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59-521: Miltiades was a well-born Athenian, and was accounted a member of the Aeacidae , as well as a member of the prominent Philaid clan. He came of age during the tyranny of the Peisistratids . His family was prominent, due in good part to their success with Olympic chariot-racing . Plutarch claimed that Cimon , Miltiades's father, was known as "Coalemos", meaning "simpleton", because he had

118-493: A commander at Gallipoli. The Ottoman Empire instituted the Gallipoli Star as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand (or ANZACs ) as independent dominions , setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities. The date of

177-605: A deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the labour battalions of the Ottoman army). The rest were "scattered… among the farms like ownerless cattle." The Metropolitan bishop of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical. He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all

236-532: A first-hand witness to Persian tactics, which was useful knowledge considering the Persians were bent on destroying the city. Thus, Miltiades escaped punishment and was allowed to rejoin his old countrymen. It was by Miltiades's advice that the Persian heralds who came to Athens to demand earth and water as tokens of submission were put to death. Miltiades is often credited with devising the tactics that defeated

295-647: A major Athenian figure of the 470s and 460s BC. His daughter Elpinice is remembered for her confrontations with Pericles , as recorded by Plutarch. Around 555 BC, Miltiades the Elder left Athens to establish a colony on the Thracian Chersonese (now the Gallipoli Peninsula ), setting himself up as a semi-autonomous tyrant under the protection of Athens. Meanwhile, despite alleged rumors that abounded that his father had been murdered by

354-667: A month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the Ottomans besieged and captured the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the Balkans . The Savoyard Crusade recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The Greeks living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In

413-536: A painting of The Sack of Troy and trial of Ajax the Lesser , by Polygnotus Aeacidae Aeacus ( / ˈ iː ə k ə s / ; also spelled Eacus ; Ancient Greek : Αἰακός) was a king of the island of Aegina in Greek mythology . He was a son of Zeus and the nymph Aegina , and the father of the heroes Peleus and Telamon . According to legend, he was famous for his justice, and after he died he became one of

472-458: A reputation for being rough around the edges, but whose three successive chariot-racing victories at the Olympics made him popular, so popular in fact that, Herodotus claims, the sons of Peisistratos murdered him out of jealousy. Miltiades was named after his father's maternal half-brother, Miltiades the Elder , who was also a victor at Olympic chariot-racing . Miltiades's son Cimon was

531-523: A retaliatory Persian invasion. Upon his return to Athens, Miltiades would have returned to a city much changed. Athens was no longer a Tyranny, as the Athenians had overthrown the Peisistratids 15 years previously, Since then Athens had established democracy as the new form of governance. Thus, Miltiades initially faced a hostile reception for his tyrannical rule in the Thracian Chersonese and

590-454: A son, Phocus , whom he preferred to the former two sons, both of whom conspired to kill Phocus during a contest, and then subsequently fled from their native island. After his death, Aeacus became one of the three judges in Hades (along with his Cretan half-brothers Rhadamanthus and Minos) and, according to Plato , was specifically concerned with the shades of Europeans upon their arrival to

649-716: A south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Dardanelles (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the Gulf of Saros (formerly the bay of Melas). In antiquity , it was protected by the Long Wall , a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of Agora . The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth or about 6.5 km (4.0 mi), but

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708-588: Is the lack of Persian cavalry. The theory is that the Persian cavalry left Marathon for an unspecified reason, and that the Greeks moved to take advantage of this by attacking. This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus's account of the battle, and an entry in the Suda dictionary. The entry χωρὶς ἱππεῖς ("without cavalry") is explained thus: The cavalry left. When Datis surrendered and

767-703: The Armistice of Mudanya of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel , a significant number of émigré soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula . From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia , where they found refuge. There are now many cemeteries and war memorials on

826-474: The Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name Καλλίπολις ( Kallípolis ), meaning 'beautiful city', the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu . In antiquity , the peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese ( Ancient Greek : Θρακικὴ Χερσόνησος , romanized :  Thrakiké Chersónesos ; Latin : Chersonesus Thracica ). The peninsula runs in

885-521: The Scythians , and was left with other Greek officers to guard a bridge across the Danube , which Darius had used to cross into Scythia . Miltiades later claimed that he had tried to convince the other officers to destroy the bridge and leave Darius and his forces to die, but the others were afraid, and Darius was able to recross, though some historians are skeptical of this claim. When the king heard of

944-645: The Trojan war warriors Achilles and Telemonian Ajax . In some accounts, Aeacus had a daughter called Alcimache who bore Medon to Oileus of Locris . Aeacus' sons Peleus and Telamon were jealous of Phocus and killed him. When Aeacus learned about the murder, he exiled Peleus and Telamon. Aeacus' descendants are collectively known as Aeacidae ( Αἰακίδαι ). Several times in the Iliad , Homer refers to Achilles as Αἰακίδης (Aiakides: II.860, 874; IX.184, 191, etc.). The kings of Epirus and Olympias , mother to Alexander

1003-685: The 19th century, Gallipoli ( Ottoman Turkish : گلیبولو , Gelibolu ) was a district ( kaymakamlik ) in the Vilayet of Adrianople , with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews. Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War , and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and Istanbul (formerly Constantinople ). In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an 11.5 km (7.1 mi) line of defence to protect

1062-526: The Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...". Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to Islam . In some cases, Muhacirs appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned

1121-681: The Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli. During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, Russia . The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along

1180-573: The Great , claimed to be members of this lineage. Thracian Chersonese The Gallipoli peninsula ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ p əl i , ɡ æ -/ ; Turkish : Gelibolu Yarımadası ; Greek : Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης , romanized :  Chersónisos tis Kallípolis ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace , the European part of Turkey , with the Aegean Sea to the west and

1239-687: The Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus. Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice , the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. Within

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1298-482: The Ottoman Empire deported Greek residents from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the sea of Marmara , to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks. The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government. The Turks then plundered the houses and properties. A testimony of

1357-483: The Persians at the Battle of Marathon . Miltiades was elected to serve as one of the ten generals ( strategoi ) for 490 BC. In addition to the ten generals, there was one 'war-ruler' ( polemarch ), Callimachus , who had to decide—with the ten generals evenly split, five to five—whether to attack the Persians who had landed at Marathon under the command of Datis , or wait to fight them closer to Athens. Miltiades, as

1416-467: The Persians, who then tried to sail around the Cape Sounion and attack Attica from the west. Miltiades got his men to quickly march to the western side of Attica overnight and block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, to prevent the Persians moving inland. Datis fled at the sight of the soldiers who had just defeated him the previous evening. One theory for the Greek success in the battle

1475-471: The Persians. The expedition was not a success. His true motivations were to attack Paros , feeling he had been slighted by them in the past. The fleet attacked the island, which had been conquered by the Persians, but failed to take it. Miltiades suffered a grievous leg wound during the campaign and became incapacitated. His failure prompted an outcry on his return to Athens , enabling his political rivals to exploit his fall from grace. Charged with treason , he

1534-529: The altar of this sacred enclosure . A legend preserved in Pindar relates that Apollo and Poseidon took Aeacus as their assistant in building the walls of Troy. When the work was completed, three dragons rushed against the wall, and though the two that attacked the sections of the wall built by the gods fell down dead, the third forced its way into the city through the portion of the wall built by Aeacus. Thereafter, Apollo prophesied that Troy would fall at

1593-486: The calamity would not cease unless Aeacus prayed to the gods to end it. Aeacus prayed, and as a result, the drought ceased. Aeacus then demonstrated his gratitude by erecting a temple to Zeus Panhellenius on Mount Panhellenion, and afterward, the Aeginetans built a sanctuary on their island called Aeaceum, which was a square temple enclosed by walls of white marble. Aeacus was believed in later times to be buried under

1652-574: The city leaders, Miltiades the Younger rose through the ranks of Athens to become eponymous archon under the rule of the Peisistratid tyrant Hippias in 524/23 BC. Miltiades the Elder was childless, so when he died around 520 BC, his nephew, Miltiades the Younger's brother, Stesagoras, inherited the tyranny of the Chersonese. Four years later (516 BC), Stesagoras met his death by an axe to

1711-495: The decisive Battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and Macedon , whose king Philip II sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. After the death of Philip's son Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became

1770-636: The extinction of the Attalid dynasty in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the Roman province of Asia . It was subsequently made a state-owned territory ( ager publicus ) and during the reign of the emperor Augustus it was imperial property. The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, Attila

1829-493: The general with the most experience in fighting the Persians to that point, was firm in insisting that the Persians be fought immediately, as a siege of Athens would lead to its destruction. He convinced Callimachus to use his decisive vote in favor of a swift attack. He is quoted as saying "I believe that, provided the Gods will give fair play and no favor, we are able to get the best of it in the engagement." Miltiades also convinced

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1888-624: The hands of Aeacus's descendants, the Aeacidae (i.e. his sons Telamon and Peleus joined Heracles when he sieged the city during Laomedon's rule. Later, his great-grandson Neoptolemus was present in the wooden horse). Aeacus was also believed by the Aeginetans to have surrounded their island with high cliffs in order to protect it against pirates . Several other incidents connected to the story of Aeacus are mentioned by Ovid . By Endeïs Aeacus had two sons, Telamon (father of Ajax and Teucer ) and Peleus (father of Achilles ), and by Psamathe

1947-403: The head, so the tyrant Hippias sent Miltiades the Younger to claim his brother's lands. Stesagoras's reign had been tumultuous, full of revolts often led by the native Dolonci, who after the death of Miltiades the Elder were no longer inclined to serve under Greek rule. Wishing to achieve stronger control over his lands than his brother had, Miltiades feigned mourning for his brother's death. When

2006-510: The hounds of Cocytus , the Echidna , the Tartesian eel, and Tithrasian Gorgons. Aeacus was the son of Zeus by Aegina , a daughter of the river-god Asopus , and thus, brother of Damocrateia . In some accounts, his mother was Europa and thus possible full-brother to Minos , Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon . He was the father of Peleus , Telamon and Phocus and was the grandfather of

2065-525: The houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave. Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 , considered part of the Turkish War of Independence . After the Armistice of Mudros of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as Kallipolis . However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after

2124-410: The island bearing the name of the latter by sending a plague or a fearful dragon into it, by which nearly all its inhabitants were carried off. Afterward, Zeus restored the population by changing the ants into men. These legends seem to be a mythical account of the colonization of Aegina, which seems to have been originally inhabited by Pelasgians , and afterwards received colonists from Phthiotis ,

2183-648: The landing, 25 April, is known as " ANZAC Day ". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and "returned soldiers" in Australia and New Zealand. On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty , Winston Churchill , whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair. Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,

2242-483: The last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916. The campaign, one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating Allied failure. Turks regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity, contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who first rose to prominence as

2301-485: The length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia or about 77.5 km (48.2 mi). In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese (from Greek χερσόνησος , 'peninsula' ) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia , Pactya , Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus ( Ἀλωπεκόννησος ), Sestos , Madytos , and Elaeus . The peninsula

2360-460: The men of rank from the Chersonese came to console him, he imprisoned them. He then ensured his power by employing 500 troops. He also made an alliance with King Olorus of Thrace by marrying his daughter, Hegesipyle. In around 513 BC, Darius I , the king of Persia, led a large army into the area, forcing the Thracian Chersonese into submission and making Miltiades a vassal of Persian rule. Miltiades joined Darius's northern expedition against

2419-671: The more famous Miltiades the Younger , about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC after the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–478 BC). The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of cleruchies on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. Sparta gained control after

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2478-609: The object of contention among Alexander's successors . Lysimachus established his capital Lysimachia here. In 278 BC, Celtic tribes from Galatia in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the Romans , who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC. At

2537-404: The other generals of the necessity of not using the customary tactics of using hoplites arrayed in an evenly distributed phalanx armed with shields and spears , tactics otherwise not deviated from for 100 years, until the time of Epaminondas . Miltiades feared the cavalry of the Persians attacking the flanks , and asked for more hoplites to be stationed there than in the centre. He ordered

2596-600: The peninsula and contained the invading forces. In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople ), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at ANZAC Cove early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting

2655-432: The peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from Ancient Greece , mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC. The Athenian statesman Miltiades the Elder founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew,

2714-752: The peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the Mediterranean Sea . During the First Balkan War , the 1913 Battle of Bulair and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli". The Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population. The Ottoman Government, under

2773-558: The planned sabotage, Miltiades's rule became a perilous affair and he had to flee around 511/510 BC. Miltiades joined the Ionian Revolt of 499 BC against Persian rule, returning to the Chersonese around 496 BC. He established friendly relations with Athens by capturing the islands of Lemnos and Imbros and ceding them to Athens, which had ancient claims to these lands. The Ionian Revolt collapsed in 494 BC, and in 493 BC Miltiades and his family fled to Athens in five ships to escape

2832-463: The pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to Gallipoli . Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as

2891-593: The seat of the Myrmidons, and from Phlius on the Asopus . While he reigned in Aegina, Aeacus was renowned in all Greece for his justice and piety, and was frequently called upon to settle disputes not only among men, but even among the gods themselves. He was such a favourite with the latter, that when Greece was visited by a drought as a consequence of a murder that had been committed, the oracle of Delphi declared that

2950-689: The three judges in Hades alongside Minos and Rhadamanthus . In another story, he assisted Poseidon and Apollo in building the walls of Troy. He had sanctuaries in Athens and Aegina, and the Aeginetan festival of the Aeacea (Αἰάκεια) was celebrated in his honour. Aeacus was born on the island of Oenone or Oenopia, where his mother Aegina had been carried by Zeus to secure her from the anger of her parents; afterward, this island became known as Aegina . He

3009-414: The time when Aeacus was born, Aegina was not yet inhabited, and that Zeus either changed the ants (μύρμηκες) of the island into the men ( Myrmidons ) over whom Aeacus ruled, or he made the men grow up out of the earth. Ovid , on the other hand, supposed that the island was not uninhabited at the time of the birth of Aeacus, instead stating that during the reign of Aeacus, Hera , jealous of Aegina, ravaged

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3068-538: The two tribes in the centre, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides , to be arrayed to a depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes, on their flanks, were arrayed in eight ranks. Miltiades also had his men march to the end of the Persian archer range, called the "beaten zone", then break out in a run straight at the Persian army. These tactics were successful in defeating

3127-596: The underworld. In works of art he was depicted bearing a sceptre and the keys of Hades. Aeacus had sanctuaries in both Athens and in Aegina , and the Aeginetans regarded him as the tutelary deity of their island and celebrated the Aeacea in his honor. In The Frogs (405 BC) by Aristophanes , Dionysus descends to Hades and proclaims himself to be Heracles. Aeacus, lamenting the fact that Heracles had stolen Cerberus , sentences Dionysus to Acheron to be tormented by

3186-416: Was put on trial. His trial was further complicated by the politics of his aristocratic rivals (he came from the Philaid clan, traditional rivals of the powerful Alcmaeonidae ) and the general Athenian mistrust of a man accustomed to unfettered authority. However, Miltiades successfully presented himself as a defender of Greek freedoms against Persian despotism . He also promoted the fact that he had been

3245-427: Was ready for retreat, the Ionians climbed the trees and gave the Athenians the signal that the cavalry had left. And when Miltiades realized that, he attacked and thus won. From there comes the above-mentioned quote, which is used when someone breaks ranks before battle. The following year (489 BC), Miltiades led an Athenian expedition of seventy ships against the Greek-inhabited islands that were deemed to have supported

3304-399: Was renowned for its wheat . It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia , as well as from its control of the shipping route from Crimea . The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the Hellespont . According to Herodotus , the Thracian tribe of Dolonci ( Δόλογκοι ) (or 'barbarians' according to Cornelius Nepos ) held possession of

3363-415: Was said to have been made from marble provided by Datis for a memorial to the Persians' expected victory. Aeschines writes that although Miltiades wanted his name to be written in the Stoa Poikile , the Athenians refused. Instead of writing his name they had him painted in the front rank, urging the soldiers. This Painting was then placed in the Stoa as one of four paintings depicting great battles, such

3422-428: Was sentenced to death, but the sentence was converted to a fine of fifty talents . He was sent to prison where he died, probably of gangrene from his wound. The debt was paid by his son Cimon . Pheidias later erected in Miltiades's honour, in the temple of the goddess at Rhamnus , a statue of Nemesis , the deity whose job it was to bring sudden ill fortune to those who had experienced an excess of good. The statue

3481-413: Was the father of Peleus , Telamon and Phocus and was the grandfather of the Trojan war warriors Achilles and Telemonian Ajax . In some accounts, Aeacus had a daughter called Alcimache who bore Medon to Oileus of Locris . Aeacus' sons Peleus and Telamon were jealous of Phocus and killed him. When Aeacus learned about the murder, he exiled Peleus and Telamon. Some traditions related that, at

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