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67-501: (Redirected from Millennium Villages ) Millennium village may mean: Millennium Villages Project , a project to reduce poverty in Africa by developing a number of villages, led by Columbia University. Millennium Village , a closed attraction at Epcot Millennium Communities Programme (or Millennium Villages initiative), an English Partnerships housing initiative Topics referred to by

134-679: A 2005 MTV documentary. "It’s a village that’s going to end extreme poverty." After expanding to 10 sites across rural Africa, the Millennium Village Project ended with a disappointing final evaluation in 2015. While acknowledging in The Lancet that the MVP was not entirely successful ("the project achieved around a third of the MDG-related targets and fell short on two-thirds"), Sachs argued that “the lessons learned from

201-628: A commonly used indicator. With helminth egg analysis, eggs are extracted from the sample after which a viability test is done to distinguish between viable and non viable eggs. The viable fraction of the helminth eggs in the sample is then counted. In the year 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals replaced the Millennium Development Goals. Sanitation is a global development priority and included Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The target

268-427: A few. A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation , container-based sanitation , ecological sanitation , emergency sanitation , environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation . A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater . Reuse activities within

335-514: A healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water , groundwater , soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate . The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. It has been recognized in international law through human rights treaties , declarations and other standards. It

402-702: A new Millennium Village in Ghana. On 13 August 2013, the Islamic Development Bank and the Earth Institute at Columbia University announced the expansion of an earlier partnership to work with African nations to support their efforts to end extreme poverty. Part of that partnership involved the Islamic Development Bank providing $ 104 million in interest-free loans to 8 countries towards ending extreme poverty, improving public health, and achieve more sustainable development. Of that sum, $ 29 million

469-435: A new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. Community-based sanitation is related to decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS). The term "dry sanitation"

536-852: A review of the project undertaken by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) crop yield increases of 85-350% were recorded as well as reductions in malaria incidence of over 50%. While agricultural surpluses are able to be channelled into school meals programmes, helping to increase enrolment, improvements in health status are reported to increase labour productivity. According to ODI policy conclusions, in order for wider scale, more sustainable implementation to be achieved, village projects need to identify shared goals, seeking evidence-based, cost-effective interventions by governments and implementing agencies. They will also need to focus on addressing upstream investments such as training facilities for front-line staff. When compared to

603-575: A timeline of five years, the project was extended to ten years to allow more time to reach the intended goals. In her 2013 book about the project, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty , journalist Nina Munk quotes Sachs saying: "The main thing is to add another block of time to really get the income levels significantly raised." In 2012, the UK's Department for International Development (DfID) committed $ 18.1m (£11.5m) over five years to fund

670-498: Is about "clean water and sanitation for all" by 2030. It is estimated that 660 million people still lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2015. Since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the fight for clean water and sanitation is more important than ever. Handwashing is one of the most common prevention methods for Coronavirus, yet two out of five people do not have access to a hand-washing station. The United Nations , during

737-670: Is also referred to as water reclamation . Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of wastewater in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. In developing countries most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. Alternatives to centralized sewer systems include onsite sanitation , decentralized wastewater systems , dry toilets connected to fecal sludge management . Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers . Combined sewers are usually found in

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804-929: Is derived from the human right to an adequate standard of living . Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases). This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food. Sanitation infrastructure has to be adapted to several specific contexts including consumers' expectations and local resources available. Sanitation technologies may involve centralized civil engineering structures like sewer systems , sewage treatment , surface runoff treatment and solid waste landfills . These structures are designed to treat wastewater and municipal solid waste . Sanitation technologies may also take

871-568: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Millennium Villages Project The project, described by the MVP as "a bold, innovative model for helping rural African communities lift themselves out of extreme poverty," was intended to prove the merits of a holistic, integrated, approach to rural development as outlined in Sachs' bestselling 2005 book The End of Poverty. As described by Bill Gates , whose foundation considered contributing money to

938-476: Is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum ). The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion. In many settings, provision of sanitation facilities alone does not guarantee good health of the population. Studies have suggested that the impact of hygiene practices have as great an impact on sanitation related diseases as

1005-582: Is most commonly conducted in landfills , but incineration, recycling , composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols. The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens . Daily cover also minimizes odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of

1072-616: Is not in widespread use and is not very well defined. It usually refers to a system that uses a type of dry toilet and no sewers to transport excreta. Often when people speak of "dry sanitation" they mean a sanitation system that uses urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDTs). Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission . Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. According to World health organization (WHO) Environmental sanitation

1139-592: Is not shared with other households, and where the excreta produced is either treated and disposed in situ, stored temporarily and then emptied and transported to treatment off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site. In other words, safely managed sanitation is a basic sanitation service where in addition excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Wastewater management consists of collection, wastewater treatment (be it municipal or industrial wastewater ), disposal or reuse of treated wastewater. The latter

1206-573: Is only to one component of the Millennium Villages Project which works in many different sectors including agriculture, education, health, infrastructure and business development. Journalist Nina Munk followed the progress of a group of Millennium Villages for several years, and in her 2013 book The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, argued that a basic flaw of the Millennium Villages program

1273-629: Is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease , especially through the fecal–oral route . For example, diarrhea , a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation. There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis ), cholera , hepatitis , polio , schistosomiasis , and trachoma , to name just

1340-442: Is usually open defecation (and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated serious public health issues. It is estimated that 2.4 billion people still lacked improved sanitation facilities including 660 million people who lack access to safe drinking water as of 2015. Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) is defined as "a sanitation system in which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored or treated on

1407-683: The Ekwendeni village of the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities (SFHC), the Millennium Villages obtain only similar achievements at far greater expense. This is a result of the Millennium Villages' use of artificial fertilizers and hybrids seeds (often of plants such as corn, which are not indigenous to the area). SFHC, on the other hand, uses diverse legume crops to improve soil health : "The SFHC research project attempts to improve child nutritional status, household food security and soil fertility through use of different legume options which can improve

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1474-488: The Joint Monitoring Programme in 2016 starts at open defecation and moves upwards using the terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", with the highest level being " safely managed ". This is particularly applicable to developing countries . The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. Sanitation is a global development priority and

1541-753: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report in 2006 has shown, progress meeting the MDG sanitation target is slow, with a large gap between the target coverage and the current reality. In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 "The International Year of Sanitation ", in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. The year aimed to develop awareness and more actions to meet

1608-562: The WASH sector only include excreta management in their definition of sanitation. Another example of what is included in sanitation is found in the handbook by Sphere on "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" which describes minimum standards in four "key response sectors" in humanitarian response situations. One of them is "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" ( WASH ) and it includes

1675-529: The poverty trap . Millennium Villages are divided into different types. There are the original core villages which include different agro-ecological zones covering 14 sites in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including: Sauri and Dertu, Kenya ; Koraro, Ethiopia ; Mbola , Tanzania ; Ruhiira, Uganda ; Mayange, Rwanda ; Mwandama and Gumulira, Malawi ; Pampaida and Ikaram, Nigeria ; Potou, Senegal ; Tiby and Toya, Mali and Bonsaaso , Ghana . There are additional Millennium Villages which are following

1742-503: The "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene". When analyzing environmental samples, various types of indicator organisms are used to check for fecal pollution of the sample. Commonly used indicators for bacteriological water analysis include the bacterium Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli) and non-specific fecal coliforms . With regards to samples of soil , sewage sludge , biosolids or fecal matter from dry toilets , helminth eggs are

1809-452: The "subjective choice of intervention sites, the subjective choice of comparison sites, the lack of baseline data on comparison sites, the small sample size, and the short time horizon". A self-published assessment comparing villages three years into the project to how they were initially estimated large impacts on health, agricultural yield, and a variety of other measures. As some of this may have been due to regional improvements unrelated to

1876-477: The 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to

1943-419: The Earth Institute at Columbia University) provided the financing for the first set of Millennium Villages, reaching some 60,000 people. A core aspect of the Millennium Villages is that the poverty-ending investments in agriculture, health, education, and infrastructure can be financed by donors at an incremental cost of just $ 60 per villager per year—$ 250,000 per village per year. The overhead costs of managing

2010-467: The MVP are highly pertinent." By contrast, critics have stated that "there is little scientific evidence that the project attained its goals," pronouncing it "a waste of hundreds of millions of dollars." When asked if she considered the MVP a failure, journalist Nina Munk , who spent six years reporting on the MVP for her book The Idealist , said: "Well, no, I don't consider it to be a failure, because many people's lives, I believe, have been improved by

2077-537: The MVP, an independent evaluation comparing the MV to surrounding areas finds the effects are much more modest. An additional independent evaluation found that while agricultural productivity increased, final household income was not increased by the MVP. In 2012, the MVP published an assessment in the Lancet showing "reductions in poverty, food insecurity, stunting, and malaria parasitaemia". Objections were raised to some of

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2144-726: The Millennium Summit in New York in 2000 and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, developed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aimed at poverty eradication and sustainable development. The specific sanitation goal for the year 2015 was to reduce by half the number of people who had no access to potable water and sanitation in the baseline year of 1990. As the JMP and

2211-527: The Millennium Village program but which are not directly supported through The Earth Institute at Columbia University . These additional villages are located in Liberia, Cambodia, Jordan, Mozambique, Haiti, Cameroon and Benin. The project was originally funded through a combination of World Bank loans and private contributions, including $ 50 million from George Soros . Initially designed with

2278-604: The Millennium Villages Project: "[Sachs'] hypothesis was that these interventions would be so synergistic that they would start a virtuous upward cycle and lift the villages out of poverty for good." The first Millennium village was launched in 2005 in Sauri, Kenya. "This is a village that’s going to make history," is how Sachs described Sauri in The Diary of Angelina Jolie and Dr. Jeffrey Sachs in Africa ,

2345-561: The Rwandan government and the Millennium Villages Project announced a partnership to scale-up certain aspects of the Millennium Village approach, as part of Rwanda's Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme which addresses poverty nationwide. The Millennium Villages Project has provided lessons and techniques for Nigeria's development programs designed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The Government of Japan (through its Human Security Trust Fund ) and private philanthropic donors (through

2412-487: The Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1, as the "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water". The current value in the 2017 baseline estimate by JMP is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. Safely managed sanitation is defined as an improved sanitation facility which

2479-656: The activities covered by the definition of sanitation." Sanitation can include personal sanitation and public hygiene. Personal sanitation work can include handling menstrual waste , cleaning household toilets , and managing household garbage . Public sanitation work can involve garbage collection, transfer and treatment ( municipal solid waste management ), cleaning drains, streets, schools, trains, public spaces , community toilets and public toilets , sewers , operating sewage treatment plants , etc. Workers who provide these services for other people are called sanitation workers . The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide

2546-620: The actual provision of sanitation facilities. Hygiene promotion is therefore an important part of sanitation and is usually key in maintaining good health. Hygiene promotion is a planned approach of enabling people to act and change their behavior in an order to reduce and/or prevent incidences of water, sanitation and hygiene ( WASH ) related diseases. It usually involves a participatory approach of engaging people to take responsibility of WASH services and infrastructure including its operation and maintenance. The three key elements of promoting hygiene are; mutual sharing of information and knowledge,

2613-408: The central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows , i.e., more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges. Disposal of solid waste

2680-407: The conclusions in the assessment, and the authors were forced to correct them subsequently: calculations of the under-5 child mortality rate were flawed and withdrawn as the rate appears to have improved less in the MVP sites than in the surrounding regions. Regardless of the metrics showing progress in the individual Millenium Village sites, the overarching aim of the interventions in these villages

2747-494: The economic costs of inadequate sanitation is a huge concern. For example, according to a World Bank study, economic losses due to inadequate sanitation to The Indian economy are equivalent to 6.4% of its GDP. Most of these are due to premature mortality, time lost in accessing, loss of productivity, additional costs for healthcare among others. Inadequate sanitation also leads to loss from potential tourism revenue. This study also found that impacts are disproportionately higher for

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2814-412: The experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transporting and treatment of waste, and reuse or disposal. All need to be thoroughly considered. The benefits to society of managing human excreta are considerable, for public health as well as for the environment. As a rough estimate: For every US$ 1 spent on sanitation, the return to society is US$ 5.50. For developing countries,

2881-490: The fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often used side by side as "sanitation and wastewater management". Another definition is in the DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998: "For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and

2948-457: The fecal sludge that is generated onsite is treated at an offsite location. Wastewater ( sewage ) is only generated when piped water supply is available within the buildings or close to them. A related term is a decentralized wastewater system which refers in particular to the wastewater part of on-site sanitation. Similarly, an onsite sewage facility can treat the wastewater generated locally. The global methane emissions from NSSS in 2020

3015-493: The following areas: Hygiene promotion, water supply , excreta management, vector control , solid waste management and WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings. Hygiene promotion is seen by many as an integral part of sanitation. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta , domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion." Despite

3082-454: The food and biopharmaceutical industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using clean-in-place (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids . The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg, or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment

3149-415: The form of relatively simple onsite sanitation systems. This can in some cases consist of a simple pit latrine or other type of non-flush toilet for the excreta management part. Providing sanitation to people requires attention to the entire system, not just focusing on technical aspects such as the toilet , fecal sludge management or the wastewater treatment plant. The "sanitation chain" involves

3216-516: The landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). For incineration options, the release of air pollutants , including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered. Composting value will ultimately be limited by

3283-793: The market demand for compost product. Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer ( U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Code of Federal Regulations , 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are mandatory for food industries in United States . Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law. In

3350-557: The mobilization of affected communities and the provision of essential material and facilities. The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes: diarrhea , acute respiratory infections , malnutrition , and soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STHs). These health outcomes are also included as an indicator for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 ("Good Health and Well-being"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on

3417-561: The plot where they are generated". Another term that is used for the same system is non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), which are prevalent in many countries. NSSS play a vital role in the safe management of fecal sludge, accounting for approximately half of all existing sanitation provisions. The degree of treatment may be variable, from none to advanced. Examples are pit latrines (no treatment) and septic tanks ( primary treatment of wastewater). On-site sanitation systems are often connected to fecal sludge management (FSM) systems where

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3484-530: The poor, women and children. Availability of toilet at home on the other hand, positively contributes to economic well-being of women as it leads to an increase in literacy and participation in labor force. The term sanitation is connected with various descriptors or adjectives to signify certain types of sanitation systems (which may deal only with human excreta management or with the entire sanitation system, i.e. also greywater, stormwater and solid waste management) – in alphabetical order: In 2017, JMP defined

3551-493: The project in each village is $ 50,000 per year. On a per-person basis, the total village cost of $ 120 per person includes: Critically, the external financing needs of $ 70 per capita are in line with the financial commitments made by the leaders of industrialized countries at the 2005 Summit in Gleneagles . G8 countries promised to raise their development assistance to Africa to the equivalent of $ 70 per capita by 2010. In

3618-428: The project itself.... In village after village I saw children who suffered from less malnutrition, for example; fewer incidence of malaria, quite clearly. There was higher agricultural production. There was improved hygiene in certain cases. But it also began to fall apart very quickly as the budgets ran low. In-fighting began. It was quite clear to me that it was neither sustainable and nor was it scalable." The project

3685-454: The quality and quantity of food available within the household as well as provide organic inputs to improve soil fertility." According to Rachel Bezner Kerr , use of fertilizers and genetically modified seeds leads to dependence of the farmers on expensive products being marketed by large industrial companies. By contrast, the use of crop diversity to improve soil health is a low cost, and thus far more sustainable, solution. Note this comparison

3752-433: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Millennium village . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_village&oldid=1121331992 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3819-525: The sanitation system may focus on the nutrients , water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy". The people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying a sanitation technology at any step of the sanitation chain are called " sanitation workers ". Several sanitation "levels" are being used to compare sanitation service levels within countries or across countries. The sanitation ladder defined by

3886-484: The second phase of the MVP was to successfully enhance, strengthen, and complete the programs that started in Phase 1. By improving access to clean water, primary education, basic health care, sanitation , and other science-based interventions such as improved seeds and fertilizer, Millennium Villages aimed to ensure that communities living in extreme poverty have a real, sustainable opportunity to lift themselves out of

3953-423: The subject of Sustainable Development Goal 6 . The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation . Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on human dignity and personal safety. There are some variations on the use of the term "sanitation" between countries and organizations. The World Health Organization defines

4020-481: The target. There are numerous reasons for this gap. A major one is that sanitation is rarely given political attention received by other topics despite its key importance. Sanitation is not high on the international development agenda, and projects such as those relating to water supply projects are emphasised. The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF (JMP) has been publishing reports of updated estimates every two years on

4087-619: The term "sanitation" as follows: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal." Sanitation includes all four of these technical and non-technical systems: Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants ), solid waste management systems as well as drainage systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage . However, many in

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4154-473: Was defined as the control of all those factors in the physical environment which exercise a harmful effect on human being physical development, health and survival . One of the primary function of environmental sanitation is to protect public health . Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. The result of lack of sanitation

4221-566: Was divided into two phases, from 2004 to 2010 for the first phase and 2011-2015 for the second phase. In the first phase, the project was focused at the following five stations: agriculture (seed and fertilizer support, farmer training and storage expansion, crop diversification, etc.), health (installation of mosquito nets, vaccine supply and pest control, etc.), education (Construction of schools, installation of water supply, etc.), infrastructure (sanitation, roads, etc.), business development (micro-credit, cooperative training, etc.). The main focus in

4288-603: Was estimated to as 377 Mt CO2e per year or 4.7% of global anthropogenic methane emissions, which are comparable to the greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants. This means that the GHG emissions from the NSSS as a non-negligible source. Safely managed sanitation is the highest level of household sanitation envisioned by the Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 . It is measured under

4355-435: Was that it was developed by Western academics who were disconnected from rural Africa and failed to understand African practices and cultures. She cited such examples as promoting growing maize among people who had not historically eaten it or building a short-lived livestock market when there was no local demand. A rigorous evaluation of the MVP is impossible due to shortcomings in the project's evaluation design which include

4422-587: Was to be used to scale-ups of the Millennium Villages Project in Mali, Senegal and Uganda. In July 2013, the Ugandan government announced it would scale up the Millennium Villages Project in the original region around the Ruhiira Millennium Village through $ US 9.75 million of funding from the Islamic Development Bank. However, the promised scale-up has not yet taken place. In September 2013,

4489-643: Was to show that the ideas could act as a template for other villages to follow. In line with this aim we can assess their success by asking if other villages followed and not. At the end of the Jeffrey Sachs and Angelina Diary of their visit to Sauri, Kenya, they suggest this is the first of a million villages. The clear outcome is that other villages did not follow. Sanitation Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage . Preventing human contact with feces

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