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86-452: Millennials , also known as Generation Y or Gen Y , are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z . Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. Most Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers and older Generation X. In turn Millennials are often

172-558: A cover story titled Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation . Alternative names for this group proposed include the Net Generation , Generation 9/11 , Generation Next , and The Burnout Generation . Oxford Living Dictionaries describes a Millennial as a person "born between the early 1980s and the late 1990s." Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Millennial as "a person born in the 1980s or 1990s". More detailed definitions in use are as follows: Jonathan Rauch , senior fellow at

258-639: A TFR of 2.14 in 1990, up from 1.68 in 1980), along with Ireland and Iceland; the bump in Sweden was largely due to improving economic output and the generous, far-reaching family benefits granted by the Nordic welfare system, while in France it was mostly driven by older women realizing their dreams of motherhood. For Sweden, the increase in the fertility rate came with a rise in the birth rate (going from 11.7 in 1980 to 14.5 in 1990), which slowed down and then stopped for

344-423: A beard. Mathematician Jonathan Touboul of Brandeis University who studies how information propagation through society affects human behavior calls this the hipster effect. Once a highly successful genre on radio and then television, soap operas—characterized by melodramatic plots focused on interpersonal affairs and cheap production value—has been declining in viewership since the 1990s. Experts believe that this

430-456: A brief period to the aging of the Swedish population caused by the decline in birth rates in the late 1970s and early 1980s. To this day, France and Sweden still have higher fertility rates than most of Europe, and both almost reached replacement level in 2010 (2.03 and 1.98 respectively). At first, falling fertility is due to urbanization and decreased infant mortality rates, which diminished

516-424: A decrease in reading books. The tendency for teachers to now " teach to the test " has also led to a decrease in the capacity to think in lateral ways . Richard House, Roehampton University , 2009 Political scientist Shirley Le Penne argues that for Millennials, "pursuing a sense of belonging becomes a means of achieving a sense of being needed ... Millennials experience belonging by seeking to impact

602-402: A fast ethno-demographic change is one of the key reasons behind public backlash in the form of national populism across the rich liberal democracies, an example of which is the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Brexit). Italy is a country where the problem of an aging population is especially acute. The fertility rate dropped from about four in the 1960s down to 1.2 in

688-469: A higher fertility rate compared to their counterparts from much of the developed world. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and South Korea are all aging rapidly by comparison because their millennials are smaller in number than their parents. This demographic reality puts the United States at an advantage compared to many other major economies as the millennials reach middle age: the nation will still have

774-589: A metropolitan area. According to the Brookings Institution , millennials are the "demographic bridge between the largely white older generations (pre-millennials) and much more racially diverse younger generations (post-millennials)." By analyzing data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Pew Research Center estimated that millennials, whom they define as people born between 1981 and 1996, outnumbered baby boomers, born from 1946 to 1964, for

860-482: A professor of psychology at San Diego State University , author, consultant, and public speaker. She has examined generational differences in work attitudes, life goals, developmental speed, sexual behavior, and religious commitment. She is also known for her books iGen , Generation Me and The Narcissism Epidemic . In the September 2017 issue of The Atlantic , Twenge argued that smartphones were

946-430: A sense of disconnectedness and self-blaming , caused by a vast array of issues from unemployment , poverty , family problems , bullying , social withdrawal and mental ill-health . Intelligence researcher James R. Flynn discovered that back in the 1950s, the gap between the vocabulary levels of adults and children was much smaller than it is in the early twenty-first century. Between 1953 and 2006, adult gains on

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1032-482: A significant number of consumers, investors, and taxpayers. Cohort (statistics) Cohort data can oftentimes be more advantageous to demographers than period data. Because cohort data is honed to a specific time period, it is usually more accurate. It is more accurate because it can be tuned to retrieve custom data for a specific study. In addition, cohort data is not affected by tempo effects , unlike period data. However, cohort data can be disadvantageous in

1118-479: A small decline in narcissism among young people since the 1990s. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe argue that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes, repeating in a cycle. According to their hypothesis, they predicted millennials would become more like the "civic-minded" G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global. Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to

1204-645: A stereotype". Sarah Rose Cavanagh in Psychology Today disagreed with Twenge's negative view of the impact of smartphones—as outlined in her book, iGen —arguing that Twenge had ignored data supporting positive findings, presented correlation as causation , over-generalized and not taken social contexts into account. Twenge responded to Cavanagh in the same publication, citing a meta-analysis and controlled experiments in support of her theories [citations missing], and stating that her article and book had also highlighted positive trends. She also denied that she

1290-536: A year or two." Although the United States Census Bureau have said that "there is no official start and end date for when Millennials were born" and they do not officially define Millennials, a U.S. Census publication in 2022 noted that Millennials are "colloquially defined as the cohort born from 1981 to 1996", using this definition in a breakdown of Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data. The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses

1376-420: Is due to their failure to attract younger demographics, the tendency of modern audiences to have shorter attention spans , and the rise of reality television in the 1990s. Nevertheless, Internet streaming services do offer materials in the serial format, a legacy of soap operas. However, the availability of such on-demand platforms saw to it that soap operas would never again be the cultural phenomenon they were in

1462-403: Is expected to grow till about 2025. However, the ratio of people of working age to retirees (the dependency ratio ) has gone from eight in the 1970s to about four in the 2010s. It could drop to two by the 2060s, depending in immigration levels. "The older the population is, the more people are on welfare benefits, we need more health care, and there's a smaller base to pay the taxes," Ian Harper of

1548-449: Is inherently flawed at measuring narcissism. Twenge responded to this criticism by declaring that the NPI "is employed in 77% of studies of narcissistic traits" and "is also the best self-report predictor of narcissistic traits derived from clinical interviews". She also stated that "documenting trends in young people's self-reported traits and attitudes is empirical research, not a complaint or

1634-677: Is now the second highest in Southeast Asia. Vietnam's fertility rate dropped from 5 in 1980 to 3.55 in 1990 and then to 1.95 in 2017. In that same year, 23% of the Vietnamese population was 15 years of age or younger, down from almost 40% in 1989. Other rapidly growing Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines, saw similar demographic trends. From about 1750 to 1950, most of Western Europe transitioned from having both high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. By

1720-601: Is often said that millennials ignore conventional advertising, they are in fact heavily influenced by it. They are particularly sensitive to appeals to transparency, to experiences rather than things, and flexibility. A 2015 study by Microsoft found that 77% of respondents aged 18 to 24 said yes to the statement, "When nothing is occupying my attention, the first thing I do is reach for my phone," compared to just 10% for those aged 65 and over. The term ikizurasa ( 生きづらさ , "pain of living") has been used to denote anxiety experienced by many Japanese Millennials struggling with

1806-496: Is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it's destructive". He doubts that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. Arnett says that not only are millennials less narcissistic, they're "an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world". A study published in 2017 in the journal Psychological Science found

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1892-490: The Oregon Trail Generation ; Zennials and Zillennials , respectively. The term Geriatric Millennial gained popularity in 2021 to describe those born in the beginning half of the 1980s between 1980 and 1985. The term has since been used and discussed by various media outlets including Today , CTV News , HuffPost , news.com.au , The Irish Times , and Business Insider . Psychologist Jean Twenge,

1978-420: The 11 September terrorist attacks , the 2003 invasion of Iraq , Great Recession , and Internet explosion . The United States Library of Congress explains that date ranges are 'subjective' and the traits of each cohort are generalized based around common economic, social, or political factors that happened during formative years. They acknowledge disagreements, complaints over date ranges, generation names, and

2064-518: The European Economic Community saw a steady increase in not just divorce and out-of-wedlock births between 1960 and 1985 but also falling fertility rates. In 1981, a survey of countries across the industrialized world found that while more than half of people aged 65 and over thought that women needed children to be fulfilled, only 35% of those between the ages of 15 and 24 (younger Baby Boomers and older Generation X) agreed. In

2150-528: The LZ algorithm ) handled them. In modern society, there are inevitably people who refuse to conform to the dominant culture and seek to do the exact opposite; given enough time, the anti-conformists will become more homogeneous with respect to their own subculture, making their behavior the opposite to any claims of counterculture . This synchronization occurs even if more than two choices are available, such as multiple styles of beard rather than whether or not to have

2236-629: The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and Statistics Canada . The Brookings Institution defines the Millennial generation as people born from 1981 to 1996, as does Gallup , Federal Reserve Board , and the American Psychological Association . Encyclopædia Britannica defines Millennials as "the term used to describe a person born between 1981 and 1996, though different sources can vary by

2322-684: The one-child policy introduced in the late 1970s, one-child households have become the norm in China, leading to rapid population aging, especially in the cities where the costs of living are much higher than in the countryside. As a result of cultural ideals, government policy, and modern medicine, there has been severe gender imbalances in China and India. According to the United Nations, in 2018, there were 112 Chinese males aged 15 to 29 for every hundred females in that age group. That number in India

2408-437: The "Unluckiest Generation" as the average Millennial has experienced slower economic growth and more recessions since entering the workforce than any other generation in history. They have also been weighed down by student debt and childcare costs . Across the globe, Millenials and subsequent generations have postponed marriage or living together as a couple. Millennials were born at a time of declining fertility rates around

2494-555: The 1950s, children generally imitated their parents and adopted their vocabulary. This was no longer the case in the 2000s, when teenagers often developed their own subculture and as such were less likely to use adult-level vocabulary on their essays. In a 2009 report, Flynn analyzed the results of the Raven's Progressive Matrices test for British fourteen-year-olds from 1980 to 2008. He discovered that their average IQ had dropped by more than two points during that time period. Among those in

2580-467: The 1974–1980 cohort was later re-identified by most media sources as the last wave of Generation X, and by 2003 Ad Age had moved their Generation Y starting year up to 1982. According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, in 2012, Ad Age "threw in the towel by conceding that Millennials is a better name than Gen Y," and by 2014, a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR "the Generation Y label

2666-542: The 1990s and 2010s, people from developing countries became increasingly well-educated, a factor that boosted economic growth in these countries. In contrast, Millennials across the world have suffered significant economic disruption since starting their working lives, with many facing high levels of youth unemployment in the wake of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 recession . Millennials have been called

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2752-403: The 2000s and 2010s. (It reached 1.14 in 2018, making it the lowest since 2010 and one of the lowest in the world.) Government incentives such as the baby bonus have proven insufficient to raise the birth rate. Singapore's experience mirrors those of Japan and South Korea. Vietnam's median age in 2018 was 26 and rising. Between the 1970s and the late 2010s, life expectancy climbed from 60 to 76. It

2838-406: The 2010s. This is not because young Italians do not want to procreate. Quite the contrary, having many children is an Italian ideal. But its economy has been floundering since the Great Recession of 2007–08, with the youth unemployment rate at a staggering 35% in 2019. Many Italians have moved abroad—150,000 did in 2018—and many are young people pursuing educational and economic opportunities. With

2924-506: The 2020s. Europe's demographic reality contributes to its economic troubles. Because the European baby boomers failed to replace themselves, by the 2020s and 2030s, dozens of European nations will find their situation even tougher than before. Australia's total fertility rate has fallen from above three in the post-war era, to about replacement level (2.1) in the 1970s to below that in the late 2010s. However, immigration has been offsetting

3010-584: The Americas while others came illegally by crossing the long and largely undefended U.S.-Mexican border. At the same time, the postwar baby boom and subsequently falling fertility rate seemed to jeopardize America's social security system as the Baby Boomers retire in the twenty-first century. Provisional data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that U.S. fertility rates have fallen below

3096-499: The Brookings Institution, wrote for The Economist in 2018 that "generations are squishy concepts", but the 1981 to 1996 birth cohort is a "widely accepted" definition for Millennials. Reuters also state that the "widely accepted definition" is 1981–1996. The Pew Research Center defines Millennials as the people born from 1981 to 1996, choosing these dates for "key political, economic and social factors", including

3182-766: The Hart–Celler Act), passed at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, abolished national quotas for immigrants and replaced it with a system that admits a fixed number of persons per year based in qualities such as skills and the need for refuge. Immigration subsequently surged from elsewhere in North America (especially Canada and Mexico), Asia, Central America, and the West Indies. By the mid-1980s, most immigrants originated from Asia and Latin America. Some were refugees from Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and other parts of

3268-564: The Melbourne Business School told ABC News (Australia). While the government has scaled back plans to increase the retirement age, to cut pensions, and to raise taxes due to public opposition, demographic pressures continue to mount as the buffering effects of immigration are fading away. Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance till

3354-497: The Republican Party. As of the mid-2010s, the United States is one of the few developed countries that does not have a top-heavy population pyramid. In fact, as of 2016, the median age of the U.S. population was younger than that of all other rich nations except Australia, New Zealand, Cyprus, Ireland, and Iceland, whose combined population is only a fraction of the United States. This is because American baby boomers had

3440-600: The Silent Generation. Between 1981 and 1996, an average of 3.9 million millennial babies were born each year, compared to 3.4 million average Generation X births per year between 1965 and 1980. But millennials continue to grow in numbers as a result of immigration and naturalization. In fact, millennials form the largest group of immigrants to the United States in the 2010s. Pew projected that the millennial generation would reach around 74.9 million in 2033, after which mortality would outweigh immigration. Yet 2020 would be

3526-535: The Soviet Union , Russia's birth rates began falling in the late 1980s while death rates have risen, especially among men. In the early 2000s, Russia had not only a falling birth rate but also a declining population despite having an improving economy. Between 1992 and 2002, Russia's population dropped from 149 million to 144 million. According to the "medium case scenario" of the U.N.'s Population Division, Russia could lose another 20 million people by

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3612-733: The UK had attended a live music event in the previous year. Having faced the full brunt of the Great Recession, Millennials in Europe tended to be pessimistic about the future direction of their countries, though there were significant differences, the Pew Research Center found in 2014. Millennials from countries with relatively healthy economies such as Germany and the United Kingdom were generally happier than their counterparts from struggling economies, such as Spain, Italy, and Greece. On

3698-524: The United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (also known as

3784-588: The author of the 2006 book Generation Me , considers millennials, along with younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she calls "Generation Me". Twenge attributes millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance, but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism , based on NPI surveys showing increased narcissism among millennials compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University, Worcester has criticized Twenge's research on narcissism among millennials, stating "I think she

3870-460: The benefits and increased the costs of raising children. In other words, it became more economically sensible to invest more in fewer children, as economist Gary Becker argued. (This is the first demographic transition.) Falling fertility then came from attitudinal shifts. By the 1960s, people began moving from traditional and communal values towards more expressive and individualistic outlooks due to access to and aspiration of higher education, and to

3956-429: The chords, melodies, and types of sounds used have become increasingly homogenized. Indeed, producers seem to be engaging in a " loudness war ", with the intention of attracting more and more audience members. While the music industry has long been accused of producing songs that are louder and blander, this is the first time the quality of songs is comprehensively studied and measured. Additional research showed that within

4042-401: The completed family size for a notional woman, were she to experience these fertility rates through her life. A study on a cohort is a cohort study . Two important types of cohort studies are: Jean Twenge Jean Marie Twenge (born August 24, 1971) is an American psychologist researching generational differences, including work values, life goals, and social attitudes. She is

4128-561: The country by the 2020 election, up from 6% in 2000. The fact that people from different racial or age groups vote differently means that this demographic change will influence the future of the American political landscape. While younger voters hold significantly different views from their elders, they are considerably less likely to vote. Non-whites tend to favor candidates from the Democratic Party while whites by and large prefer

4214-418: The country in search of better opportunities elsewhere in the wake of the Great Recession. This brain drain and a rapidly aging population could spell disaster for the country. Overall, E.U. demographic data shows that the number of people aged 18 to 33 in 2014 was 24% of the population, with a high of 28% for Poland and a low of 19% for Italy. As a result of the shocks due to the decline and dissolution of

4300-410: The decline of religion (or the growth of secularism ) in the continent as the twenty-first century progresses. In the United Kingdom, the number of foreign-born residents stood at 6% of the population in 1991. Immigration subsequently surged and has not fallen since (as of 2018). Research by the demographers and political scientists Eric Kaufmann , Roger Eatwell , and Matthew Goodwin suggest that such

4386-732: The early 1980s, East Germany, West Germany, Denmark, and the Channel Islands had some of the world's lowest fertility rates. At the start of the twenty-first century, Europe suffers from an aging population . This problem is especially acute in Eastern Europe, whereas in Western Europe, it is alleviated by international immigration. In addition, an increasing number of children born in Europe has been born to non-European parents. Because children of immigrants in Europe tend to be about as religious as they are, this could slow

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4472-539: The early twentieth century. Commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the British Isles , but few were interested in adopting a pan-European identity for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. But in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of

4558-439: The effects of a declining birthrate. In the 2010s, among the residents of Australia, 5% were born in the United Kingdom, 3% from China, 2% from India, and 1% from the Philippines. 84% of new arrivals in the fiscal year of 2016 were below 40 years of age, compared to 54% of those already in the country. Like other immigrant-friendly countries, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Australia's working-age population

4644-468: The first time in 2019. That year, there were 72.1 million millennials compared to 71.6 million baby boomers, who had previously been the largest living adult generation in the country. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics shows that about 62 million millennials were born in the United States, compared to 55 million members of Generation X, 76 million baby boomers, and 47 million from

4730-415: The first time millennials (who are between the ages of 24 and 39) find their share of the electorate shrink as the leading wave of Generation Z (aged 18 to 23) became eligible to vote. In other words, their electoral power peaked in 2016. In absolute terms, however, the number of foreign-born millennials continues to increase as they become naturalized citizens. In fact, 10% of American voters were born outside

4816-636: The generation "New Boomers", identified the birth years of 1983–2001, based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the "political and social challenges" that occurred after the 11 September terrorist acts. Author Neil Howe, co-creator of the Strauss–Howe generational theory, defines Millennials as the cohort born from 1982 to 2004. The cohorts born during the cusp years before and after Millennials have been identified as "microgenerations" with characteristics of both generations. Names given to these cuspers include Xennials , Generation Catalano ,

4902-434: The high school graduating class of 2000. They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991) and Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation (2000). In August 1993, an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe teenagers of the day, then aged 13–19 (born 1974–1980), who were at the time defined as different from Generation X. However,

4988-554: The higher half of the intelligence distribution, the decline was even more significant, six points. This is a clear case of the reversal of the Flynn effect , the apparent rise in IQ scores observed during the twentieth century. Flynn suspected that this was due to changes in British youth culture. He further noted that in the past, IQ gains had been correlated with socioeconomic class, but this

5074-594: The internet". This generation's older members use a combination of face-to-face communication and computer-mediated communication , while its younger members use mainly electronic and digital technologies for interpersonal communication. A 2013 survey of almost a thousand Britons aged 18 to 24 found that 62% had a favorable opinion of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and 70% felt proud of their national history . In 2017, research suggested nearly half of 18 to 34 year olds living in

5160-411: The late 1960s and 1970s, the average woman had fewer than two children, and, although demographers at first expected a "correction", such a rebound came only for a few countries. Despite a bump in the total fertility rates (TFR) of some European countries in the very late twentieth century (the 1980s and 1990s), especially France and Scandinavia , it returned to replacement level only in Sweden (reaching

5246-464: The millennial cohort: special, sheltered, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. However, Arthur E. Levine, author of When Hope and Fear Collide: A Portrait of Today's College Student , dismissed these generational images as "stereotypes". In addition, psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe's assertions are overly deterministic, non-falsifiable, and unsupported by rigorous evidence. Polling agency Ipsos-MORI warned that

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5332-419: The most likely cause behind the sudden increases in mental health issues among teens after 2012. Twenge co-authored a 2017 corpus linguistics analysis that said that George Carlin 's " seven dirty words you can't say on television" were used 28 times more frequently in 2008 than in 1950 in the texts at Google Books . Twenge said the increase is due to the dominance of self over social conventions. Twenge

5418-561: The movie Barbie (2023) and musician Taylor Swift 's Eras Tour . Chinese millennials are commonly called the post-80s and post-90s generations. At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California 's US–China Institute, millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American millennials. Findings included millennials' marriage, childbearing, and child raising preferences, life and career ambitions, and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism. Due to

5504-517: The oldest became adults around the turn of the millennium . Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , known for creating the Strauss–Howe generational theory , are widely credited with naming the Millennials. They coined the term in 1987, around the time children born in 1982 were entering kindergarten, and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the impending new millennium as

5590-560: The other hand, the young were more likely than the old to feel optimistic. Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry, including music, began to be affected by the Internet. Using artificial intelligence, Joan Serrà and his team at the Spanish National Research Council studied the massive Million Song Dataset and found that between 1955 and 2010, popular music has gotten louder, while

5676-403: The overgeneralized "personality" of each generation. They suggest that marketers and journalists use the different groupings to target their marketing to particular age groups. However, they cite Pew's 1981–1996 definition to define Millennials. Various media outlets and statistical organizations have cited Pew's definition including Time magazine, BBC News , The New York Times , The Guardian ,

5762-507: The parents of Generation Alpha . As the first generation to grow up with the Internet , Millennials have been described as the first global generation . The generation is generally marked by elevated usage of and familiarity with the Internet, mobile devices , social media , and technology in general. The term " digital natives ", which is now also applied to successive generations, was originally coined to describe this generation. Between

5848-418: The past few decades, popular music has gotten slower; that majorities of listeners young and old preferred older songs rather than keeping up with new ones; that the language of popular songs were becoming more negative psychologically; and that lyrics were becoming simpler and more repetitive, approaching one-word sheets, something measurable by observing how efficiently lossless compression algorithms (such as

5934-456: The plunge in the number of births each year, the Italian population is expected to decline in the next five years. Moreover, the Baby Boomers are retiring in large numbers, and their numbers eclipse those of the young people taking care of them. Only Japan has an age structure more tilted towards the elderly. Greece also suffers from a serious demographic problem as many young people are leaving

6020-432: The replacement level of 2.1 since 1971. (In 2017, it fell to 1.765.) Millennial population size varies, depending on the definition used. Using its own definition, the Pew Research Center estimated that millennials comprised 27% of the U.S. population in 2014. In the same year, using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004, Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people in the U.S. In a 2012 Time magazine article, it

6106-401: The sense that it can take a long amount of time to collect the data necessary for the cohort study . Another disadvantage of cohort studies is that it can be extremely costly to carry out, since the study will go on for a long period of time, demographers often require sufficient funds to fuel the study. Demography often contrasts cohort perspectives and period perspectives . For instance,

6192-408: The spread of lifestyle values once practiced only by a tiny minority of cultural elites. (This is the second demographic transition .) Although the momentous cultural changes of the 1960s leveled off by the 1990s, the social and cultural environment of the very late twentieth-century was quite different from that of the 1950s. Such changes in values have had a major effect on fertility. Member states of

6278-443: The total cohort fertility rate is an index of the average completed family size for cohorts of women, but since it can only be known for women who have finished child-bearing, it cannot be measured for currently fertile women. It can be calculated as the sum of the cohort's age-specific fertility rates that obtain as it ages through time. In contrast, the total period fertility rate uses current age-specific fertility rates to calculate

6364-482: The twentieth century, especially among the younger generations, not least because cliffhangers could no longer capture the imagination of the viewers the way they did in the past, when television shows were available as scheduled, not on demand. Millennial fans , especially girls and women, have been the key factor behind the commercial success of franchises such as Harry Potter , Twilight , and The Hunger Games . More recently, they came out in large numbers for

6450-486: The vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler IQ test were 17.4 points whereas the corresponding gains for children were only 4. He asserted that some of the reasons for this are the surge in interest in higher education and cultural changes. The number of Americans pursuing tertiary qualifications and cognitively demanding jobs has risen significantly since the 1950s. This boosted the level of vocabulary among adults. Back in

6536-464: The word "millennials" is "misused to the point where it's often mistaken for just another meaningless buzzword" because "many of the claims made about millennial characteristics are simplified, misinterpreted or just plain wrong, which can mean real differences get lost" and that "[e]qually important are the similarities between other generations—the attitudes and behaviors that are staying the same are sometimes just as important and surprising." Though it

6622-547: The world, and continue to have fewer children than their predecessors. Those in developing countries will continue to constitute the bulk of global population growth . In developed countries , young people of the 2010s were less inclined to have sex compared to their predecessors when they were the same age. Millennials in the West are less likely to be religious than their predecessors, but may identify as spiritual . Members of this demographic cohort are known as Millennials because

6708-436: The world." Educational psychologist Elza Venter believes Millennials are "digital natives" because they have grown up experiencing digital technology and have known it all their lives ( see § Use of digital technology , below ). Marc Prensky created the concept of digital natives in response to the understanding that the members of the generation were "native speakers of the digital language of computers, video games and

6794-720: The years 1980 to 1994 as Generation Y (millennial) birth years. A 2023 report by the Population Reference Bureau defines Millennials as those born from 1981 to 1999. CNN reports that studies sometimes define Millennials as born between 1980 and 2000. A 2017 BBC report has also referred to this age range in reference to that used by National Records of Scotland . In the UK, the Resolution Foundation uses 1981–2000. The U.S. Government Accountability Office defines Millennials as those born between 1982 and 2000. Sociologist Elwood Carlson, who calls

6880-542: The years 1981 to 1995 to define Millennials in a 2021 Census report. A report by Ipsos MORI describes the term 'Millennials' as a working title for the circa 15-year birth cohort born around 1980 to 1995, which has 'unique, defining traits'. Governmental institutions such as the UK Department of Health and Social Care have also used 1980 to 1995. Psychologist Jean Twenge defines millennials as those born from 1980 to 1994. Likewise, Australia's McCrindle Research uses

6966-467: Was 111. China had a total of 34 million excess males and India 37 million, more than the entire population of Malaysia. Such a discrepancy fuels loneliness epidemics, human trafficking (from elsewhere in Asia, such as Cambodia and Vietnam), and prostitution, among other societal problems. Singapore's birth rate has fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 since the 1980s before stabilizing by during

7052-827: Was a placeholder until we found out more about them." Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers , due to them often being the offspring of the Baby Boomers , the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid-1990s, and their generation's large size relative to that of Boomers. In the United States, the echo boom's birth rates peaked in August 1990 and a twentieth-century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued. Psychologist Jean Twenge described Millennials as "Generation Me" in her 2006 book Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before , while in 2013, Time magazine ran

7138-549: Was critical of Twenge's research on narcissism among young people. Speaking to The New York Times in 2013, he stated: "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it's destructive." He added that Twenge's conclusions on narcissism among young people were not backed up by statistical analysis of teen behavior, and further criticized her reliance on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), which Arnett claims

7224-611: Was educated at the University of Chicago and the University of Michigan where she was awarded a PhD in 1998 for a meta-analysis of assertiveness , sociability and anxiety . Twenge's research investigates issues around generations, personality, social psychology and gender roles. In 2017, Twenge wrote an article in The Atlantic asking "Have smartphones destroyed a generation?" which presented findings from her book iGen . Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University

7310-416: Was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. millennials. The United States Census Bureau , using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000, stated the estimated number of U.S. millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people. In 2017, fewer than 56% millennial were non-Hispanic whites , compared with more than 84% of Americans in their 70s and 80s, 57% had never been married, and 67% lived in

7396-517: Was no longer true. Psychologists Jean Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Ryne A. Sherman analyzed vocabulary test scores on the U.S. General Social Survey ( n = 29 , 912 {\displaystyle n=29,912} ) and found that after correcting for education, the use of sophisticated vocabulary has declined between the mid-1970s and the mid-2010s across all levels of education, from below high school to graduate school. Computer games and computer culture has [ sic ] led to

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