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36-565: Minatare ( Hidatsa : mirita'ri ; "crosses the water") is a city in Scotts Bluff County , Nebraska , United States. It is part of the Scottsbluff, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 816 at the 2010 census . The community is named after a sub branch of Sioux Indians called "Minnataree" who lived in the area. The community was originally named "Tabor", and was established in 1887. The development of

72-643: A 5k run/walk, parade, games and a craft fair. The Lake Minatare State Recreation Area covers 2,970 acres and includes the Lake Minatare Lighthouse and a federal waterfowl refuge. The lake is the centerpiece of the North Platte National Wildlife Refuge . On August 21, 2017, a total solar eclipse passed over most of the Nebraska Panhandle , including the town of Minatare. Visitors flocked to

108-423: A mare," the designation for females of the lower animals, with or without the interposition of 'adu'. Hidatsa nouns do not change forms to mark the difference between singular and plural. Some nouns are known to be singular or plural from only the original meaning of the word or how they are used in a sentence. In other cases, numeral adjectives or adjectives such as ahu ('many'), etsa ('all') and kauṡta ('few') are

144-425: A pause, most frequently at the beginning of a word. In Hidatsa, the usage of different words creates a division between masculine and feminine. Words may stand alone or be added to common gender words. Nouns of the masculine gender: 'matsé' ('man'), ṡikàka ('young man'), 'itàka' ('old man'), the terms used for male relations ('itsùka', 'idìṡi', etc.) and their compounds (such as 'makadiṡta-maste' and 'itakaḣe') are

180-460: Is a compound of two common Hidatsa nouns , cagáàga [tsaɡáàɡa] 'bird' and míà [míà] 'woman'. The compound is written as Cagáàgawia 'Bird Woman' in modern Hidatsa orthography and pronounced [tsaɡáàɡawia] ( /m/ is pronounced [w] between vowels in Hidatsa). The double /aa/ in the name indicates a long vowel and the diacritics a falling pitch pattern. Hidatsa

216-546: Is a pitch-accent language that does not have stress so all syllables in [tsaɡáàɡawia] are pronounced with roughly the same relative emphasis. However, most English speakers perceive the accented syllable (the long áà/ ) as stressed. In faithful rendering of the name Cagáàgawia to other languages, it is advisable to emphasize the second, long syllable, not the /i/ vowel, as is common in English. Primary stress in Hidatsa

252-402: Is a way it differs from other Siouan languages. (Boyle 2007) The /a/ vowel has three sounds. The long ‘a:’ sounds like the ‘a’ in the English word, ‘father’; ‘ǎ’ has the sound of the ‘a’ in the English word ‘what’; and an obscure sound, ‘ạ’, which represents the short ‘u’ sound in English, like in the word ‘fun’. The /e/ vowel also has three sounds. Unmarked ‘e’ has the English sound ‘ai’, like

288-439: Is made by final ‘i’ or ‘e’ of the infinitive to ‘a’ or using an infinitive ending in a or u. The third is formed by dropping the final ‘i’ of verbs ending in ‘ki’ and sometimes of those ending in ‘ti’. The fourth form adds the auxiliary ‘da’ to the second form of the imperative, usually placed after the verb. The fifth form is made by adding ‘diha’ instead of ‘da’. The fourth and the fifth forms are used when immediate compliance with

324-418: Is predictable and occurs on the first quantity sensitive iamb of the word. Initial heavy syllables result in stress on the first syllable, while initial light syllables result in stress on the second syllable. The vowels of stressed syllables are significantly louder than those of surrounding syllables and of their unstressed counterparts. Hidatsa has five vowels and two diphthongs. It lacks nasal vowels, which

360-401: Is shown by compound possessive pronouns 'ita', 'dita', and 'mata'. They are all formed by adding '-ta' to the simple pronouns: 'midaki' ("a shield"), 'itamidaki', ("his shield"), 'ditamidaki', ("your shield"), 'matamidaki', ("my shield"). The position of a word in a sentence and the conjugation of the verb that follows usually show whether it is in the nominative or the objective case. Often, it

396-595: Is unmistakable in context. By the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, originally proposed by linguist Joshua Fishman in 1991, the status of the language is at level 7, or 'Shifting': "The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children." Research by linguist Victor Golla in 2007 found that out of an ethnic population of 600, only 200 people are able to speak Hidatsa. There are 6 monolingual speakers, and only 50 speak

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432-551: The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation . More recently, the language has been the subject of work in the generative grammar tradition. In 2019, it was estimated that there were less than 65 fluent speakers of the language. Linguists working on Hidatsa since the 1870s have considered the name of Sacagawea , a guide and interpreter on the Lewis and Clark Expedition , to be of Hidatsa origin. The name

468-428: The age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.3% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age in

504-509: The area to see the eclipse. Minatare is served by the Minatare Public Schools School District. The district has two schools, Minatare Elementary School and Minatare High School . Hidatsa language A description of Hidatsa-Mandan culture, including a grammar and vocabulary of the language, was published in 1877 by Washington Matthews , a government physician who lived among the Hidatsa at

540-511: The area was based on the agriculture industry. The town moved and was renamed when the railroad bypassed Tabor in 1900. "Minnataree" is an Indian word meaning "clear water." The community incorporated in 1900. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.38 square miles (0.98 km), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 816 people, 309 households, and 206 families residing in

576-519: The body, relationships, and anything else that cannot be relinquished; examples are the words 'idakoa' ("his friend or comrade") and 'iko'pa' ("her friend or comrade"). Initimate possession is shown by the simple possessive pronouns 'i', 'di', and 'ma' as well as the contractions 'm' and 'd': 'ạki' ("hand") can turn into 'iṡạki' ("his or her hand") 'diṡạki' ("your hand"), and 'maṡạki' ("my hand"). The other type, acquired possession, indicates transferable possession, anything that can be given to another. It

612-544: The case. Lake Minatare Lighthouse The Lake Minatare Lighthouse is a historic mock lighthouse located on Lake Minatare near the city of Scottsbluff in Nebraska . The 55-foot (17 m) tower was built by the Veterans Conservation Corps in 1939 and is currently located within the North Platte National Wildlife Refuge . Designed as a combination shelter house and observation tower, it

648-555: The city was 36 years. 28.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.9% male and 49.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 810 people, 326 households, and 237 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,127.6 inhabitants per square mile (821.5/km). There were 356 housing units at an average density of 935.1 per square mile (361.0/km). The racial makeup of

684-528: The city was 84.81% White , 0.25% African American , 1.23% Native American , 10.37% from other races , and 3.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.22% of the population. There were 326 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who

720-473: The city. The population density was 2,147.4 inhabitants per square mile (829.1/km). There were 355 housing units at an average density of 934.2 per square mile (360.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 78.6% White , 0.1% African American , 0.9% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 17.3% from other races , and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.8% of the population. There were 309 households, of which 35.0% had children under

756-408: The direction of the middle"). Words formed so are used in the same way as the English adverbs 'windward' and 'forward'. In Hidatsa, word order is subject-object-verb . Since there is no copula in Hidatsa, all adjectives, adverbs, and nouns that are used as predicates of nouns are regarded as intransitive verbs. They do not undergo a change of form to denote different modes and tenses. They may take

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792-432: The glottalized or the aspirated stops of Proto-Siouan . It has only one series of voiceless oral stop, /p,t,k/, which are voiced intervocalically as [b,d,g]. Hidatsa has one voiceless affricate, /t͡s/. The two fricatives, /ʃ/ and /x/, are voiceless when they are unaspirated. They are not voiced intervocalically. Hidatsa has three sonorants: two glides, /w/ and /r/, as well as /h/. The glides are realized as [m] and [ŋ] after

828-408: The incorporated pronouns 'mi' and 'di' for their nominatives, which are prefixed. Verbs beginning with consonants are usually prefixed in full: 'liié' ("old, to be old") and 'liie' ("he, she, or it is or was old" or "you are or were old"). Before verbs beginning with vowels, the pronouns are often contracted. Transitive verbs used in the third person or impersonally in a passive sense, with pronouns in

864-417: The initial syllable in the word ‘air’; ‘ě’ has the short English ‘e’ sound, such as in the word ‘den’; ‘e:’ has the sound of the English long ‘e’, like the sound of the ‘e’ in ‘they’. The /i/ vowel has only two sounds. The ‘ǐ’ in Hidatsa sounds like the short ‘i’ sound in English, like in the word ‘pin’; the long ‘i:’ sounds like the English ‘i’ in the word ‘marine’. The /o/ and /u/ vowels have one sound each,

900-401: The language semi-fluently; the most proficient speakers are ages 30 and older, and children are familiar with the language only in passing. Conversations in Hidatsa primarily take place between elders in the privacy of the home. Revitalization is still possible since a good number of speakers are of child-bearing age, but emphasis on Hidatsa-language education must be stressed while that is still

936-458: The masculine nouns for humans. The word 'kedapi' by itself means "bull" but designates the maleness of any of the lower animals in its suffix form, with or without the interposition of the adverb 'adu'. Nouns of the feminine gender: 'mia' ('woman'), kaduḣe ('old woman'), the terms used for female relations ('idu', 'itakiṡa', etc.) and their compounds (such as 'miakaza', meaning "a young woman") are feminine nouns for humans. The word 'mika', meaning"

972-490: The median income for a household in the city was $ 23,365, and the median income for a family was $ 30,156. Males had a median income of $ 21,823 versus $ 17,569 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 11,977. About 18.4% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.8% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over. Tabor Days is an annual event held in August and includes

1008-417: The nominatives of transitive verbs, but they may also be used as the nominative of certain intransitive verbs in an active sense, such as 'amaki' ("he sits") and 'adamaki' ("you sit"). They may also be prefixed, suffixed, or inserted into verbs, such as 'kikidi' ("he hunts"), 'dakikidi' ("you hunt"), and 'amakakạṡi' ("I write"). 'Ma' ("my") is used in the possessive case and is prefixed to the noun to indicate

1044-473: The objective case prefixed, also look like unconjugated intransitive verbs. Hidatsa nouns are not inflected to indicate case except (arguably) in the possessive. Possession is shown by the use of possessive pronouns, which are before the noun that is possessed. They are considered to be prefixed to it. Two kinds of possessions are indicated in Hidatsa: intimate (or non-transferable) possession, such as parts of

1080-399: The only indications at discerning number. There are five simple pronouns: 'ma' and 'mi', sometimes contracted to 'm', refer to the first person; 'da' and 'di', sometimes contracted to 'd', to the second person; and 'i' to the third person. They are normally incorporated into other words but can stand out for repetition or emphasis. Both 'ma' and 'da' are the proper nominative forms, used as

1116-424: The order is desired. In Hidatsa, there are two distinct conjugations of verbs related to time: one for the indefinite and one for future time. The indefinite tense is shown by the simple form of the verb, with or without the incorporated pronouns, and it is used for both past and present time. In the future tense, indicative mode, 'mi' and 'miha' are added to the indefinite for the first person, 'di' and 'diha' for

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1152-576: The possessed, in 'intimate or nontransferable' possession; examples include words such as 'maṡạki' ("my hand"), from the original word 'saki' ("hand"). There are three modes in Hidatsa: infinitive, indicative, and imperative. They are shown in the conjugations of verbs. The infinitive is the same as the third person indicative, which is the simple form of the verb. However, finite verbs are much more commonly used in speech. For example, "I try to cough" would be produced as 'mahua mamahets' ("I cough, I try") rather than as 'hua mamahets' ("to cough, I try)"). In

1188-399: The second person. In the third person, the form is the same as in the indefinite. Most adverbs of place are formed from nouns by adding the suffixes 'du', 'ha', 'ka', 'koa', and 'ta', these correspond to prepositions in English. Some examples include 'dumàta' ("the middle"), 'dumàtadu' ("through the middle"), 'dumàtaka' ("the middle"), 'dumàtakoa' ("at the middle"), and 'dumàtata' ("facing in

1224-404: The third person, no distinction is made between the infinitive and the indicative modes. The simple form of the verb is the third person indicative; it is modified by incorporated pronouns for the first and the second persons. The imperative mode has five forms. The first form uses the same form as the second person indicative, which uses verbs that have incorporated pronouns suffixed. The second

1260-510: The ‘o’ in the English word ‘bone’ and the ‘u’ in the English word ‘tune’, respectively. (Matthews 1877) The /e/ and /o/ vowels are rare and appear as long sounds. Length, as demonstrated in the table above, is phonemically distinct. There is evidence of this within some minimal and near-minimal pairs in the language: Hidatsa has ten consonant phonemes : Unlike the Mississippi Valley Siouan languages, Hidatsa does not have

1296-439: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. As of 2000

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