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76-487: The Milwaukee Public Library can trace its lineage back to 1847 when the Young Men's Association started a subscription library that collected dues from its members. The group rented space for its library in a number of locations over the years and expanded into sponsoring a lecture series with such important speakers as Horace Mann , Horace Greeley and Ralph Waldo Emerson . In 1878, the city-sponsored library began when

152-638: A Christian education for 2,000,000 children in our country." She made her field of labor especially in the West and South, and sought the aid of educated women throughout the United States. In 1837, Beecher retired from administrative work. After returning East she started the Ladies' Society for Promoting Education in the West. In 1847 she co-founded the Board of National Popular Education with William Slade ,

228-761: A Milwaukee Landmark in 1969, the building remains one of Milwaukee's most monumental public structures. Today, the Central Library occupies almost the entire building with 3 exceptions: the headquarters for the Milwaukee County Federated Library System; the Wisconsin Talking Book and Braille Library; and Audio & Braille Literacy Enhancement. [REDACTED] Media related to Milwaukee Public Library at Wikimedia Commons Horace Mann Horace Mann (May 4, 1796 – August 2, 1859)

304-408: A certificate of completion. This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals. Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers, especially among fellow Whigs . Most states adopted one version or another of

380-505: A college textbook. She was constantly making experiments, and practicing them upon the girls, weighing all their food before they ate it, holding that Graham flour and the Graham diet were better for them than richer food. Ten of her pupils invited her to dine with them at a restaurant. She accepted the invitation, and the excellent dinner changed her views. Thereafter they were served with more palatable food. In 1829 and 1830, Beecher led

456-412: A common learning experience. This would also allow the less fortunate to advance in the social scale and education would "equalize the conditions of men." Moreover, it was viewed also as a road to social advancement by the early labor movement and as a goal of having common schools. Mann also suggested that having schools would help those students who did not have appropriate discipline in the home. Building

532-551: A foreign land, would be the seizure of the descendants of that race, and driving them from the new home they had acquired. So great a crime as this second expatriation would be, could hardly be conceived unless by a mind that had prepared itself for it by participating in the commission of the first." Mann considered there to be three legitimate methods by which the Africans in captivity in the US could emancipate themselves, including, as

608-470: A former Congressman and then governor of Vermont. In 1852 she founded the American Women's Educational Association. Their goal was to recruit and train teachers for frontier schools and send women into the West to civilize the young. Their efforts became a model for future schools developed in the West. Woman's great mission is to train immature, weak, and ignorant creatures to obey the laws of God;

684-483: A last resort, that "such as our revolutionary fathers adopted against Great Britain [...] not only with the justification but with the approval of the civilized world. For this there are two conditions: a sufficient degree of oppression to authorize an appeal to force, and a chance, on the part of the oppressed, of bettering their condition. The measure of the first condition is already full - heaped up - running over. The second condition will be fulfilled, either when

760-420: A model home from a woman's perspective. The kitchen was inspired by a cook's galley in a steamship. A movable partition on wheels provided flexibility and privacy in the small home, and also served as a wardrobe. Chapters of the book discussing ventilation and heating anticipated modern central heating. On May 12, 1878, Beecher died from apoplexy . In 1841 Beecher published A Treatise on Domestic Economy for

836-467: A mother, and used his position to push for a feminization of the profession. The practical result of Mann's work was a revolution in the approach used in the common school system of Massachusetts, which in turn influenced the direction of other states. In carrying out his work, Mann met with bitter opposition by some Boston schoolmasters who strongly disapproved of his innovative pedagogical ideas, and by various religious sectarians, who contended against

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912-769: A new building to the public on November 22, 2014; the Tippecanoe neighborhood branch, which was renovated in 2015; and the Mitchell Street branch, which opened on October 7, 2017, in the historic Hills Building on the city's near-south side. The Mitchell Street branch replaced the Forest Home branch, which closed permanently in September 2017. The Central Library is the headquarters for the Milwaukee Public Library System. Designated

988-551: A person's character was just as important as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Instilling values such as obedience to authority, promptness in attendance, and organizing the time according to bell ringing helped students prepare for future employment. Mann faced some resistance from parents who did not want to give up the moral education to teachers and bureaucrats. The normal schools trained mostly women, giving them new career opportunities as teachers. Mann believed that women were better suited for teaching, regardless of their status as

1064-467: A religiously passive stance. While Mann affirmed that "our Public Schools are not Theological Seminaries" and that they were "debarred by law from inculcating the peculiar and distinctive doctrines of any one religious denomination amongst us ... or all that is essential to religion or salvation," he assured those who objected to this secular nature that "our system earnestly inculcates all Christian morals; it founds its morals based on religion; it welcomes

1140-611: A women's movement to protest the Indian Removal Bill of President Andrew Jackson . The protest was the first national campaign on the part of women in the United States. In the bill, Jackson requested that Congress approve the use of federal money to resettle southeastern American Indians, including the Cherokee , to land west of the Mississippi River. In response, Beecher published a "Circular Addressed to

1216-464: Is common to all, and may, therefore, with propriety be inculcated in schools, and those which, being peculiar to individual sects, are therefore by law excluded; still it is believed that no practical difficulty occurs in the conduct of our schools in this regard." Rather than sanctioning a particular church as was often the norm in many states, the Legislature proscribed books "calculated to favor

1292-561: The Free Soil Party , and the same day was chosen president of the newly established Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio . Failing in the election for governor, he accepted the presidency of the college, which he continued until his death. There he taught economics, philosophy, and theology; he was popular with students and with lay audiences across the Midwest who attended his lectures promoting public schools. Mann also employed

1368-537: The Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut , where she taught until 1832. The private girls' school had many well-known alumnae. Comprehending the deficiencies of existing textbooks, she prepared, primarily for use in her own school, some elementary books in arithmetic, a work on theology, and one on mental and moral philosophy. The last was never published, although printed and used as

1444-597: The Whig Party , to legislate tax-supported elementary public education in their states and to feminize the teaching force. To justify the new taxes Mann assured businessmen that more education in the work force made for a richer and more profitable economy. Most northern states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for " normal schools " to train professional teachers. Mann traveled to every School in

1520-521: The Wilmot proviso for the territories that the south—a part of them—will rebel; but I would pass it, rebellion or not. I consider no evil so great as the extension of slavery." During the first session, he volunteered as counsel for Drayton and Sayres , who were indicted for stealing 76 slaves in the District of Columbia , and at the trial was engaged for 21 successive days in their defense. In 1850, he

1596-548: The "ill-informed, ineffective reading instruction" remains the norm in American colleges of education and, accordingly, in American elementary schools. Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Mann worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the Prussian model of "common schools." Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to

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1672-471: The "word method" as one of the features of the "Progressive" system of education . As Nancy Millichap notes, "Despite the enthusiasm of educators for their new methods of teaching, the illiteracy rate remained high. Among American soldiers enlisted in World War I, 24.9 percent proved unable to read or write, and during World War II approximately the same percentage of British servicemen [who were taught using

1748-637: The 1859 commencement and died that summer of typhoid fever . Antioch historian Robert Straker wrote that Mann had been "crucified by crusading sectarians." Ralph Waldo Emerson lamented "what seems the fatal waste of labor and life at Antioch." Mann's wife, who wrote in anguish that "the blood of martyrdom waters the spot," later disinterred his body from Yellow Springs. He is buried in the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island , next to his first wife. Historians treat Mann as one of

1824-494: The American West - in which men like Frederick Douglass , Henry Bibb and Henry Box Brown "instead of making speeches might be making laws. Instead of commanding the types of a newspaper press [...] might be commanding armies and navies" and could more effectively organize the liberation of their enslaved brethren in the U.S. from these strongholds. In September 1852, he was nominated for governor of Massachusetts by

1900-468: The Benevolent Ladies of the U. States", dated December 25, 1829, calling on women to send petitions to Congress protesting the removal. In the circular, she wrote, "It has become almost a certainty that these people are to have their lands torn from them, and to be driven into western wilds and to final annihilation, unless the feelings of a humane and Christian nation shall be aroused to prevent

1976-553: The Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School , a book that discussed the underestimated importance of women's roles in society. The book was edited and re-released the following year in its final form. Catharine Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education in women's schooling, and developed a program of calisthenics performed to music. In 1831, Catharine Beecher suggested that teachers read aloud to students from passages by writers with elegant styles, "to accustom

2052-476: The alphabet and the sounds of the letters", though he may have been confused between "the alphabet method of learning letters through words and a word method, now called the look-and-say method, or learning to read through saying the word as a whole". Mann's endorsement of "word method" for reading instruction made a lasting impression on other reformers of the period, and "by 1890 the alphabet method had virtually died out". Francis Parker and John Dewey used

2128-409: The assertion by some that Christianity was excluded from his schools, or that they were anti-Christian. A devotee of the pseudoscience of phrenology , Mann believed education could eliminate or reduce human failings and compensate for any biological flaws. Mann also once stated that "it may not be easy theoretically, to draw the line between those views of religious truth and of Christian faith which

2204-604: The auspices of the board, but at his own expense, he went to Europe in 1843 to visit schools, especially in Prussia , and his seventh annual report, published after his return, embodied the results of his tour. Many editions of this report were printed, not only in Massachusetts but in other states, in some cases by private individuals and in others by legislatures; several editions were issued in England. Mann hoped that by bringing all children of all classes together, they could have

2280-558: The couple accompanied Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe on a dual honeymoon to Europe. They subsequently purchased a home in West Newton, Massachusetts , at the corner of Chestnut and Highland Streets. Horace and Mary had three sons: Horace Mann Jr. , George Combe Mann, and Benjamin Pickman Mann . It was not until he was appointed Secretary in 1837 of the newly created Massachusetts Board of Education that he began

2356-441: The development of an extended plan for the physical, social, intellectual, and moral education of women, to be promoted through a national board. For nearly 40 years, she labored perseveringly in this work, organizing societies for training teachers, establishing plans for supplying the territories with good educators, writing, pleading, and traveling. Her object, as she described it, was "to unite American women in an effort to provide

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2432-587: The domestic duties of her household at the age of 16, following her mother's death. In 1821, Beecher founded a school for women in New Haven, Connecticut . Catharine was engaged to marry Alexander M. Fisher, head of the Mathematics Department at Yale College , but he died at sea before the wedding took place. She never married. To provide educational opportunities for others, in 1823 Beecher and her sister, Mary Foote Beecher Perkins, co-founded

2508-551: The ear to the measurement of the sentences and the peculiar turns of expression". She went on to have the students imitate the piece just read using similar words, style, and turns of phrase in order to develop "a ready command of the language and easy modes of expression". In 1846, Beecher pronounced that women, not men, should educate children, and established schools for training teachers in Western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from

2584-538: The establishment of women's colleges in Burlington, Iowa ; Quincy, Illinois ; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin . Beecher strongly supported allowing children to simply be children and not prematurely forcing adulthood onto them. She believed that children lacked the experience needed to make important life decisions and that in order for them to become healthy self-sufficient adults, they needed to be allowed to express themselves freely in an environment suited to children. It

2660-485: The exclusion of all sectarian instruction from the schools. As the Old Deluder Satan Act and other 17th-century Massachusetts School Laws attest, early education in Massachusetts had a clear religious intent. However, by the time of Mann's leadership in education, various developments (including a vibrant populist Protestant faith and increased religious diversity) fostered a secular school system with

2736-530: The first female faculty member to be paid on an equal basis with her male colleagues, Rebecca Pennell , his niece. His commencement message to the class of 1859 was to "Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity". Antioch College was founded by the Christian Connexion , which later withdrew its financial support causing the college to struggle for many years with meager financial resources due to sectarian infighting. Mann himself

2812-590: The gates to their campus in his dedication, a gift of the Class of 1910. Catharine Beecher Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. She published the advice manual The American Woman's Home with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1869. Some sources spell her first name as "Catherine". Beecher

2888-491: The groundwork for a lot of future Family and Consumer Science Education. Many of her books like the Domestic Receipt Book helped people to learn how to manage their household budgets with ease. Beecher recognized public schools' responsibility to influence the moral, physical, and intellectual development of children. She promoted the expansion and development of teacher training programs, holding that teaching

2964-472: The interests of education, public charities, and laws for the suppression of alcoholic drinks and lotteries. He established an asylum in Worcester , and in 1833 was chairman of its board of trustees. Mann continued to be returned to the legislature as a representative from Dedham until his removal to Boston in 1833. While in the legislature, he was a member and part of the time chairman of the committee for

3040-617: The larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education, which was her idea, trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society. Along with a Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, Beecher also published The Duty of American Women to Their Country in 1845 and The Domestic Receipt Book in 1846. Beecher's views on education and women's work were also somewhat contradictory. She believed in

3116-515: The lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. Previously, schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years. With the introduction of age grading, multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared. Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer. These were "graduated," and were awarded

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3192-438: The letters of the alphabet as "skeleton-shaped, bloodless, ghostly apparitions". To him, teaching the alphabet was entirely illogical: "When we wish to give a child the idea of a new animal, we do not present successively the different parts of it,—an eye, an ear, the nose, the mouth, the body, or a leg: but we present a whole animal, as one object". Mann believed that "children's earliest books should teach whole words, skipping

3268-674: The major advocates of the Common School Movement. Horace Mann was born in Franklin, Massachusetts . His father was a farmer without much money. Mann was the great-grandson of Samuel Man . From age ten to age twenty, he had no more than six weeks' schooling during any year, but he made use of the Franklin Public Library , the first public library in America. He enrolled at Brown University when he

3344-403: The majority leader, and aimed his focus at infrastructure, funding the construction of railroads and canals. In 1830, Mann married Charlotte Messer, the daughter of former Brown University president Asa Messer . She died two years later on August 1, 1832; he never fully recovered from the intense grief and shock that accompanied her death. In 1843, he married Mary Tyler Peabody . Afterward,

3420-573: The minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that its aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends. An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used

3496-604: The most important leaders of education reform in the antebellum period. Many places around the world are named after Mann. Among them are more than 50 public schools in the United States. Horace Mann's statue stands in front of the Massachusetts State House along with that of Daniel Webster . At Antioch College, a monument carries his quote, which has been recently adopted as the college motto: "Be Ashamed to Die Until You Have Won Some Victory for Humanity." The University of Northern Colorado named

3572-402: The physical, the intellectual, the social, and the moral. It was claimed that hundreds of the best teachers the West received were sent under the patronage of this system. To a certain extent the plans succeeded, and were found beneficial, but the careers of the teachers were mostly short, for they soon married. In The American Woman's Home , published in 1869, Beecher and her sister presented

3648-401: The preparedness of female teachers to aid in their teaching of children from unfortunate homes. At the same time, she worked to teach mothers how to care for their families. The education of females to be teachers of troubled children and also homemakers who care for and teach their families are at a counterbalance. Beecher did a lot of work as a writer to educate the general public. Beecher laid

3724-498: The religion of the Bible; and, in receiving the Bible, it allows it to do what it is allowed to do in no other system—to speak for itself. But here it stops, not because it claims to have compassed all truth; but because it disclaims to act as an umpire between hostile religious opinions." Mann stated that this position resulted in a near-universal use of the Bible in the schools of Massachusetts and that this served as an argument against

3800-556: The revision of the state statutes, and a large number of salutary provisions were incorporated into the code at his suggestion. After their enactment, he was appointed one of the editors of the work and prepared its marginal notes and its references to judicial decisions. He was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate from Boston in 1835 and was its president in 1836–1837. As a member of the Senate, he spent time as

3876-463: The same address he opposed plans to forcibly deport freedmen from the United States to other nations: "The idea of forcibly expelling the American born negro from the place of his birth and residence, and driving him out of the country against his will, is as abhorrent to my notions of justice and equality, as it can be to those of anyone. The next most cruel thing to kidnapping a race of men, forcing them from their home and dooming them to slavery in

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3952-489: The same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849, and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852. Mann's crusading style attracted wide middle-class support. Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts: No one did more than he to establish in

4028-542: The same method] were found to be similarly handicapped. In 1940, one-third of high school students were incapable of mastering reading and writing well enough to profit from textbook instruction, and one half of the adult population in the United States was functionally illiterate ". The backlash against " word method " culminated in a 1955 book Why Johnny Can't Read by Rudolf Flesch , in which he condemned this method for "treating children as if they were dogs" and recommended returning to teaching phonics . Nevertheless,

4104-498: The slaves believe they can obtain their freedom by force, or when they are so elevated and enlarged in their moral conceptions as to appreciate that glorious supplication of Patrick Henry , 'Give me liberty or give me death!'" Mann's preferred method for the self-emancipation of the slaves was that free blacks should voluntarily form all-black communities of their own - either in Jamaica or in another Caribbean nation - or perhaps in

4180-526: The space with the museum, the Library was home to a lion named Simba, who lived in the taxidermy department on the fourth floor. Simba "The Library Lion" was also known to play on the roof. In 1957, an addition to the Central Library building was opened on the Wells Street side. It included four fireproof levels of shelving below ground level. In the 1960s, the library system began a program to replace

4256-508: The state legislature authorized Milwaukee to establish a public library. At that time, it took over the association's rented quarters and the group's collection of 10,000 volumes, many in German. On October 3, 1898  ( 1898-10-03 ) , after several moves and several fires, the library moved into a new, block-long limestone building at what is now 814 W. Wisconsin Avenue. The building

4332-481: The state so he could physically examine each school ground. He planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts normal school system in Lexington (which shortly thereafter moved to Framingham), Barre (which shortly thereafter moved to Westfield) and Bridgewater , and began preparing a series of annual reports, which had a wide circulation and were considered as being "among the best expositions, if, indeed, they are not

4408-672: The storefront libraries and the outdated South Division branch and build new branch buildings throughout the city. Today, there are 12 neighborhood libraries, each of which serves a population of about 50,000. On July 29, 2020, the Good Hope Library opened; it is the most recently-built branch library. The Good Hope branch replaced the Mill Road branch, which closed permanently in March 2020. Other recent branch library renovations or replacements include East Library, which re-opened in

4484-537: The study of important authors helped students acquire writing skills. Beecher founded The American Woman's Educational Association in 1852, an organization focused on furthering educational opportunities for women. She also founded the Western Female Institute in Cincinnati (along with her father Lyman) and The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West . She was also instrumental in

4560-485: The system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school . In the spring of 1848 he was elected to the United States Congress as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Quincy Adams . His first speech in that role

4636-438: The tenets of any particular set of Christians." Like many nineteenth century reformers, Horace Mann believed that "children would find it far more interesting and pleasurable to memorize words and read short sentences and stories without having to bother to learn the names of the letters". According to Diane Ravitch , he condemned the alphabet method, claiming that it was "repulsive and soul-deadening to children". He described

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4712-513: The unhallowed sacrifice." Congress nevertheless passed the bill, and the Indian Removal Act became law on May 28, 1830. In 1832, Beecher moved with her father to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati , where he became head of the new Lane Seminary , to campaign for more schools and teachers in the frontier. There she opened a female seminary, which, on account of her failing health, was discontinued after two years. She then devoted herself to

4788-525: The very best ones, of the practical benefits of a common school education both to the individual and to the state". By his advocacy of the disuse of corporal punishment in school discipline, he was involved in a controversy with some of the Boston teachers that resulted in the adoption of his views. In 1838, he founded and edited The Common School Journal . In this journal, Mann targeted the public school and its problems. His six main principles were: Under

4864-436: The work which was to make him one of America's most influential educational reformers. Upon starting his duties, he withdrew from all other professional or business engagements as well as politics. As Secretary of Education, Mann held teachers' conventions, delivered numerous lectures and addresses, carried on an extensive correspondence, and introduced numerous reforms. Mann persuaded his fellow modernizers, especially those in

4940-454: Was admitted to the bar in Dedham, Massachusetts . Mann defended James Allen in a robbery trial by placing a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury by pointing out that the victim had previously identified someone else as the man who robbed him. The strategy worked, and there was a hung jury . Mann was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1827, and in that role was active in

5016-649: Was an American educational reformer, slavery abolitionist and Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education , he is thus also known as The Father of American Education . In 1848, after public service as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education , Mann was elected to the United States House of Representatives (1848–1853). From September 1852 to his death in 1859, he served as President of Antioch College . Arguing that universal public education

5092-653: Was born September 6, 1800, in East Hampton, New York , the daughter of minister and religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Among her siblings were writer and abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe , along with clergymen Henry Ward Beecher and Charles Beecher . Beecher was educated at home until she was ten years old, when she was sent to Litchfield Female Academy in Litchfield, Connecticut . She taught herself subjects not commonly offered to women, including math, Latin, and philosophy. She took over

5168-647: Was charged with nonadherence to sectarianism because, previously a Congregationalist by upbringing, he joined the Unitarian Church . Mann was also drawn to Antioch because it was a coeducational institution, among the first in the country to teach men and women in the same classes, Mann and his wife had conflicts with female students, however, who came to Yellow Springs in search of greater equality. The young women chafed at restrictions on their behavior, and wanted to meet with men in literary societies, which Mann and his wife opposed. He collapsed shortly after

5244-550: Was engaged in a controversy with Daniel Webster concerning the extension of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law , calling Webster's support for the Compromise of 1850 a "vile catastrophe", and comparing him to "Lucifer descending from Heaven". Mann was defeated by a single vote at the ensuing nominating convention by Webster's supporters; but, on appealing to the people as an independent anti-slavery candidate, he

5320-580: Was in advocacy of its right and duty to exclude slavery from the territories, and in a letter, in December of that year, he said: "I think the country is to experience serious times. Interference with slavery will excite civil commotion in the South. But it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel." Again he said: "I really think if we insist upon passing

5396-405: Was more important to society than lawyers or doctors. Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education, and developed a program of calisthenics that was performed to music. She also firmly believed in the benefits of reading aloud. Catherine Beecher believed that tight corsets and bad eating habits ruined the young women's health. She believed the primary purpose of education

5472-549: Was re-elected, serving from April 1848 until March 1853. Mann was a staunch opponent of slavery as a member of Congress; in a written address to an 1852 "Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio" he stated: [t]hat slavery is to continue always, it would be the grossest atheism to affirm. A belief in the existence of a just Governor of the Universe, includes a belief in the final and utter abolition of slavery." In

5548-558: Was shared with the Milwaukee Public Museum until the museum moved to its own building on West Wells Street in the mid-1960s. The library system expanded by establishing book depositories at locations around the city, first in grocery stores, then in rented store buildings. On June 16, 1910, the South Division branch opened in its own building at what is now 931 W. Madison Street. In 1929, when it still shared

5624-476: Was the best way to turn unruly American children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in the Whig Party , for building public schools. Most U.S. states adopted a version of the system Mann established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. Educational historians credit Horace Mann, along with Henry Barnard and Catharine Beecher , as one of

5700-641: Was to develop a young child's basis for their conscience and morals. Beecher believed that women have inherent qualities that make them the preferred gender as teachers. As men left teaching to pursue business and industry, she saw the untapped potential of educated women and encouraged education of women to fill the increasing need for teachers. She considered women natural teachers, with teaching as an extension of their domestic role. In 1862, John Brinsley recommended that students analyze and imitate classical Greek and Latin models, while Beecher recommended English writers. They both believed that frequent practice and

5776-586: Was twenty years old and graduated in three years as valedictorian (1819). The theme of his oration was "The Progressive Character of the Human Race." He learned Greek and Latin from Samuel Barrett , who later became a famous Unitarian minister. Mann studied law for a short time in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor of Latin and Greek (1820–1822) and a librarian (1821–1823) at Brown. During 1822, he also studied at Litchfield Law School and, in 1823,

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