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54-534: Millinocket School Department is a school district headquartered in Millinocket, Maine . Its schools are Granite Street School and Stearns Junior-Senior High School . In April 2012, due to decreasing enrollment in the high school, the district superintendent, Ken Smith, made efforts to recruit international students from China. This Maine school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Millinocket, Maine Millinocket

108-568: A blend with conventional jet fuel. As of the end of 2017, four other pathways to SPK are certified, with their designations and maximum blend percentage in brackets: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA SPK, 50%); synthesized iso-paraffins from hydroprocessed fermented sugars (SIP, 10%); synthesized paraffinic kerosene plus aromatics (SPK/A, 50%); alcohol-to-jet SPK (ATJ-SPK, 30%). Both FT and HEFA based SPKs blended with JP-8 are specified in MIL-DTL-83133H. Some synthetic jet fuels show

162-635: A high- octane gasoline known as avgas ) has a high volatility to improve its carburetion characteristics and high autoignition temperature to prevent preignition in high compression aircraft engines. Turbine engines (as with diesel engines ) can operate with a wide range of fuels because fuel is injected into the hot combustion chamber. Jet and gas turbine ( turboprop , helicopter ) aircraft engines typically use lower cost fuels with higher flash points , which are less flammable and therefore safer to transport and handle. The first axial compressor jet engine in widespread production and combat service,

216-703: A large pulp and paper mill. Mullen contacted Garret Schenck, vice president of the International Paper mill at Rumford Falls and an expert in the industry, about building a pulp and paper mill near the dam. Schenck agreed, and set about obtaining the necessary financial backing. After securing land rights, the chosen site was at the junction of the West Branch of the Penobscot River and Millinocket Stream, where it stands today. Things moved quickly, and on May 15, 1899, construction began on

270-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 39.8% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the town was 51.5 years. 15.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.8% were from 25 to 44; 36.6% were from 45 to 64; and 24.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

324-506: A process to make jet fuel from seawater. The technology requires an input of electrical energy to separate Oxygen (O 2 ) and Hydrogen (H 2 ) gas from seawater using an iron-based catalyst, followed by an oligomerization step wherein carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen are recombined into long-chain hydrocarbons, using zeolite as the catalyst. The technology is expected to be deployed in the 2020s by U.S. Navy warships, especially nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. On February 8, 2021,

378-465: A reduction in pollutants such as SOx, NOx, particulate matter, and sometimes carbon emissions. It is envisaged that usage of synthetic jet fuels will increase air quality around airports which will be particularly advantageous at inner city airports. Qatar Airways became the first airline to operate a commercial flight on a 50:50 blend of synthetic Gas to Liquid (GTL) jet fuel and conventional jet fuel. The natural gas derived synthetic kerosene for

432-669: A result, a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably Thielert and Austro Engine , have begun offering aircraft diesel engines which run on jet fuel which may simplify airport logistics by reducing the number of fuel types required. Jet fuel is available in most places in the world, whereas avgas is only widely available in a few countries which have a large number of general aviation aircraft. A diesel engine may be more fuel-efficient than an avgas engine. However, very few diesel aircraft engines have been certified by aviation authorities. Diesel aircraft engines are uncommon today, even though opposed-piston aviation diesel powerplants such as

486-558: A week (from 4:55   am through 11:10   pm ET ), under the slogan , " Radio With An Attitude ") and WSYY 1240 offers CBS Sports Radio as " CBS Sports Radio for the Katahdin Area " from Dawn until Dusk ( ET ), broadcasting only on Weekends (but not between Monday-through-Friday). As an Adult Hits / Full-Service radio station, WSYY-FM airs a format consisting of a mix of oldies / classic hits , adult contemporary , rock music , and some country crossovers, airing

540-406: Is a naphtha-kerosene fuel that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, Jet B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle. For this reason, it is rarely used, except in very cold climates. A blend of approximately 30% kerosene and 70% gasoline, it is known as wide-cut fuel. It has a very low freezing point of −60 °C (−76 °F), and a low flash point as well. It

594-509: Is a town in Penobscot County, Maine , United States. The population was 4,114 at the 2020 census . Millinocket's economy has historically been centered on forest products and recreation, but the paper company closed in 2008. Millinocket was first settled in 1829 by Betsy and Thomas Fowler and their family, who cleared land for a farm near Shad Pond. Other families followed in 1837. In 1846, Henry David Thoreau hired members of

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648-476: Is considered one of the few customers of biofuels large enough to potentially bring biofuels up to the volume production needed to reduce costs. The U.S. Navy has also flown a Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet dubbed the "Green Hornet" at 1.7 times the speed of sound using a biofuel blend. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funded a $ 6.7 million project with Honeywell UOP to develop technologies to create jet fuels from biofeedstocks for use by

702-584: Is primarily used in northern Canada and Alaska , where the extreme cold makes its low freezing point necessary, and which helps mitigate the danger of its lower flash point. TS-1 is a jet fuel made to Russian standard GOST 10227 for enhanced cold-weather performance. It has somewhat higher volatility than Jet A-1 (flash point is 28 °C (82 °F) minimum). It has a very low freezing point, below −50 °C (−58 °F). The DEF STAN 91-091 (UK) and ASTM D1655 (international) specifications allow for certain additives to be added to jet fuel, including: As

756-428: Is provided by Bee Line Cable, which provides most of the network affiliates from Bangor. Jet fuel Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons . Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore,

810-399: Is the mandatory addition of an antistatic additive to Jet A-1 fuel. Jet A and Jet A-1 fuel trucks and storage tanks, as well as plumbing that carries them, are all marked "Jet A" or "Jet A-1" in white italicized text within a black rectangle background, adjacent to one or two diagonal black stripes. Jet A-1 fuel must meet: Jet A fuel must reach ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A). Jet B

864-499: Is very similar to diesel fuel , and in some cases, may be used in diesel engines . The possibility of environmental legislation banning the use of leaded avgas (fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engine, which usually contains tetraethyllead (TEL), a toxic substance added to prevent engine knocking ), and the lack of a replacement fuel with similar performance, has left aircraft designers and pilot's organizations searching for alternative engines for use in small aircraft. As

918-641: The Junkers Jumo 004 used on the Messerschmitt Me 262A fighter and the Arado Ar 234B jet recon-bomber, burned either a special synthetic "J2" fuel or diesel fuel. Gasoline was a third option but unattractive due to high fuel consumption. Other fuels used were kerosene or kerosene and gasoline mixtures. Most jet fuels in use since the end of World War II are kerosene-based. Both British and American standards for jet fuels were first established at

972-511: The Junkers Jumo 205 family had been used during the Second World War. Jet fuel is often used in diesel-powered ground-support vehicles at airports. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, which increases wear in fuel injection equipment. An additive may be required to restore its lubricity . Jet fuel is more expensive than diesel fuel but the logistical advantages of using one fuel can offset

1026-509: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Millinocket has a humid continental climate , abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,506 people, 2,167 households, and 1,305 families living in the town. The population density was 282.5 inhabitants per square mile (109.1/km ). There were 2,586 housing units at an average density of 162.1 per square mile (62.6/km ). The racial makeup of

1080-580: The United States Census Bureau , the town has an area of 18.22 square miles (47.19 km ), of which 15.95 square miles (41.31 km ) is land and 2.27 square miles (5.88 km ) is water. The town is crossed by State Route 11 and State Route 157 . The town of East Millinocket is 8 miles (13 km) to the east. Millinocket is the closest town to Mount Katahdin , in Baxter State Park , 20 miles (32 km) to

1134-760: The West Branch of the Penobscot River . Schools in Millinocket are under the jurisdiction of the Millinocket School Department . The town's primary school is the Granite Street School, the middle school is Millinocket Middle School, and the secondary school is Stearns High School . Millinocket has one traditional newspaper and one online newspaper which serve the area: The area is served by several radio stations, mainly Millinocket-licensed WSYY-FM The Mountain 94.9 (broadcasting for approximately 18¼ hours per day, 7 days

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1188-662: The B-1B, B-52H, C-17, Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules , McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom (as QF-4 target drones ), McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle , Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor , and Northrop T-38 Talon to use the synthetic fuel blend. The U.S. Air Force's C-17 Globemaster III, F-16 and F-15 are certified for use of hydrotreated renewable jet fuels. The USAF plans to certify over 40 models for fuels derived from waste oils and plants by 2013. The U.S. Army

1242-737: The Fowler family as guides on a trip to Mount Katahdin , which he wrote about in The Maine Woods . When the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad extended service to Houlton in 1894, the line ran through the area, opening it to development. Charles W. Mullen, an engineering graduate from the University of Maine , proposed a hydroelectric dam on the Penobscot River . He recognized the falls as an ideal water power source to operate

1296-532: The State Standard ( GOST ) number, or a Technical Condition number, with the principal grade available being TS-1. Jet A specification fuel has been used in the United States since the 1950s and is usually not available outside the United States and a few Canadian airports such as Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver , whereas Jet A-1 is the standard specification fuel used in most of the rest of

1350-692: The United States LSD is now only available to the off-road construction, locomotive and marine markets. As more EPA regulations are introduced, more refineries are hydrotreating their jet fuel production, thus limiting the lubricating abilities of jet fuel, as determined by ASTM Standard D445. JP-8 , which is similar to Jet A-1, is used in NATO diesel vehicles as part of the single-fuel policy. Fischer–Tropsch (FT) Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) synthetic fuels are certified for use in United States and international aviation fleets at up to 50% in

1404-820: The United States and NATO militaries. In April 2011, four USAF F-15E Strike Eagles flew over the Philadelphia Phillies opening ceremony using a blend of traditional jet fuel and synthetic biofuels. This flyover made history as it was the first flyover to use biofuels in the Department of Defense . The air transport industry is responsible for 2–3 percent of man-made carbon dioxide emitted. Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent. One possible solution which has received more media coverage than others would be blending synthetic fuel derived from algae with existing jet fuel: Solazyme produced

1458-484: The United States, ASTM International produces standards for civilian fuel types, and the U.S. Department of Defense produces standards for military use. The British Ministry of Defence establishes standards for both civil and military jet fuels. For reasons of inter-operational ability, British and United States military standards are harmonized to a degree. In Russia and the CIS members, grades of jet fuels are covered by

1512-405: The average family size was 2.69. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males. The median income for a household in the town

1566-420: The aviation industry's jet kerosene demands have increased to more than 5% of all refined products derived from crude, it has been necessary for the refiner to optimize the yield of jet kerosene, a high-value product, by varying process techniques. New processes have allowed flexibility in the choice of crudes, the use of coal tar sands as a source of molecules and the manufacture of synthetic blend stocks. Due to

1620-473: The detection of free water in jet fuel uses a water-sensitive filter pad that turns green if the fuel exceeds the specification limit of 30 ppm (parts per million) free water. A critical test to rate the ability of jet fuel to release emulsified water when passed through coalescing filters is ASTM standard D3948 Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer. Military organizations around

1674-589: The end of World War II. British standards derived from standards for kerosene use for lamps—known as paraffin in the UK—whereas American standards derived from aviation gasoline practices. Over the subsequent years, details of specifications were adjusted, such as minimum freezing point, to balance performance requirements and availability of fuels. Very low temperature freezing points reduce the availability of fuel. Higher flash point products required for use on aircraft carriers are more expensive to produce. In

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1728-473: The extra expense of its use in certain circumstances. Jet fuel contains more sulfur, up to 1,000 ppm, which therefore means it has better lubricity and does not currently require a lubricity additive as all pipeline diesel fuels require. The introduction of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel or ULSD brought with it the need for lubricity modifiers. Pipeline diesels before ULSD were able to contain up to 500 ppm of sulfur and were called Low Sulfur Diesel or LSD. In

1782-505: The first six months of 2008, largely due to fuel costs. In 2015 ASTM approved a modification to Specification D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels to permit up to 50 ppm (50 mg/kg) of FAME ( fatty acid methyl ester ) in jet fuel to allow higher cross-contamination from biofuel production. Worldwide demand of jet fuel has been steadily increasing since 1980. Consumption more than tripled in 30 years from 1,837,000 barrels/day in 1980, to 5,220,000 in 2010. Around 30% of

1836-515: The format for approximately 16 hours per day, from 6:00   am through 10:00   pm ET (reserving the first and, also, the final hour of their broadcast day to When Radio Was ). Stations from Bangor and the more powerful stations from Presque Isle are also heard. Millinocket was home to the Discovery Channel TV show American Loggers which showcased the logging efforts of Gerald Pelletier Incorporated. Cable television

1890-440: The low temperatures in the upper atmosphere . This causes precipitation of the dissolved water from the fuel. The separated water then drops to the bottom of the tank, because it is denser than the fuel. Since the water is no longer in solution, it can form droplets which can supercool to below 0 °C (32 °F). If these supercooled droplets collide with a surface they can freeze and may result in blocked fuel inlet pipes. This

1944-493: The mills in 2008, a Canadian corporation purchased the bankrupt paper mills in both Millinocket and East Millinocket. In addition to the traditional forest products industry, Millinocket has been growing a service economy , and has grown into a major four-season tourist attraction. The region is served by the Millinocket Municipal Airport , which sells both 100LL avgas and jet fuel . According to

1998-469: The new Great Northern Paper Company paper mill . As the location was not near existing towns, it became necessary to build one. Millinocket, meaning "the land of many islands" after all the islands in the Penobscot River, was incorporated on March 16, 1901. Schenck contracted bonded labor , especially stonemasons from Italy. The term "bonded" in this case referred to the fact that the Italians owed for

2052-659: The northwest. At an elevation of 5,270 feet (1,610 m), its summit is the highest point in Maine and the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail . Millinocket Stream flows through the town, from Millinocket Lake north of the town into the West Branch Penobscot River . This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to

2106-405: The number and severity of the processes used, it is often necessary and sometimes mandatory to use additives. These additives may, for example, prevent the formation of harmful chemical species or improve a property of a fuel to prevent further engine wear. It is very important that jet fuel be free from water contamination . During flight, the temperature of the fuel in the tanks decreases, due to

2160-454: The paper industry, but also to its proximity to Katahdin, Maine's tallest mountain, and Moosehead Lake , Maine's largest lake. In early 2003, Great Northern Paper announced it had filed for bankruptcy protection for its Millinocket and East Millinocket mills. Since then, the mill town has struggled to reshape its economy, while receiving significant help from the state government and local economic development efforts. Shortly after closing

2214-414: The passage to the U.S. and were in debt as soon as they set foot in this country. Italian masons were largely responsible for constructing the Millinocket mill. Immigrants from Poland, Finland, Lithuania, and Hungary, as well as French Canadians, also came to work on the mill. Throughout the 20th century, the community prospered. It developed a reputation as a small but successful rural town, mostly due to

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2268-409: The population. There were 2,295 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and

2322-682: The program to certify the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III and then the Rockwell B-1B Lancer to use the fuel. To test these two aircraft, the USAF has ordered 281,000 US gal (1,060,000 L) of FT fuel. The USAF intends to test and certify every airframe in its inventory to use the fuel by 2011. They will also supply over 9,000 US gal (34,000 L; 7,500 imp gal) to NASA for testing in various aircraft and engines. The USAF has certified

2376-470: The range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene -type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1, JP-5, and JP-8) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha -type jet fuel (including Jet B and JP-4), between about 5 and 15. Fuel for piston-engine powered aircraft (usually

2430-486: The six-hour flight from London to Doha came from Shell's GTL plant in Bintulu , Malaysia . The world's first passenger aircraft flight to use only synthetic jet fuel was from Lanseria International Airport to Cape Town International Airport on September 22, 2010. The fuel was developed by Sasol . Chemist Heather Willauer is leading a team of researchers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory who are developing

2484-578: The test program. This program is part of the Department of Defense Assured Fuel Initiative, an effort to develop secure domestic sources for the military energy needs. The Pentagon hopes to reduce its use of crude oil from foreign producers and obtain about half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016. With the B-52 now approved to use the FT blend, the USAF will use the test protocols developed during

2538-554: The town was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,203 people, 2,295 households, and 1,556 families living in the town. The population density was 327.5 inhabitants per square mile (126.4/km ). There were 2,679 housing units at an average density of 168.6/sq mi (65.1/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 98.52% White , 0.10% Black or African American , 0.54% Native American , 0.37% Asian , 0.02% from other races , and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of

2592-444: The town was 97.7% White , 0.2% African American , 0.7% Native American , 0.4% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.1% from other races , and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population. There were 2,167 households, of which 19.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had

2646-405: The world use a different classification system of JP (for "Jet Propellant") numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; Jet A-1 is similar to JP-8 , Jet B is similar to JP-4 . Other military fuels are highly specialized products and are developed for very specific applications. Jet fuel

2700-443: The world's first 100 percent algae-derived jet fuel, Solajet, for both commercial and military applications. Oil prices increased about fivefold from 2003 to 2008, raising fears that world petroleum production is becoming unable to keep up with demand . The fact that there are few alternatives to petroleum for aviation fuel adds urgency to the search for alternatives . Twenty-five airlines were bankrupted or stopped operations in

2754-456: The world's first scheduled passenger flight flew with some synthetic kerosene from a non-fossil fuel source. 500 liters of synthetic kerosene was mixed with regular jet fuel. Synthetic kerosene was produced by Shell and the flight was operated by KLM. On August 8, 2007, Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne certified the B-52H as fully approved to use the FT blend, marking the formal conclusion of

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2808-414: The world, the main exceptions being Russia and the CIS members, where TS-1 fuel type is the most common standard. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have a flash point higher than 38 °C (100 °F), with an autoignition temperature of 210 °C (410 °F). The differences between Jet A and Jet A-1 are twofold. The primary difference is the lower freezing point of Jet A-1 fuel: The other difference

2862-608: Was $ 29,318, and the median income for a family was $ 40,893. Males had a median income of $ 41,218 versus $ 23,289 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,130. About 11.8% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over. Sites of interest include the Antique Snowmobile Museum, the Millinocket Historical Society and Museum, and

2916-505: Was the cause of the British Airways Flight 38 accident. Removing all water from fuel is impractical; therefore, fuel heaters are usually used on commercial aircraft to prevent water in fuel from freezing. There are several methods for detecting water in jet fuel. A visual check may detect high concentrations of suspended water, as this will cause the fuel to become hazy in appearance. An industry standard chemical test for

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