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50-510: Pavel Jozef Šafárik derived their name from Lithuanian language milżinas (giant, behemoth, colossus). Mikołaj Rudnicki considered it derives from personal names Milobud and Miloslav. Stanisław Urbańczyk reconstruced the ethnonym as Mělъčane , meaning inhabitants of an assumed river called *Mělъcъ or *Mělъča , with similar argumentation by E. Eichler and H. Walther, possibly as an older name of upper Spree . However, that hypothesis ignores consonant "z" and suffix "-jane", which would reject

100-623: A Czech literary historian, politician and a tutor in Šafarík's family. Vojtech wrote an interesting biography of his father – Co vyprávěl P. J. Šafařík (What Šafárik said) – and the son of Božena and Jireček the study Šafařík mezi Jihoslovany (Šafárik among the Southern Slavs ). Pavel spent his childhood in the region of Kobeliarovo in northern Gemer (Gömör) characterized by attractive nature and rich Slovak culture. He gained his basic education from his father. As P. J. Šafárik's son Vojtech put it later in his book (see Family ): When, at

150-776: A Slavonic Lyre published in 1814 (see Works). The poems were written in the old-fashioned standard of the Moravian Protestant translation of the Bible that the Slovak Lutherans used in their publications with many elements from Slovak and some from Polish. In 1815 he began to study at the University of Jena , where he turned from a poet into a scientist. It was the wish of his father, who financed him, to study there. He attended lectures in history, philology , philosophy and natural sciences (lectures held by

200-588: A central authority of power, meanwhile, this is exactly lacking in the nearby area of the tribe of Lusici/Lusatians in Lower Lusatia, revealing no tribal seat and authority there. The network of castles in both Lusatia was probably built as defensive effort prior to the Henry's military campaign. One of such fortifications was Liubusua Castle mentioned regarding the 932 events by Thietmar of Merserburg, according to whom it needed 3,000 defenders, and north of it

250-558: A form of Milčane, and suggest derivation of Milzane/Milzeni < *Milъt-jane < *Milit-jane from Latin milites (possibly also the case with the Miloxi' s name mentioned by Bavarian Geographer ). Predrag Komatina derived from Slavic adjective "*milъ" (sweet). Some scholars considered common origin with early Slavic tribe of Milingoi/Melingoi in the Eastern Balkans. The exact borders of their settlement area are disputed. It

300-895: A good command of Latin, German, and Hungarian . Since the school in Rožňava specialized in Hungarian and the school in Dobšiná in German, and Šafárik was an excellent student and both schools had a good reputation, all prerequisites for a successful career were fulfilled as early as at the age of 15. In 1810–1814 he studied at the Evangelical lyceum of Kežmarok (Késmárk), where he got to know many Polish , Serbian and Ukrainian students and his most important friend Ján Blahoslav Benedikti, with whom they together read texts of Slovak and Czech national revivalists, especially those of Josef Jungmann . He

350-583: A letter written by his majesty himself and granted him a pension, which corresponded to Šafárik's previous full pay. Šafárik died in 1861 in Prague and was buried in the evangelical cemetery in Karlín Quarter. Meissen Meissen ( German : Meißen , [ˈmaɪsn̩] ), is a town of approximately 30,000 about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Dresden on both banks of the Elbe river in

400-698: A new Slovak standard language (1843) that replaced the previously used Lutheran standard which was closer to the Czech language (the Slovak Catholics used a different standard). Šafárik – as opposed to most of his Czech colleagues – always considered the Slovaks a separate nation from the Czechs (e.g. explicitly in his works Geschichte der slawischen Sprache... and in Slovanský národopis ) but he advocated

450-775: A new gymnasium in Novi Sad (Újvidék), in the south of the Kingdom of Hungary, where he befriended the teacher and writer Georgije Magarašević . From 1819 to 1833 he was headmaster and teacher at the Serbian Orthodox gymnasium at Novi Sad. All other teachers at the gymnasium were Serbs, including novelist Milovan Vidaković, who taught there at the same time as Šafárik. He himself taught mathematics, physics, logic, rhetoric , poetry, stylistics and classic literature in Latin, German, and when Magyarization (Hungarisation) by

500-537: A result of persecution anxieties, overwork, and ill health, he became physically and mentally ill and burned most of his correspondence with important personalities (e.g. with Ján Kollár). In May 1860, his depressions made him jump into the Vltava river, but he was saved. This event produced considerable sensation among the general public. In early October 1860 he asked for retirement from his post as University Library head. The Austrian emperor himself enabled him this in

550-532: A substantial source of income. He therefore tried to find a teaching position in his native country, but for various reasons he did not succeed. In Novi Sad he studied Serbian literature and antiquities, and he acquired many rare – especially Old Church Slavonic – books and manuscripts, which he used in Prague later. He also published a collection of Slovak folk songs and sayings in collaboration with Ján Kollár and others ( see Works ). In 1826 his Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur nach allen Mundarten

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600-559: Is generally accepted that their fielded land had fruitful loess soil and had dimensions of approximately 50 km from east to west and 20 km from north to south. The northern border was in swampy and partially infertile terrain, while the southern border formed part of the Lausitzer Bergland . The hills of Burkau near Kamenz formed a natural boundary for the Milceni in the west, while their territory bordered that of

650-547: Is one of the most famous burial places of the Wettin family. The hill on which the castle and the cathedral are built offers a view over the roofs of the old town. Meissen's historical district is located mostly around the market at the foot of the castle hill. It contains many buildings of Renaissance architecture . Also imposing is the view from the 57-metre-high tower of the Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady), situated in

700-663: The Výbor (selections from old Czech writers), which appeared under the auspices of the Prague literary society in 1845. To this he prefixed a grammar of Old Czech ( Počátkové staročeské mluvnice ). In the papers collection Hlasowé o potřebě jednoty spisowného jazyka pro Čechy, Morawany a Slowáky ("Voices on the necessity of a united standard language for the Bohemians, Moravians and Slovaks") published by Ján Kollár in 1846, Šafárik moderately criticized Ľudovít Štúr 's introduction of

750-755: The Battle of Meissen . During World War II , a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was located in Meissen. Meissen served as an important place of religious dialogue in 1988 when the agreement on mutual recognition between the German Evangelical Church (both East and West German) and the Church of England was signed in the town. Meissen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain , based on extensive local deposits of china clay ( kaolin ) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meissen porcelain

800-712: The Besunzane in the east. The boundaries of the tribe have also been given as the Pulsnitz River in the west and the Kwisa River in the east. They were first mentioned as Milzane in the middle of the 9th century AD by the Bavarian Geographer as having 30 civitates . In 992 the Dagome iudex records that " in terram Milze et a fine Milze intra Oddere " was bordering Civitas Schinesghe which

850-1158: The Free State of Saxony , in eastern Germany . Meissen is the home of Meissen porcelain , the Albrechtsburg castle, the Gothic Meissen Cathedral and the Meissen Frauenkirche. The Große Kreisstadt is the capital of the Meissen district . [REDACTED] Margraviate of Meissen 968–1002 [REDACTED] Duchy of Poland 1002 [REDACTED] Margraviate of Meissen 1002–1423 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Saxony 1423–1806 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   East Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990–present It grew out of

900-646: The Goldkuppe . This was also supported by toponomastic research, being located on the border between Milceni and Glomatians tribal area. There's lack of information about the princes of Milceni and Lusici, possibly of Milzeni being certain venerabilis senior Dobremirus married to Saxon count's daughter and father of Emnilda (wife of Bolesław I the Brave ), mentioned by Thietmar of Merserburg. Pavel Jozef %C5%A0af%C3%A1rik Pavel Jozef Šafárik ( Slovak : Pavol Jozef Šafárik ; 13 May 1795 – 26 June 1861)

950-552: The Holy Roman Empire . During the 10th–12th centuries, the region of Bautzen was known in written sources (e.g. Thietmar of Merseburg ) as Gau Milsca . Temporarily conquered by the Polish king Bolesław I the Brave , the Milceni lands returned under German rule by 1031. Enfeoffed to Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia in 1076, their estates later became known as Land Budissin and Upper Lusatia. In Polish, Upper Lusatia

1000-791: The Katholische Hofkirche in Dresden. In 965, the Margraviate of Meissen , a frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire , was founded, with Meissen as its capital. A market town by 1000, Meissen passed to the Duchy of Poland in 1002 under Boleslaw I the Brave , afterwards into hands of Henry II a few months later and to the House of Wettin in 1089. In 1015, Meissen was besieged by the Poles led by future King Mieszko II . In 1241,

1050-759: The pottery market or the Weinfest , which celebrates the wine harvest. Meissen wine is produced at the vineyards in the river valley ( Elbtal ) around the town, part of the Saxonian wine region , one of the northernmost in Europe. Meissen is the home of the Saxon public elite college Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen . Also the Saxon Civil Servants Academy and the Academy of

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1100-759: The Latin Society of Jena. 17 of Šafárik's poems written at this time (1815–16) appeared in the Prvotiny pěkných umění by Hromádka in Vienna and made Šafárik well known among the Slovaks and the Czech lands . In Jena, which Šafárik liked very much, he mainly learned to apply scientific methods and found a lot of new friends. One of them was the important Slovak writer Ján Chalupka , and another one, Samuel Ferjenčík, introduced him to Johann Wolfgang Goethe . Although he

1150-427: The age of 7, his father showed him only one alphabet, he by himself hands down learned to read, and from then on he was always sitting on the stove and was reading. By the age of eight, he had read the whole Bible twice and one of his favorite activities was preaching to his brothers and sister, and to local people. In 1805–08 Šafárik studied at a "lower gymnasium " (in some sources described as Protestant school which

1200-539: The authorities intensified, also in Hungarian. From 1821 onwards, he also worked as a tutor of the son of the nephew of Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirović . In 1824 he had to renounce the post of headmaster because the Austrian government prohibited the Serbian Orthodox Church from employing Protestants from the Kingdom of Hungary. This caused Šafárik, who had to finance his newly arisen family, to lose

1250-600: The early West Slavic settlement of Miśni inhabited by Glomatians and was founded as a German town by King Henry the Fowler in 929. In 968, the Diocese of Meissen was founded, and Meissen became the episcopal see of a bishop . The Catholic bishopric was suppressed in 1581 after the diocese accepted the Protestant Reformation (1559), but re-created in 1921 with its seat first at Bautzen and now at

1300-407: The family in the poor region of Kobeliarovo. P.J. Šafárik had two elder brothers and one elder sister. One brother, Pavol Jozef as well, died before Šafárik was born. In 1813, after Katarína's death, Šafárik's father married the widow Rozália Drábová, although Šafárik and his brothers and sister were against this marriage. The local teacher provided Šafárik with Czech books. On 17 June 1822, when he

1350-591: The first two daughters and the first son died shortly after their birth. Upon Šafárik's arrival in Prague, they had 6 more children, out of which one died shortly after its birth. His eldest son Vojtěch (1831–1902) became an important chemist, Jaroslav (1833–1862) became a military doctor and later the supreme assistant at the Joseph Academy in Vienna , Vladislav (born 1841) became a professional soldier, and Božena (born 1831) married Josef Jireček (1825–1888),

1400-483: The former residence of the House of Wettin , is regarded as being the first castle to be used as a royal residence in the German-speaking world. Built between 1472 and 1525, it is a fine example of late Gothic style. It was redecorated in the 19th century with a range of murals depicting Saxon history. Today the castle is a museum. Nearby is the 13th-century Gothic Meissen Cathedral ( Meißner Dom ), whose chapel

1450-536: The important Slovak writer and politician Ján Kollár . Before he left for the southern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Serbia), Šafárik spent some time in Kobeliarovo and with his grandfather in Hanková. This was the last time Šafárik saw his native country. In April 1819, his friend Ján Blahoslav Benedikti helped him to get a doctor's degree , which he needed in order to become headmaster of

1500-639: The old market-place. This church, not to be confused with the Dresden Frauenkirche , was first mentioned in a 1205 deed issued by Bishop Dietrich II and after a blaze about 1450 rebuilt in the Late Gothic style of a hall church . Its tower hosts the world's first porcelain carillon, manufactured in 1929 on the occasion of the town's 1000-years-jubilee. Another popular tourist sight is the world-famous Meissen porcelain factory. From spring to autumn, several festivals take place in Meissen, such as

1550-484: The porcelain factory can still be found today. Along with porcelain, other ceramics are also manufactured in the town. In the old town streets, there have been set up numerous porcelain stores, often selling antique Meissen porcelain and sometimes offering repair of broken porcelain. In Meissen and the surrounding area, several former painters from the manufacturer have set up porcelain painting workshops and galleries with their own pieces of porcelain art. The Albrechtsburg,

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1600-573: The professors Fries, Oken , Luden , and Eichenstädt ), studied books of Herder and Fichte , was observing current literature and studied classical literature. While there he translated into Czech the Clouds of Aristophanes (issued in the Časopis Českého musea [Journal of the Bohemian museum] in 1830) and the Maria Stuart of Schiller (issued in 1831). In 1816, he became a member of

1650-415: The remainder of his life. During his entire stay in Prague, especially in the 1840s, his very existence depended on the 380 florins he received annually from his Czech friends under the condition which explicitly expressed František Palacký: "From now on, anything you write, you will write it in Czech only." Šafárik was an editor of the journal Světozor (1834–1835). In 1837 poverty compelled him to accept

1700-613: The summer of 1817 and June 1819, he worked as a tutor in Pressburg (Bratislava) in the well-known family of Gašpar Kubínyi . He also became a good friend of the Czech František Palacký , with whom he had already exchanged letters before and who was also a tutor in Pressburg at that time. The town of Pressburg was a social and intellectual center of the Kingdom of Hungary at that time. In the spring of 1819, Šafárik befriended

1750-656: The town was attacked in the Mongol raid on Meissen . The small Mongol force under Orda Khan defeated Meissens's defenders and much of the town was destroyed. The Mongols withdrew from Germany after the death of Ögedei Khan , sparing the region from further destruction. The town was at the forefront of the Ostsiedlung , or intensive German settlement of the rural Slavic lands east of the Elbe, and its reception of town rights dates to 1332. The construction of Meissen Cathedral

1800-496: The uncongenial office of censor of Czech publications, which he abandoned in 1847. Between 1838 and 1842 he was first editor, later conductor, of the journal Časopis Českého musea , since 1841 he was a custodian of the Prague University Library. In Prague, he published most of his works, especially his greatest work Slovanské starožitnosti ("Slavonic Antiquities") in 1837. He also edited the first volume of

1850-635: The university library only. The reason for this resignation was that during the Revolution of 1848–49 he participated at the Slavic Congress in Prague in June 1848 and thus became suspicious for Austrian authorities. During the absolutistic period following the defeat of the revolution (so-called Bach's absolutism ), he lived a secluded life and studied especially older Czech literature and Old Church Slavonic texts and culture. In 1856/57, as

1900-605: The use of Slovacized Czech ("Slovak style of the Czech language") as the only standard language among the Slovak people. During the Revolution of 1848 he was mainly collecting material for books on the oldest Slavic history. In 1848 he was made head of the University Library of Prague and a masterful professor of Slavonic philology in the University of Prague , but resigned to the latter in 1849 and remained head of

1950-588: Was Polish realm of king Mieszko I . Henry the Fowler , King of the Germans, defeated the Slavic tribe in 932 and demanded conversion to Christianity , although this was only partially successful. Emperor Otto I defeated the Lusatians in 963 and placed them under the rule of Margrave Gero . The Milceni were finally subjugated by Margrave Ekkehard I of Meissen ca. 990 and had their territory incorporated into

2000-421: Was a largely German school, he was able to get a (partial) scholarship for a university in Germany . He worked as a private tutor in the family of Dávid Goldberger in Kežmarok between 1812 and 1814, which he also did one year after the end of his studies in Kežmarok. His mother died in late 1812 and his father remarried 6 months later. His first larger work was a volume of poems entitled The Muse of Tatras with

2050-720: Was also familiarized with classical literature and German esthetics (also thanks to the excellent library of the lyceum), and started to show interest in Serbian culture . He graduated from the following branches of study: philosophy (including logic , metaphysics , mathematics , physics , economia ruralis , Latin style, comparative philosophy and history of the Kingdom of Hungary), politics and law (including jus naturae , jus privatum civile et criminale , scienciae politicae ), and theology (including dogmatic and moral theology, hermeneutics , Greek , Hebrew , physics, medicine, natural law , state law and international law ). The studies at this school were very important; since this

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2100-451: Was an ethnic Slovak philologist , poet , literary historian , historian and ethnographer in the Kingdom of Hungary . He was one of the first scientific Slavists . His father Pavol Šafárik (1761–1831) was a Protestant clergyman in Kobeliarovo and before that a teacher in Štítnik , where he was also born. His mother, Katarína Káresová (1764–1812) was born in a poor lower gentry family in Hanková and had several jobs in order to help

2150-416: Was an even larger and older fortification in ruins which could hold 10,000 people. Until the 20th century they couldn't be located, some argued location in Lower Lusatia, but the historical description did not match that area. Recent discoveries identified the Liubusa location at Schlossberg near old village Löbsal 12 km north of Meissen , and north of Schlossberg/Löbsal is largest castle complex in Saxony,

2200-421: Was an excellent student, Šafárik had to leave the University of Jena in May 1817 for unknown reasons (probably lack of money). In 1817, on his way back home, he visited Leipzig and Prague . In Prague, where he was searching for a tutor job, he spent one month and joined the literary circle, whose members were Josef Dobrovský , Josef Jungmann and Václav Hanka , whom Šafárik thus got to know in person. Between

2250-412: Was begun in 1260 on the same hill as the Albrechtsburg castle. The resulting lack of space led to the cathedral being one of the smallest cathedrals in Europe . The church is also known as being one of the purest examples of Gothic architecture. In 1423, Meissen became capital of the Electorate of Saxony . In 1464, the capital was moved to Dresden . In 1759, the Austrians defeated the Prussians at

2300-439: Was in Novi Sad (see below), P. J. Šafárik married 19-year-old Júlia Ambrózy de Séden ( Slovak : Júlia Ambróziová ; 1803–1876), a highly intelligent member of Hungarian lower gentry born in 1803 in modern-day Serbia. She spoke Slovak , Czech, Serbian and Russian , and supported Šafárik in his scientific work. In Novi Sad, they also had three daughters (Ľudmila, Milena, Božena) and two sons (Mladen Svatopluk, Vojtěch), but

2350-454: Was just changed into a middle Latin school ) in Rožňava (Rozsnyó), where he learned Latin , German and Hungarian . Since he did not have enough money to finance his studies, he continued his studies in Dobšiná (Dobsina) for two years, because he could live there with his sister. At that time, it was absolutely necessary for anyone who wanted to become a successful scientist in the Kingdom of Hungary (which included today's Slovakia) to have

2400-449: Was known as Milsko until the 15th century. The Milceni were still mentioned in the 12th century, both as pago Milzana , and Song of Roland ("the second of big-headed men from Misnes– along the vertebrae all down their backs these men have tufted bristles, just like hogs"). Recent archaeological research shows that in the Milzeni's area exist fortifications and castles of large size, some with additional castles and so on, showing

2450-412: Was published. This book was the first attempt to give anything like a systematic account of the Slavonic languages as a whole. In 1832 he finally decided to leave Novi Sad and tried to find a teacher or librarian job in Russia , but again without success. In 1833, with the help of Ján Kollár and on invitation of influential friends in Prague who promised to finance him, he went to Prague, where he spent

2500-426: Was the first high-quality porcelain to be produced outside of the Orient . The first European porcelain was manufactured in Meissen in 1710, when by decree of King Augustus II the Strong the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Porcelain Factory ( Königlich-Polnische und Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Porzellan-Manufaktur ) was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch river valley of Meissen, where

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