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34-645: Mille Lacs Indians, because of their mixed Chippewa-Sioux heritage, have become the cultural lynch-pin linking the two former warring nations into a single people, providing Ojibwe culture and customs to the Dakota just as providing Dakota culture and customs to the Ojibwe. All of the drums held among the Mille Lacs Indians are of Dakota origins, singing Dakota melodies but translated into Ojibwe. Previous to Ojibwe settlement after their prophetic migration from

68-545: A party of 200 men and they set out to aid the fort in advance, thus averting Chief Bagonegiizhig ' s attack on the fort. In the 1863 Treaty of Washington (12  Stat.   1249 ) and again in 1864 (13  Stat.   693 ), while most all other Chippewa Bands were being forced to relocate due to their aid to the Dakota people , Mille Lacs Indians, due to their aid to the United States , were not. As stated in

102-470: A result. To date no archaeological evidence has been found to support the historical validity of this story, although French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut did, in 1679, record the existence of 40 Sioux villages in the vicinity. The last vestige of Sioux domination in this area was broken with the destruction, in about the year 1750, of the great Sioux village of Kathio on the Rum River, near

136-694: The Arrowhead Region (which its claim was rescinded in the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe ) and the northwesternmost corner of Minnesota; in exchange, the Mille Lacs Indian reserved for themselves the south shore of Mille Lacs Lake , becoming the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation . However, as this land reserved was previously ceded to the United States in the 1837 Treaty of St. Peters, this caused a dispute between

170-585: The Lake Superior Chippewa , the Mille Lacs Indians ceded lands in northern Wisconsin and western Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe , then in central Minnesota in the 1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac . Together with the Pillager Chippewas and other Mississippi Chippewas in the 1855 Treaty of Washington (10  Stat.   1165 ), Mille Lacs Indians ceded large tract of land in northern Minnesota, excluding

204-676: The 1826 Council for the Treaty of Fond du Lac . As part of the Biitan-akiing-enabijig Ojibwe, Mille Lacs Indians ceded great tract of land in Minnesota and Wisconsin in the 1837 Treaty of St. Peters (7  Stat.   536 ), but retained usufruct rights for hunting, fishing and gathering. As part of the Mdewakanton Dakota, Mille Lacs Indians ceded lands in the 1837 Treaty of Washington . Together with

238-770: The Atlantic coast, this area was occupied for centuries by the Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ ("Mdewakanton") Dakota, the western sub-division of the Isanti Dakota. The Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ lived primarily on the three ricing chain of lakes (Ogechie, Shakopee and Onamia) at the head-waters of the Rum River and along the southern and southwestern shores of Mille Lacs Lake (citation?). With the Battle of Kathio , the Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ were forced south and west. One independent historian has claimed that, despite resource access hardship due to conflicts between

272-500: The Dakota and Ojibwe peoples, the Mille Lacs Band of Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ Dakota remained in the area. According to this claim, a Dakota Council came to meet with the Ojibwe on terms of territorial control shifts, and the Mille Lacs Band of Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ Dakota chose to remain and forgo their Dakota identity to become Ojibwe and remain at mde waḳaŋ (Spiritual/Mystic Lake) . As Ojibwe, Mille Lacs Band of Bdewaḳanṭuŋwaŋ Dakota ensured

306-471: The Dakota peoples remaining would be peacefully incorporated as Ojibwe, but the Ojibwe would have to maintain all the rites associated with the Lake to maintain the sacredness of this body of water. In agreement, the Ojibwe learned all the Dakota ceremonial dances and songs over the course of the entire summer, while the remaining Dakota became "Ojibwe". As the distinct "Ojibwe" and "Dakota" identification no longer

340-598: The Mille Lacs Indians removed the dam. This became the first court case for the Mille Lacs Indians, in 1856, the US Supreme Court judged in favor of the tribe. With the Dakota War of 1862 , many Chippewa Bands aided the Dakota people. When Mille Lacs Indians Chief Máza-mani (Iron-Walker) learned of the plans of Gull Lake Band Chief Bagonegiizhig (Hole in the Day) to attack Fort Ripley, Chief Máza-mani raised

374-820: The Mille Lacs Indians. After the signing of the "An act for the relief and civilization of the Chippewa Indians in the State of Minnesota" (51st-1st-Ex.Doc.247) and a removal bill on May 27, 1902, many Mille Lacs Indians did remove themselves to the White Earth Indian Reservation, becoming the Removable Mille Lacs Band . Others remained on the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation , becoming the Non-removable Mille Lacs Band . Within few years, many of

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408-472: The Mille Lacs Lake area and generally forced southward and westward from Lake. However, due to the sacredness of mde wáḳaŋ (Mille Lacs Lake), a peace council ending the territorial conflicts between the Ojibwe and Dakota was held on Mozomanie Point on the south end of the Lake, according to oral traditions, about 1750. At this peace council, the Ojibwe and the Dakota present were given a choice, where

442-683: The Removable Mille Lacs Band left White Earth and returned to Mille Lacs, splitting the group onto two separate Indian Reservations. When the BIA asked for a consultation council to be held in Hayward, Wisconsin , regards to the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act , Mille Lacs Indians sent delegates there without signature authority to gather information. When the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe was established in 1936 under

476-803: The Treaties, "That owing to the heretofore good conduct of the Mille Lac Indians, they shall not be compelled to remove so long as they shall not in any way interfere with or in any manner molest the property of persons of the whites." When the White Earth Indian Reservation was established, like the rest of the Mississippi Chippewa, the Mille Lacs Indians were also encouraged to relocate. Many Mille Lacs Indians became homeless so under 30  Stat.   745 , homesteading and cemetery lands were secured for

510-761: The Village of Lawrence and later as the City of Wahkon . However, with the establishment of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe , the center of tribal government shifted to north and west to Vineland . The Mille Lacs Indians entered the treaty period by sending Chief Nayquonabe (from the Ojibwe Negwanebi , "'Tallest' [Quill]feather") to the 1825 Council for the First Treaty of Prairie du Chien (7  Stat.   272 ). Mille Lacs Indians participated in

544-421: The age of 18 living with them, 42.7% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.3% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.78. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under

578-464: The age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 19.1% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 22,321, and the median income for a family was $ 35,000. Males had a median income of $ 35,417 versus $ 13,958 for females. The per capita income for

612-720: The authority of the Indian Reorganization Act, the Non-removable and Removable Mille Lacs Bands of the Mille Lacs Indians became the core Band of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe , joined together with the Non-removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa , Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa , and the communities of the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota. Battle of Kathio The Battle of Kathio , or Battle of Izatys,

646-509: The ceremonies associated with the Mille Lacs Lake were continued, forming the "Wolf Clan". This claim has, however, been refuted by Dakota and Anishinaabe tribal historians, and there is no documentation to support it. Second group forming the Mille Lacs Indians were the Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter Chippewa, Band of the Border-sitter sub-nation of the Lake Superior Chippewa . The Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter Chippewa were part of

680-442: The city. The population density was 320.7 inhabitants per square mile (123.8/km ). There were 256 housing units at an average density of 261.5 per square mile (101.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.99% White , 5.41% Native American , 0.64% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population. There were 150 households, out of which 18.7% had children under

714-509: The father hunted and worked hard to obtain enough ammunition and supplies to raid the Sioux village and seek his revenge. As was the custom, he sent his tobacco and war club to the other Chippewa villages asking for help to accompany him "in search of his sons". The response was overwhelming and a large war party assembled at Fond du Lac. The Chippewas were victorious, and gained control of the northern part of what became modern day Minnesota as

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748-694: The lumbermen in the area and the Mille Lacs Indians. As the lumbermen had constructed a dam in Ericksonville , [and that location near the outlet of Lake Onamia was called Gibakwa'iganiing (By the Dam) or Gibakwa'igaansing (By the Little Dam) by the Ojibwe] to regulate the water flow of the Rum River for floating logs down the river, but the damming of the water threatened the wild rice in Lake Onamia,

782-438: The population. There were 100 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.0% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

816-541: The portage ways connecting these three rivers to Mille Lacs Lake, and along the northwestern and northern shores of Mille Lacs Lake. The unification process among the three component historical bands began in ernest after the Battle of Kathio in which the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa gained majority control of the Mille Lacs Lake . In the Battle of Kathio, majority of the Dakota peoples were removed from

850-576: The post office was established. A second "Pottstown" was platted next to Lawrence in 1901 by T.E. Potts. In 1907, Wahkon was platted by the Soo Line Railroad . By 1910, Pottstown and Lawrence had amalgamated into Wahkon. Wahkon was incorporated on November 6, 1912. Before the establishment of Wahkon, the site was an Ojibwe village named Sagawamick (from the Ojibwe language Zaagawaamik , meaning "Sandbar"). Prior to being an Ojibwe village, it

884-493: The present village of Vineland . 46°10′00″N 93°45′32″W  /  46.166651°N 93.758902°W  / 46.166651; -93.758902 Wahkon, Minnesota Wahkon is a city in Mille Lacs County , Minnesota , United States. The population was 235 as of the 2020 census , up from 206 in 2010 . Wahkon was established in 1885 as "Pots Town", then its name changed to "Lawrence" in 1891 when

918-439: The sons was killed in a quarrel over a Sioux woman. The remaining three brothers returned home for a short while, then returned to the Sioux, convinced the death of their brother was a mistake. However, upon this trip, only one brother returned home to his father safely. The last son, filled with forgiveness, went to seek the Sioux and reconcile their differences, but only met his death in the Sioux village. For two years after,

952-517: The south and east shore of Wahkon Bay on the south side of Mille Lacs Lake . As of the census of 2010, there were 206 people, 100 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density was 214.6 inhabitants per square mile (82.9/km ). There were 206 housing units at an average density of 214.6 per square mile (82.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White , 2.4% Native American , 0.5% Asian , and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of

986-470: The southeastern shores of Mille Lacs Lake. This group already were a mixed Dakota-Ojibwe entity, identifying themselves equally as Dakota and as Ojibwe. Third group forming the Mille Lacs Indians were the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa, a band associated with the powerful Mississippi Chippewa . Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa lived primarily along Nokasippi River, Cedar River and Ripple River (all located north and northwest of Mille Lacs Lake),

1020-610: The western division of the Border-sitter Chippewa known as the Manoominikeshiinyag or the "Ricing Rails" or the "St. Croix Division". Mille Lacs Band of Border-sitter lived primarily along Groundhouse River, Ann River, Knife River (all located south of Mille Lacs Lake, and tributaries of the Snake River ), the portage ways connecting these three rivers to Mille Lacs Lake and the Rum River, and along

1054-431: Was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the city was 49.7 years. 15.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.5% were from 25 to 44; 35.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.9% male and 48.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 314 people, 150 households, and 79 families residing in

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1088-498: Was a Mdewakanton Dakota village. Wahkon is in northeastern Mille Lacs County. Minnesota Highway 27 passes through the city as its Main Street, leading northeast 3 miles (5 km) to Isle and southwest 9 miles (14 km) to Onamia . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city of Wahkon has a total area of 0.96 square miles (2.49 km ), of which 0.007 square miles (0.018 km ), or 0.73%, are water. The city sits on

1122-656: Was an oral tradition of the Chippewa reporting a battle fought in 1750 between Chippewas and the Sioux at the village of Kathio , or Izatys, on the Rum River next to Mille Lacs Lake . According to tradition an old man, living in a Chippewa village at the Fond du Lac (end of the lake), had four adult sons. They frequently made trips to visit the Sioux and they often returned home with gifts. During one particular trip one of

1156-569: Was appropriate, the unified entity became the Misi-zaaga'iganiwininiwag or the "Mille Lacs Indians". The traditional location for the joint council of the many sub-bands of the Mille Lacs Indians was maintained at Zaagawaamikaag-wiidwedong (or Zaagawaaming , for short), just as it was with Mdewáḳaŋtuŋwaŋ Oyate before. Zaagawaaming , recorded as "Sagawamick" or "Sagawahmick" in various Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of American Ethnology documents, still exists to this day but evolved into

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