Millen Brand (January 19, 1906 – March 19, 1980) was an American writer and poet. His novels, The Outward Room (1938) and Savage Sleep (1968), addressed mental health institutions and were bestsellers in their day.
101-519: Brand was born on January 19, 1906, in Jersey City, New Jersey , into a working-class family. His father was a freelance electrician and his mother was a nurse. His mother was of Pennsylvania Dutch descent. His maternal grandfather was a carpenter and his paternal grandfather was a farmer. Brand's father bought a farm in 1906, which led to his cessation of attendance in school, because he preferred doing farm chores. He and his parents moved back to
202-676: A December 2019 shooting incident , three bystanders were killed in a kosher market in Greenville. The two assailants, who had earlier killed a police detective, were also shot and killed. The West Side borders Greenville to the south and the Hackensack River to the west; it is also bounded to the east and north by Bergen-Lafayette and the broader Journal Square area, including McGinley Square. It consists of various diverse areas on both sides of West Side Avenue, one of Jersey City's leading shopping streets. The climate in this area
303-585: A weighted average rating of 8.1/10. Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film three and a half out of a possible four stars, calling it "gripping" and "one of the first films to deal intelligently with mental breakdown and the painstakingly slow recovery process". Among liberals and leftists the film was received as politically progressive. Thus, the Communist Party USA 's People's Daily World hailed it as "A Film Achievement" and explained that it "does not foster an argument that
404-552: A 15.2% increase from 58,595 Asian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. India Square , also known as " Little India ", "Little Bombay ", or "Little Gujarat ", home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere , is a rapidly growing Indian American ethnic enclave in Jersey City. Indian Americans constituted 10.9% of the overall population of Jersey City in 2010,
505-630: A 16.5% increase from 27,111 Indian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Filipino Americans , numbering 16,610 residents, made up 6.2% of Jersey City's population in 2017. The Five Corners district serves as a prominent Little Manila of Jersey City, being home to a thriving Filipino community that forms the second-largest Asian-American subgroup in the city. A variety of Filipino restaurants, shippers and freighters, doctors' offices, bakeries, stores, and even an office of The Filipino Channel have made Newark Avenue their home in recent decades. The largest Filipino-owned grocery store on
606-535: A B.A. and B.Litt (journalism) from Columbia University, Brand worked as a copywriter for the New York Telephone Company 1929-1937. In 1935, Brand joined the League of American Writers (1935-1943), whose members included Alexander Trachtenberg , Frank Folsom , Louis Untermeyer , I.F. Stone , Myra Page , Arthur Miller , Lillian Hellman , and Dashiell Hammett . Members were sympathetic to
707-469: A Book of the Month Club selection and critical success that sold more than half a million copies. It was translated into six languages, made into a Broadway play (The World We Made) , a radio drama, and a TV play starring a young Charlton Heston. The Outward Room was the story of a young psychiatric patient named Harriet, who was hospitalized in upstate New York. After seven years of treatment, she fled
808-582: A citizens' movement is working to turn into public parkland that would be modeled after the High Line in Manhattan . Newport and Exchange Place are redeveloped waterfront areas consisting mostly of residential towers, hotels and office buildings that are among the tallest buildings in the city . Newport is a planned mixed-use community, built on the old Erie Lackawanna Railway yards, made up of residential rental towers, condominiums, office buildings,
909-496: A clinical case dramatically performed." The film led to changes in the conditions of mental institutions in the United States. In 1949, Herb Stein of Daily Variety wrote "Wisconsin is the seventh state to institute reforms in its mental hospitals as a result of The Snake Pit ." Publicity releases from Twentieth Century-Fox claimed that twenty-six of the then forty-eight states had enacted reform legislation because of
1010-422: A cluster of Art Deco buildings on a rise in the center of the city, has been converted into residential complexes called The Beacon . Completed in 2016 at a cost of $ 38 million, (~$ 47.3 million in 2023) Berry Lane Park is located along Garfield Avenue in the northern section of Bergen-Lafayette; covering 17.5 acres (7.1 ha), it is the largest municipal park in Jersey City. Downtown Jersey City
1111-436: A daytime swell in population. Many jobs are in the financial and service sectors, as well as in shipping, logistics , and retail. The Snake Pit The Snake Pit is a 1948 American psychological drama film directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Olivia de Havilland , Mark Stevens , Leo Genn , Celeste Holm , Beulah Bondi , and Lee Patrick . Based on Mary Jane Ward 's 1946 semi-autobiographical novel of
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#17327976550231212-516: A few years earlier in Chicago. He worked for a publisher who rejected her writing, and they bumped into each other again in the cafeteria. Occasionally she continued to drop by the cafeteria so they got to know each other. Despite their blossoming romance, Virginia abruptly leaves town without explanation. Robert moves to New York and bumps into her again at the Philharmonic. After she provides
1313-512: A flimsy excuse for her absence and departure, they pick up where they left off, though she remains evasive and avoids his desire for marriage. Eventually, Virginia brings up the possibility of marriage. They marry on May 7, but Virginia acts erratically again. She cannot sleep and loses touch with reality, as she feels it is November and snaps when Robert corrects her. The rest of the film follows her therapy. Dr. Kik puts her through electro-shock treatment and narcosynthesis . Dr. Kik wants to get to
1414-551: A large padded cell and abandoned. Dr. Kik, learning of this, has Virginia returned to Level One, but away from Nurse Davis's care. Despite this setback, Dr. Kik's care continues to improve Virginia's mental state. Over time, Virginia gains insight and self-understanding, and is able to leave the hospital. The film depicts the bureaucratic regimentation of the institution, the staff (some unkind and aloof, some kind and empathetic), and relationships between patients, from which Virginia learns as much as she does in therapy. Gene Tierney
1515-498: A locked ward and escaped to New York City. Unable to find a job, she was rescued by a young machinist and union activist named John, with whom she moved in, fell in love, and then married. True to Brand’s Marxist viewpoint, Harriet was cured of her illness through her relationship with John, her immersion in working class life, and her contact with the simple but honest people of the Lower East Side. Although Harriet’s illness
1616-421: A marina, schools, restaurants, hotels, Newport Centre Mall , a waterfront walkway, transportation facilities, and on-site parking for more than 15,000 vehicles. Newport had a hand in the renaissance of Jersey City although, before ground was broken, much of the downtown area had already begun a steady climb (much like Hoboken). The Heights or Jersey City Heights is a district in the north end of Jersey City atop
1717-643: A millionaire, despite having an annual salary that never exceeded $ 8,500. He was able to maintain a fourteen-room duplex apartment in Jersey City, a suite at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, and a palatial summer home in the seaside community of Deal , and travel to Europe yearly in the royal suites of the best ocean liners. After Hague's retirement from politics, a series of mayors including John V. Kenny , Thomas J. Whelan and Thomas F. X. Smith attempted to take control of Hague's organization, usually under
1818-567: A motion picture (it dealt with an African American family moving into a white, New Jersey neighborhood). Those plans fell through because of the Hollywood Black List and both Scott and Dmytryk were imprisoned for their refusal to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) . Brand met the psychiatrist John M. Rosen while working on Snake Pit and in the 1940s and 1950s he
1919-478: A palisaded garrison) was established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660 and officially chartered on September 5, 1661, as the state's first local civil government. As a result, it is regarded as the first permanent settlement and oldest municipality in what would become the state of New Jersey. In addition, the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are of Dutch origin including the Newkirk House (1690),
2020-593: A population of 291,657 for 2023, making it the 72nd-most populous municipality in the nation. Constituting part of the New York metropolitan area , Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay . A port of entry , with 30.7 miles (49.4 km) of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity,
2121-414: A separate race. According to the 2020 U.S. Census , the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 27.32% (79,905) White alone , 19.87% (58,103) Black alone , 0.66% (1,916) Native American alone , 28.01% (81,903) Asian alone , 0.06% (178) Pacific Islander alone , 14.35% (41,970) Other Race alone , and 9.74% (28,474) Multiracial or Mixed Race . According to the 2020 U.S. Census ,
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#17327976550232222-535: A waterfront on the east at the Hudson River and New York Bay and on the west at the Hackensack River and Newark Bay . Its north–south axis corresponds with the ridge of Bergen Hill , the emergence of the Hudson Palisades . The city is the site of some of the earliest European settlements in North America, which grew into each other rather than expanding from a central point. This growth and
2323-575: A whole has been experiencing an exodus from northern New Jersey to the Southern United States . Approximately 76,637 Latino and Hispanic Americans lived in Jersey City, composing 28.8% of the population in 2017, representing a 12.3% increase from 68,256 Latino or Hispanic Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Stateside Puerto Ricans , making up a third of the city's Latin American or Hispanic population, constituted
2424-568: A wife and mother is part of her "cure". Other film analysts view it as successful in conveying Ward's view of the uncertainties of post-World War II life and women's roles. Due to public concerns that the extras in the film were in fact real mental patients being exploited, the British censor added a foreword explaining that everyone who appeared on screen was a paid actor and that conditions in British hospitals were unlike those portrayed in
2525-589: A year. The bill impacts all businesses employing workers who work at least 80 hours a calendar year in Jersey City. Jersey City is the seat of Hudson County and the second-most-populous city in New Jersey . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 21.13 square miles (54.74 km ), including 14.74 square miles (38.19 km ) of land and 6.39 square miles (16.55 km ) of water (30.24%). As of
2626-542: Is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jersey City has a humid subtropical climate similar to its parallel cities like Newark and New York City . As of the 2020 census , Jersey City had a population of 292,449, and a population density of 19,835.1 inhabitants per square mile (7,658.4/km ) an increase of 44,852 residents (18.1%) from its 2010 census population of 247,597. Since it
2727-609: Is in the process of being renovated and a number of new residential buildings are being built around the stop, including a proposed 50-story building at 90 Columbus. Historic Downtown is home to many cultural attractions including the Jersey City Museum, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse (planned to become a museum and artist housing) and the Harsimus Stem Embankment along Sixth Street, which
2828-422: Is just over the city line. Its postal area ZIP Code is 07307. The Heights mostly contains two- and three-family houses and low rise apartment buildings, and is similar to North Hudson architectural style and neighborhood character. Journal Square is a mixed-use district. The square was created in 1923, creating a broad intersection with Hudson Boulevard which itself had been widened in 1908. McGinley Square
2929-533: Is located in close proximity to Journal Square, and has been described as an extension of it. Greenville is on the south end of Jersey City. In the 2010s, the neighborhood underwent a revitalization. Considered an affordable neighborhood in the New York City area, a number of Ultra-Orthodox Jews and young families purchased homes and built a substantial community there, attracted by housing that costs less than half of comparable homes in New York City. In
3030-685: Is the area from the Hudson River westward to the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike ( Interstate 78 ) and the New Jersey Palisades ; it is also bounded by Hoboken to the north and Liberty State Park to the south. Historic Downtown is an area of mostly low-rise buildings to the west of the waterfront that is highly desirable due to its proximity to local amenities and Manhattan. It includes
3131-571: Is the third-most-common language spoken in Jersey City. Jersey City was home to an estimated 9,379 Chinese Americans in 2017, representing a notably rapid growth of 66.2% from the 5,643 Chinese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Chinese nationals have also been obtaining EB-5 immigrant visas by investing US$ 500,000 apiece in new Downtown Jersey City residential skyscrapers . New Jersey's largest Vietnamese American population resides in Jersey City. There were an estimated 1,813 Vietnamese Americans in Jersey City, according to
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3232-598: The Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam . Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the Hudson River and purchased the land from
3333-726: The East Coast , Phil-Am Food, has been established on the avenue since 1973. An array of Filipino-owned businesses can also be found in the West Side section of the city, where many residents are of Filipino descent. In 2006, Red Ribbon Bakeshop , one of the Philippines' most famous food chains, opened its first branch on the East Coast: a new pastry outlet in Jersey City. Manila Avenue in Downtown Jersey City
3434-459: The Hudson River ( Pavonia Terminal , Exchange Place and Communipaw ). Tens of millions of immigrants passed through these stations as they made their way westward from Ellis Island into the United States. The railroads transformed the geography of the city by building the Erie Cut as well as several large freight rail yards. Jersey City was a dock and manufacturing town for much of
3535-605: The New Jersey Palisades overlooking Hoboken to the east and Croxton in the Meadowlands to the west. Previously the city of Hudson City , The Heights was incorporated into Jersey City in 1869. The southern border of The Heights is generally considered to be north of Bergen Arches and the Depressed Highway , while Paterson Plank Road in Washington Park is its main northern boundary. Transfer Station
3636-410: The U.S. Communist Party . In New York City, Brand and Pauline Leader lived in a milieu of artists, writers, and political activists. Writers often based characters on their friends, and painters portrayed people they knew. For example, the painter Alice Neal lived around the corner from Brand and her psychiatric hospitalization influenced Brand's novel "The Outward Room" (see below). Her house became
3737-449: The U.S. state of New Jersey , after Newark . It is the county seat of Hudson County , and is the county's most populous city and its largest (by area). As of the 2020 United States census , the city's population was 292,449, an increase of 44,852 (+18.1%) from the 2010 census count of 247,597, in turn an increase of 7,542 (+3.1%) from the 240,055 enumerated at the 2000 census . The Population Estimates Program calculated
3838-736: The Van Vorst Farmhouse (1740), and the Van Wagenen House (1740). In 1804, Alexander Hamilton , now a private citizen, was focused on increasing manufacturing in the greater New York City area. To that end, he helped to create the Associates of the Jersey Company which would lay the groundwork for modern Jersey City through private development. The consortium behind the company were predominantly Federalists who, like Hamilton, had been swept out of power in
3939-418: The poverty line . 67.9% of residents 16+ were within the civilian labor force. The mean travel time to work for residents was 36.8 minutes. 28.6% of housing units are owner-occupied, with the median value of the homes being $ 344,200. The median gross rent in the city was $ 1,271. Jersey City has been called "one of the most diverse cities in the world". The city is a major port of entry for immigration to
4040-670: The topography greatly influenced the development of the sections of the city and its various neighborhoods. The city is divided into six wards . Bergen-Lafayette , formerly Bergen City, New Jersey , lies between Greenville to the south and McGinley Square to the north, while bordering Liberty State Park and Downtown to the east and the West Side neighborhood to the west. Communipaw Avenue , Bergen Avenue, Martin Luther King Drive, and Ocean Avenue are main thoroughfares. The former Jersey City Medical Center complex,
4141-456: The "causes of her unconscious rejection." The film includes many flashbacks, including her earlier failed engagement to Gordon as well as childhood issues. The film shows her progress and what happens to her along the way. The mental hospital is organized on a system of wards, with the best functioning patients assigned to the wards with the lowest numbers, which have better furnishings and more relaxed rules for patient behavior. Virginia moves to
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4242-479: The 1950s, one sees how effective Schlaifler was with congressmen and the business executives whom he brought to testify that research on mental health problems would be good for business. While Schlaifler had no interest in creating a social movement, he played a key role in making mental illness a national concern, not just the business of individual states. More concretely, he helped convince members of Congress to dramatically increase funds to combat mental illness, and
4343-611: The 1980s, development of the waterfront in an area previously occupied by rail yards and factories helped to stir the beginnings of a renaissance for Jersey City. The rapid construction of numerous high-rise buildings increased the population and led to the development of the Exchange Place financial district, also known as " Wall Street West ", one of the largest financial centers in the United States. Large financial institutions such as UBS , Goldman Sachs , Chase Bank , Citibank , and Merrill Lynch occupy prominent buildings on
4444-422: The 1990 census, it had the smallest land area of the 100 most populous cities in the United States. Jersey City is bordered to the east by the Hudson River , to the north by Secaucus , North Bergen , Union City and Hoboken , to the west, across the Hackensack River , by Kearny and Newark , and to the south by Bayonne . Jersey City includes most of Ellis Island (the parts awarded to New Jersey by
4545-509: The 1998 U.S. Supreme Court in the case of New Jersey v. New York ). Liberty Island is surrounded by Jersey City waters in the Upper New York Bay . Given its proximity and various rapid transit connections to Manhattan, Jersey City (along with Hudson County as a whole) is sometimes referred to as New York City's sixth borough . Jersey City (and most of Hudson County) is located on the peninsula known as Bergen Neck , with
4646-483: The 19th and 20th centuries. Much like New York City, Jersey City has always been a destination for new immigrants to the United States. In its heyday before World War II , German, Irish , and Italian immigrants found work at Colgate , Chloro or Dixon Ticonderoga . In 1908, the first permanent disinfection system for drinking water in the U.S. was installed on the water supply for the city by John L. Leal . The Hudson Tubes opened in 1911, allowing passengers to take
4747-568: The 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 12.8% increase from 1,607 Vietnamese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Arab Americans numbered an estimated 18,628 individuals in Hudson County per the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing 2.8% of the county's total population. Arab Americans are the second- highest percentage in New Jersey after Passaic County . Arab Americans are most concentrated in Jersey City, led by Egyptian Americans , including
4848-464: The 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 2.3% increase from 83,925 African Americans enumerated in the county in the 2010 United States census. However, modest growth in the African immigrant population, most notably the growing Nigerian American and Kenyan American populations in Jersey City, is partially offsetting the decline in the city's American-born black population, which as
4949-484: The 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 4.2% increase from 53,236 non-Hispanic whites enumerated in the 2010 United States census. An estimated 63,788 African Americans resided in Jersey City, or 24.0% of the city's population in 2017, representing a slight decrease from 64,002 African Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census . This is in contrast with Hudson County overall, where there were an estimated 84,114 African Americans, according to
5050-631: The Fox studio, and was put in charge of public relations for The Snake Pit . In that role, his consciousness about the mentally ill was raised, and soon Schlaifler began testifying before Congress on the need for more funds for the National Institute of Mental Health . Then, in 1951, he became a spokesman for the National Mental Health Committee, founded by Mary Lasker . In the transcripts of Congressional hearings in
5151-616: The Jersey City History website says his name is "synonymous with the early twentieth century urban American blend of political favoritism and social welfare known as bossism ". Hague ran the city with an iron fist while, at the same time, molding governors, United States senators, and judges to his whims. Boss Hague was known to be loud and vulgar, but dressed in a stylish manner, earning him the nickname "King Hanky-Panky". In his later years in office, Hague would often dismiss his enemies as " reds " or " commies ". Hague lived like
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#17327976550235252-475: The Jersey City waterfront, some of which are among the tallest buildings in New Jersey . Simultaneous to this building boom, the light-rail network was developed. With 18,000,000 square feet (1,700,000 m ) of office space as of 2011, it has the nation's 12th-largest downtown . City Ordinance 13.097, passed in October 2013, requires employers with ten or more employees to offer up to five paid sick days
5353-664: The Lenape. This grant is dated November 22, 1630, and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was an absentee landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout , superintendent of the colony, which had been named Pavonia (the Latinized form of Pauw's name, which means "peacock"). Shortly after, another house
5454-623: The U.K. The Snake Pit won the Academy Award for Best Sound Recording ( Thomas T. Moulton ), and was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role (de Havilland), Best Director , Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture , Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay . The film also won the International Prize at the Venice Film Festival in 1949, where it was cited for "a daring inquiry in
5555-538: The United States and a major employment center at the approximate core of the New York City metropolitan area; and given its proximity to Manhattan , Jersey City has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity concerning metrics including "nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership ." The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. "Race alone" and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if
5656-514: The United States, Litvak became known as the most prominent director of films with antifascist sentiment. Most notably, he directed Confessions of a Nazi Spy in 1939, alerting American audiences to the rise of Hitler. When the United States entered the war, Litvak enlisted in the U.S. Army and co-directed with Frank Capra the Why We Fight films, which Capra produced. In his contact with men who had survived combat, Litvak became interested in
5757-457: The annual Philippine–American Friendship Day Parade, an event that occurs yearly on the last Sunday in June. The City Hall of Jersey City raises the Philippine flag in correlation with this event and as a tribute to the contributions of the local Filipino community. The city's annual Santacruzan procession has taken place since 1977 along Manila Avenue. Behind English and Spanish, Tagalog
5858-536: The city after a few years because farming was not financially viable. He resided in Greenwich Village and on a small farm in Bally, Pennsylvania . He married twice; first to Pauline Leader , a poet noted for her memoir about growing up deaf, And No Birds Sing , and then to Helen Mendelssohn (both marriages ended in divorce). He had three children by his first marriage and one by his second. After receiving
5959-471: The city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey . The Holland Tunnel , PATH mass transit system, and NY Waterway ferry service connect across the Hudson River with Manhattan . Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to
6060-583: The city squares and streets that still characterize the neighborhood, giving them names also seen in Lower Manhattan or after war heroes (Grove, Varick, Mercer, Wayne, Monmouth and Montgomery among them). Despite Hamilton's untimely death in August 1804, the Association carried on, though the enterprise was mired in a legal dispute between New York City and the state of New Jersey over who owned
6161-513: The city's calculations. Preliminary findings indicated that 19,000 housing units went uncounted. Per the American Community Survey 's 2014–2018 estimates, Jersey City's age distribution was 7.7% of the population under 5, 13.2% between 6–18, 69% – from 19 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age 34.2 years. Females made up 50.8% of the population and there were 100.1 males per 100 females. 86.5% of
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#17327976550236262-465: The city. Soon after the Civil War , the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the state legislature on April 2, 1869, with a special election to be held on October 5, 1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated. While a majority of the voters across the county approved
6363-621: The district and city being nicknamed Wall Street West . Jersey City's proximity to Manhattan and its own financially based economy have propelled apartment rents in the city to some of the highest in the United States. The land that is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape , a collection of Native American tribes (later called Delaware Indian). In 1609, Henry Hudson , seeking an alternate route to East Asia , anchored his small vessel Halve Maen (English: Half Moon) at Sandy Hook , Harsimus Cove and Weehawken Cove , and elsewhere along what
6464-675: The early 1950s, where he edited works by Indian social-realist novelist Bhabani Bhattacharya . He also taught in the writing programs at the University of New Hampshire and New York University. Brand described the Pennsylvania Dutch culture in Fields of Peace: A Pennsylvania German Album (1970)—with photography by George Tice —and in Local Lives (1975), a book of poems about his Pennsylvania Dutch neighbors, compiled over
6565-632: The election of 1800 by Thomas Jefferson and other Democratic-Republicans . Large tracts of land in Paulus Hook were purchased by the company with the titles owned by Anthony Dey, who was from a prominent old Dutch family, and his two cousins, Colonel Richard Varick , the former mayor of New York City (1789–1801), and Jacob Radcliff , a Justice of the New York Supreme Court who would later become mayor of New York City (twice) from 1810 to 1811 and again from 1815 to 1818. They laid out
6666-613: The entire cast and crew accompany him to various mental institutions and to lectures by leading psychiatrists. He did not have to convince de Havilland, who threw herself into the research with an intensity that surprised even those who knew her well. Her interest derived in part from having had a childhood friend who was hospitalized with schizophrenia. De Havilland watched carefully each of the procedures then in vogue, including hydrotherapy and electric shock treatments . When permitted, she sat in on long individual therapy sessions. She attended social functions, including dinners and dances with
6767-549: The film. The censor also cut 1,000 feet of the film, deleting all sequences involving patients in straitjackets , and lighter scenes evoking laughter. A group of psychiatric nurses in Britain tried to have the film banned but failed. To counteract the idea that U.K. hospitals were as dismal as those in the U.S., the Crown Film Unit produced Out of True , a motion picture showing the positive atmosphere and methods in
6868-504: The first governing body of the emerging municipality. The city was reincorporated on January 23, 1829, and again on February 22, 1838, at which time it became completely independent of North Bergen and was given its present name. On February 22, 1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to
6969-461: The highest proportion of any major U.S. city. India Square has been home to the largest outdoor Navratri festivities in New Jersey as well as several Hindu temples ; while an annual, color-filled spring Holi festival has taken place in Jersey City since 1992, centered upon India Square and attracting significant participation and international media attention. In 2017 there were an estimated 31,578 Indian Americans in Jersey City, representing
7070-433: The largest Hispanic group in Jersey City. While Cuban Americans are not as highly concentrated in Jersey City as they are in northern Hudson County , Jersey City has hosted the annual Cuban Parade and Festival of New Jersey at Exchange Place on its downtown waterfront since it was established in 2001. An estimated 67,526 Asian Americans live in Jersey City, constituting 25.4% of the city's population, representing
7171-493: The largest demographic converting to Islam after Black or African Americans . South Asian religions including Buddhism , Hinduism , and Sikhism make up 1.5% of the city's religious demographic, with Judaism at 0.6%. Jersey City has a growing Orthodox Jewish population, centered in the Greenville neighborhood. Jersey City is a regional employment center with over 100,000 private and public sector jobs, which creates
7272-585: The largest population of Coptic Christians in the United States. There were 2,726 same-sex couples in Hudson County in 2010, with Jersey City being the hub, prior to the commencement of same-sex marriages in New Jersey on October 21, 2013. Jersey City is considered one of the most LGBT-friendly communities in New Jersey. Nearly 59.6% of Jersey City's inhabitants are religious adherents, of which 46.2% are Catholic Christians and 7.3% are Protestant Christians. Muslims constituted 3.4% of religious adherents in Jersey City, with local Latino and Hispanics being
7373-408: The lengths to which we had gone to show the real complexity and scope of analytic treatment". Mary Jane Ward , on whose book the film was based, also expressed support for the screenplay and the film, as did journalist Albert Deutsch . The film has come under fire from some feminist authors for a seeming misportrayal of Virginia's difficulties and the implication that accepting a subservient role as
7474-493: The lowest level (One), where she is treated well by a young nurse but is picked on by Nurse Davis, the only truly abusive nurse in the hospital. Davis is jealous of Dr. Kik's interest in Virginia, which she sees as excessive. Nurse Davis goads Virginia into an outburst which results in Virginia being straitjacketed and expelled from Level One into the "snake pit", where patients considered beyond help are simply placed together in
7575-521: The mantle of political reform. None were able to duplicate the level of power held by Hague, but the city and the county remained notorious for political corruption for years. By the 1970s the city experienced a period of urban decline that saw many of its wealthy residents leave for the suburbs , due to rising crime, civil unrest, political corruption, and economic hardship. From 1950 to 1980, Jersey City lost 75,000 residents, and from 1975 to 1982, it lost 5,000 jobs, or 9% of its workforce. Beginning in
7676-509: The merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City . The consolidation began on March 17, 1870, taking effect on May 3, 1870. Three years later the present outline of Jersey City was completed when Greenville agreed to merge into the Greater Jersey City. In the late 1880s, three passenger railroad terminals opened in Jersey City next to
7777-409: The movie. While it is wise to be cautious about claims that a film changed social policy, recent scholarship suggests that such an assertion may be valid. One reformer connected to The Snake Pit who does not appear in histories of psychiatry was Charles Schlaifler, a key figure in getting federal support for mental health after World War II. In 1942, Schlaifler became a vice president for advertising at
7878-423: The necessary healing relationship. As Eleanor Roosevelt noted after seeing the theatrical version, Brand's important message was "that suffering comes to everyone and the important thing... is how you take it and what you contribute ...when other people suffer." In the 1940s, Brand was a popular instructor in the University of New Hampshire's summer writing program and taught writing at NYU. During WWII, Brand
7979-564: The neighborhoods of Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park , which are both square parks surrounded by brownstones. This historic downtown also includes Paulus Hook , the Village and Harsimus Cove neighborhoods. Newark Avenue & Grove Street, are the main thoroughfares in Downtown Jersey City, both have seen a lot of development and the surrounding neighborhoods have many stores and restaurants. The Grove Street PATH station
8080-547: The patients. In fact, after the film's release, when columnist Florabel Muir questioned in print whether any mental institution actually "allowed contact dances among violent inmates," Muir was surprised by a telephone call from de Havilland, who assured her she had attended several such dances herself. Much of the film was filmed in the Camarillo State Mental Hospital in California . Litvak
8181-425: The population graduated high school, while 44.9% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. 7.1% of residents under 65 were disabled, while 15.9% of residents live without health insurance. There were 110,801 housing units and 102,353 households in 2018. The average household size was 2.57. The average per capita income was $ 36,453, and the median household income was $ 62,739. 18.7% of residents lived below
8282-424: The process of writing the screenplay, Brand became friends with Mary Jane Ward and acquainted with prominent psychiatrists in the U.S. who gave advice on the screenplay. At a special showing of the film in New York City, an audience of psychiatrists praised the screenplay and the film. In 1948, director Edward Dmytryk and writer-producer Adrian Scott formed a corporation to turn Brand’s novel Albert Spears into
8383-501: The psychiatric treatment of veterans and the plight of the mentally ill. After buying the rights to The Snake Pit , Litvak sold them to Darryl F. Zanuck at Twentieth Century-Fox . Zanuck had produced films with social conscience, most notably The Grapes of Wrath and Gentleman's Agreement . With The Snake Pit , Zanuck added mental patients to Jews and the poor as groups left out of the American dream. Director Litvak insisted upon three months of grueling research. He demanded that
8484-596: The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 23.81% (69,624) White alone (non-Hispanic) , 18.53% (54,199) Black alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.22% (638) Native American alone (non-Hispanic) , 27.84% (81,425) Asian alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.03% (101) Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic) , 1.44% (4,204) Other Race alone (non-Hispanic) , 3.24% (9,481) Multiracial or Mixed Race (non-Hispanic) , and 24.89% (72,777) Hispanic or Latino . There were an estimated 55,493 non-Hispanic whites in Jersey City, according to
8585-654: The same name, the film recounts the tale of a woman who finds herself in an insane asylum and cannot remember how she got there. The novel was adapted for the screen by Frank Partos and Millen Brand , in screen credits order, and Arthur Laurents (uncredited). Virginia Cunningham is an apparently schizophrenic patient at a mental hospital called the Juniper Hill State Hospital. She hears voices and seems so out of touch with reality that she does not recognize her husband Robert. Dr. Kik works with her, and flashbacks show how Virginia and Robert met
8686-508: The setting for the New York portion of that book and two of its residents were later actors who appeared in its stage adaptation. Neel, who painted a portrait of Brand, was also the basis of the character Rose Hallis in Brand's 1959 novel Some Love, Some Hunger. Another notable acquaintance was the eccentric author, Joe Gould . In 1937, Brand wrote his first novel, The Outward Room . It was
8787-461: The settlement on the west bank. During Kieft's War , approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25, 1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia: Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook , Hoebuck, Awiehaken, Pamrapo , and other lands "behind Kill van Kull ". The village of Bergen (located inside
8888-426: The solution to our problems lies in new regiments of psychoanalysts". A contemporaneous account by Millen Brand , who co-wrote the screenplay, said that leading psychiatrists found the film "sensational". Writing about a special showing arranged for sixty psychiatrists in New York City, Brand told a fellow screenwriter that "the psychiatrists not only were enthusiastic without reserve, but they were swooning around at
8989-471: The span of his working life. Brand supported various anti-fascist causes, beginning in the 1930s and was later active in the peace movement . Toward the end of his life, he was active in a movement to open up major poetry publications to writers of color and younger writers, through his friendship with the Caribbean-American poet, essayist, teacher, and activist, June Jordan . In 1953, Brand
9090-517: The train to Manhattan as an alternative to the extensive ferry system. The Black Tom explosion occurred on July 30, 1916, as an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I . From 1917 to 1947, Jersey City was governed by Mayor Frank Hague . Originally elected as a candidate supporting reform in governance,
9191-874: The waterfront. The unresolved dispute would continue until the Treaty of 1834 where New York City formally ceded control of Jersey City to New Jersey. Over that time though, the Jersey Company applied to the New Jersey Legislature to incorporate the Town of Jersey. The legislature enacted "An Act to incorporate the City of Jersey, in the County of Bergen" on January 28, 1820. Under the provision, five freeholders (including Varick, Dey, and Radcliff) were to be chosen as "the Board of Selectmen of Jersey City", thereby establishing
9292-483: Was a copywriter for the Office of Civilian Defense, where his writing of "to-do manuals" won the approval of author and Brand's fellow writing instructor, John Gould. In 1948 Brand was nominated for an Oscar for Best Writing (Screenplay) for The Snake Pit (with Frank Partos ), an adaptation of Mary Jane Ward 's novel, which like his novel, The Outward Room , involved confinement in a mental health institution. In
9393-424: Was an early adopter and master of the whip pan scene transition device, and used it no fewer than eight times in this film. The critics were generally positive, with Louella Parsons declaring: "It is the most courageous subject ever attempted on the screen". Walter Winchell wrote: "Its seething quality gets inside of you." On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on ten reviews, with
9494-457: Was believed the earlier population was under-counted, the 2010 census was anticipated with the possibility that Jersey City might become the state's most populated city, surpassing Newark. The city hired an outside firm to contest the results, citing the fact that development in the city between 2000 and 2010 substantially increased the number of housing units and that new populations may have been under-counted by as many as 30,000 residents based on
9595-400: Was built at Harsimus Cove and became the home of Cornelius Van Vorst , who had succeeded Bout as superintendent, and whose family would become influential in the development of the city. Relations with the Lenape deteriorated, in part because of the colonialist's mismanagement and misunderstanding of the indigenous people, and led to series of raids and reprisals and the virtual destruction of
9696-553: Was caused by childhood trauma and an Electra complex––resolved on the final page of the book––this Freudian subplot was accepted by readers and critics without comment. Critics praised the beauty of the book's writing, regarding a man and woman sheltering each other and trying to connect in the midst of the Depression. Mental illness, it suggested, is a form of alienation. While the medical authorities have insights into sanity and insanity, they cannot reach fearful patients and supply
9797-635: Was later named the North River . After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, he sailed as far north as Albany . The contemporary flag of the city is a variation on the Prince's Flag from the Netherlands. The stripes are blue, white and yellow, with the center of the flag showing the city seal, depicting Hudson's ship, the Half Moon , and other modern vessels. By 1621,
9898-532: Was named for the Philippine capital city because of the many Filipinos who built their homes on the street during the 1970s. A memorial dedicated to the Filipino-American veterans of the Vietnam War was built in a small square on Manila Avenue. A park and statue dedicated to Jose P. Rizal , a national hero of the Philippines, are also located in Downtown Jersey City. Furthermore, Jersey City hosts
9999-551: Was required to appear before the U.S. Senate Investigations subcommittee , chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy , at which appearance he refused to testify against his colleagues in the League of American Writers, citing the Fifth Amendment . Consequently, his works were among those banned from U.S. State Department libraries, abroad. Jersey City, New Jersey Jersey City is the second-most populous city in
10100-458: Was supervised by Rosen and worked with seriously disturbed patients. Brand was fascinated by Rosen's eccentric version of psychoanalysis, which was later criticized because of patient deaths, leading to Rosen surrendering his medical licence. Based on his experience with Rosen's methods, Brand wrote the novel Savage Sleep (1968). Blacklisted from work in film and theater, Brand was an editor at Crown Publishers for about twenty years, starting in
10201-617: Was the first choice to play the role of Virginia, but was replaced by de Havilland when Tierney became pregnant. When the book The Snake Pit was still in galleys, the president of Random House , Bennett Cerf , showed it to his friend Anatole Litvak , who bought the rights. Litvak was born in Kiev to Lithuanian Jewish parents and learned filmmaking in Leningrad. He began his career as a director with films in Berlin, Paris, and London. Moving to
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