with
1512-479: The German invasion. Although there were several German attempts to capture or kill the King and the Norwegian government, they managed to evade these attempts and travelled through Norway's remote interior until leaving the country for London on the British heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire on 7 June. Finland Iceland Norway Reserving the constitutional legitimacy of the Norwegian government also undermined Vidkun Quisling 's attempts at claiming
1575-515: The German or Quisling authorities were ostracized , both during and after the war. The Norwegian Resistance Museum , at Akershus Fortress , Oslo , gives a good account of the activities of the Norwegian resistance movement. [REDACTED] Media related to Resistance in Norway during World War II at Wikimedia Commons Storting Opposition (93) The Storting ( Norwegian : Stortinget [ˈstûːʈɪŋə] ; lit. '
1638-607: The Great Thing ' ) is the supreme legislature of Norway , established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway . It is located in Oslo . The unicameral parliament has 169 members and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen multi-seat constituencies. A member of the Storting is known in Norwegian as a stortingsrepresentant , literally "Storting representative". The assembly
1701-659: The High Command of the Norwegian government in exile in London, answering to the British Army's Department British Field Office IV , which dealt with sabotage operations, but Milorg's British counterpart, SOE, was still operating independently. This lack of coordination led to a number of deadly incidents, creating bitterness within Milorg. SOE changed its policy at the end of 1942, and from then on Milorg and SOE efforts were coordinated. Mainly for fear of retaliation, like
1764-482: The Lagting's amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting. If the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted to a plenary session of the Storting. To be passed, the bill required the approval of a two-thirds majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a simple majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time
1827-611: The Norwegian border. To avoid suspicion, they were camouflaged as police training camps . By 1944, some 7,000–8,000 men had been secretly trained in Sweden. During the Liberation of Finnmark from 1944 to 1945, 1,442 police troops from Sweden would be flown in to assist the Soviets and Free Norwegian Forces . In addition to forces brought in from abroad, local troops were also recruited. Intelligence gathering within occupied Norway
1890-533: The Norwegian government before dawn had broken on the morning of invasion. " Vi gir oss ikke frivillig, kampen er allerede i gang ", replied Koht. "We will not submit voluntarily; the struggle is already underway." Anticipating German efforts to capture the government, the entire Norwegian parliament (the Storting ), the royal family , and cabinet hastily evacuated Oslo by train and car to Hamar and then on to Elverum , where an extraordinary session of parliament
1953-532: The Norwegian government for himself. After Quisling had proclaimed his assumption of the government, several individuals on the Supreme Court took the initiative to establish an Administrative Council ( Administrasjonsrådet ) in an effort to stop him. This became a controversial initiative, in that the legitimate Norwegian government refused to give the council any legal backing, and the German authorities ended up disbanding it. Although some politicians across
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2016-405: The Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision. Most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent . If the Lagting amended the Odelsting's draft, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting. If the Odelsting approved
2079-574: The Parliament of Norway Building at Karl Johans gate 22 in Oslo. The building was designed by the Swedish architect Emil Victor Langlet and is built in yellow brick with details and basement in light gray granite. It is a combination of several styles, including inspirations from France and Italy. Parliament do also include offices and meeting rooms in the nearby buildings, since the Parliament building
2142-555: The Storting Marianne Andreassen , who assumed office in 2018. She also acts as secretary for the presidium. Each party represented in parliament has a party group. It is led by a board and chaired by a parliamentary leader. It is customary for the party leader to also act as parliamentary leader, but since party leaders of government parties normally sit as ministers, governing parties elect other representatives as their parliamentary leaders. The table reflects
2205-477: The Storting always serves its full four-year term; the Constitution does not allow snap elections . Substitutes for each deputy are elected at the same time as each election, so by-elections are rare. Norway switched its parliamentary elections from single-member districts decided by two-round run-offs to multi-member districts with proportional representation in 1919. The parliament has 169 members. If
2268-514: The Storting were placed there. Later, however, the composition of the Lagting closely followed that of the Odelsting, so that there was very little that differentiated them, and the passage of a bill in the Lagting was mostly a formality. Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting; members of the Lagting were not permitted to propose legislation by themselves. A standing committee, with members from both
2331-406: The Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting, a sort of "upper house" or revising chamber, with the remaining three-quarters forming the Odelsting or "lower house". The division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment . The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an actual upper house, and the senior and more experienced members of
2394-495: The Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess." The presidium
2457-520: The allting, as early as the 9th century, a type of thing , or common assembly of free men in Germanic societies that would gather at a place called a thingstead and were presided over by lawspeakers . The alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. These gradually were formalised so that the things grew into regional meetings and acquired backing and authority from the Crown, even to
2520-550: The corpus of law was set down under the command of King Magnus Lagabøte . This jurisdiction remained significant until King Frederick III proclaimed absolute monarchy in 1660; this was ratified by the passage of the King Act of 1665 , and this became the constitution of the Union of Denmark and Norway and remained so until 1814 and the foundation of the Storting. The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866. On 27 June 1940
2583-467: The country's gold reserve had already been removed from Oslo, there were few contingency plans for such an invasion. The Norwegian government was unprepared and unwilling to capitulate to the ultimatum timed to coincide with the arrival of German troops and delivered by Curt Bräuer , the German representative in Oslo. The German demand that Norway accept the "protection of the Reich" was rebuffed by Koht and
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2646-422: The deaths of at least 20 radio operators in combat or prison. The radio station in the loft of Kvinneklinikken , was raided on 1 April 1944. Knut Haugland shot four of the raiders, and escaped. "Corncrake" (at Flaskebekk ) transmitted from 2 April and it was raided on 4 July. Deaths included one German and two Norwegians on site, and one Norwegian at the hospital. The radio stations contributed to Milorg getting
2709-664: The extent that on occasions they were instrumental in effecting change in the monarchy itself. As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as a geopolitical entity in the 10th century, the lagtings ("law things") were established as superior regional assemblies. During the mid-13th century, the by then archaic regional assemblies, the Frostating , the Gulating , the Eidsivating and the Borgarting , were amalgamated and
2772-516: The first row, behind them the members of parliament are seated according to county, not party group. Viewed from the president's chair, Aust-Agder's representatives are seated near the front, furthest to the left, while the last members (Østfold) are seated furthest to the right and at the back. Unparliamentary language includes: one-night stand , smoke screen government, pure nonsense, Molbo politics, may God forbid, lie, and " som fanden leser Bibelen ". Since 5 March 1866, parliament has met in
2835-634: The government. Discussions are confidential. The European Committee consists of the members of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence and the parliamentary delegation to the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). The committee conducts discussions with the government regarding directives from the European Union . The Election Committee consists of 37 members, and
2898-531: The intention of denying German naval units access to the North Atlantic , tying up several hundred thousand troops that otherwise might have been deployed to other fronts. Although Norway did not have any major battles beyond those of the Norwegian Campaign , a number of military operations served to subvert the Nazi authorities and contribute to the larger war effort. Milorg started out as
2961-618: The military. The Ombudsman for Civilian National Servicemen is responsible for people serving civilian national service. The Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee is a seven-member body responsible for supervising public intelligence, surveillance, and security services. Parliament also appoints the five members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that award the Nobel Peace Prize . Parliament has an administration of about 450 people, led by Director of
3024-416: The paper clip was a symbol of solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"), implying resistance. The wearing of paper clips, the popular H7 monogram and similar symbols (red garments, Bobble hats ) was outlawed and could lead to arrest and punishment. Of lesser military importance was the distribution of illegal newspapers (often with news items culled from Allied news broadcasts; possession of radios
3087-571: The political spectrum had advocated strengthening the country's defence capabilities, a longstanding policy of disarmament following World War I had left the Norwegian military underfunded and undertrained by the late 1930s. As a result, forces in Southern Norway were largely unprepared for the German invasion , and the invading German army met little initial resistance. There was also spirited defence seen at other locations, including Midtskogen , Hegra and Narvik but these were largely
3150-415: The presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, seeking his abdication. (The presidium then consisted of the presidents and vice-presidents of parliament, Odelstinget and Lagtinget . Ivar Lykke stepped in (according to mandate) in place of the president in exile, C. J. Hambro ; Lykke was one [of the six] who signed. ) In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo , and voted in favour of
3213-411: The regime and its propaganda. Wages were withheld, and on 20 March 1942, 1100 male teachers were arrested, of which 642 were sent to Arctic Norway doing forced labour. Towards the end of the war, the resistance became more open, with rudimentary military organizations set up in the forests around the larger cities. A number of Nazi collaborators and officials were killed, and those collaborating with
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#17327799357073276-402: The relevant standing committee, where it will be subjected to detailed consideration in the committee stage. The first reading takes place when parliament debates the recommendation from the committee, and then takes a vote. If the bill is dismissed, the procedure ends. The second reading takes place at least three days after the first reading, in which parliament debates the bill again. A new vote
3339-508: The result of improvised missions by isolated military units and irregular volunteers. The battles slowed the German advance by several days, allowing the Norwegian government to evade capture and conduct critical constitutional business. The British and French began landing on Norwegian soil within a week of the German invasion. Several Norwegian military units that had mobilised as a precautionary measure in Northern Norway during
3402-468: The results of the September 2021 election. Members to the Storting are elected based on party-list proportional representation in plural member constituencies. This means that representatives from different political parties are elected from each constituency. The constituencies are identical to the 19 former counties of Norway . Although county mergers have brought the number of counties down to 11,
3465-436: The results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders. (92 voted for, and 53 voted against.) However, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of "the agreement of cooperation between parliament and [the] occupation force". The Storting has always been de jure unicameral , but before a constitutional amendment in 2009 it was de facto bicameral . After an election,
3528-560: The war, through Sweden or by fishing boats to Shetland , nicknamed the " Shetland bus ". A number of saboteurs, most notably Max Manus and Gunnar Sønsteby , destroyed ships and supplies. Perhaps its most famous achievements were a series of operations to destroy Norsk Hydro 's heavy water plant and stockpile of heavy water at Vemork , crippling the German nuclear programme . The Germans attempted to stifle Resistance activities and executed several innocent Norwegian men, women, and children in retaliation after any Resistance act. Probably
3591-470: The worst act of reprisal was the assault on the fishing village of Telavåg in the spring of 1942. To assist with the sabotage campaign, the United States sent OSS forces, including future CIA director William Colby , into Norway to support resistance. In the mid-1980s, it was revealed that Sweden aided the Norwegian resistance movement with training and equipment in a series of camps along
3654-406: The years. In 1882 there were 114 seats, increasing to 117 in 1903, 123 in 1906, 126 in 1918, 150 in 1921, 155 in 1973, 157 in 1985, 165 in 1989, and 169 as of 2005. The legislative procedure goes through five stages. First, a bill is introduced to parliament either by a member of government or, in the case of a private member's bill, by any individual representative. Parliament will refer the bill to
3717-539: Was called. In large part because of the presence of mind of the parliament's president C. J. Hambro , the Storting managed to pass an emergency measure (known as the Elverum Authorization ) that gave full authority to the king and his cabinet until the Storting could convene again. This gave King Haakon VII and the cabinet constitutional authority to reject the German emissary's ultimatum to accept
3780-449: Was exercised by Swedish monarchs before then when they ruled Norway). Should the king ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be overridden if the Storting passes the same bill after a general election: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of
3843-446: Was illegal). The purpose of this was twofold: it counteracted Nazi propaganda , and it maintained nationalistic, anti-German feelings in the population at large. It has been suggested that combating the illegal press expended German resources out of proportion to the illegal media's actual effects. Finally, there was the attempt at maintaining an "ice front" against the German soldiers. This involved, among other things, never speaking to
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#17327799357073906-452: Was the communist Osvald Group led by Asbjørn Sunde . During the war years, the resistance movement in occupied Norway had 1433 members killed, of whom 255 were women. The first mass outbreak of civil disobedience occurred in the autumn of 1940, when students of Oslo University began to wear paper clips on their lapels to demonstrate their resistance to the German occupiers and their Norwegian collaborators. A seemingly innocuous item,
3969-489: Was very much needed for the Allied forces, and several organizations were established for this, the largest and most efficient of which was called XU . Established by Arvid Storsveen , its members were students from the University of Oslo . One interesting fact was that two of its four leaders were young women, among them Anne-Sofie Østvedt . One of the leading sabotage organisations in Norway during most of World War II
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