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43-552: The building replaced an earlier City Hall that existed from 1873 until 1912 near the old intersection between Hennepin Avenue and Nicollet Avenue . That structure eventually was razed to make way for Gateway Park, which continues to occupy part of the old City Hall site. The building also replaced an earlier courthouse and also the earlier Hennepin County Jail, which was located where U.S. Bank Stadium currently stands. Before

86-633: A day. Currently bus lanes in the corridor operate for two hours each weekday. Construction is expected to begin in 2024 and completed after 2 years. The E Line is expected to open in 2025. Patina Patina ( / p ə ˈ t iː n ə / pə- TEE -nə or / ˈ p æ t ɪ n ə / PAT -ih-nə ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper , brass , bronze , and similar metals and metal alloys ( tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of

129-557: A lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example Bristol Beacon in Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, London. Antique and well-used firearms will often develop a layer of rust on the action, barrel, or other steel parts after the original finish has worn. On this subject gunsmith Mark Novak says "... This is what everybody calls patina, I call it a nice thick coat of rust..." The removal of such rust

172-484: A moderate to high risk" to the Metro E Line , an analysis that was not presented to the city council committee in charge of approving the design. Bus lane advocates argued that the analysis was withheld from the city council and the chair of the city council committee in charge of approving the design said the omission "raises eyebrows". Ultimately, the city council approved a plan for bus lanes that are operational six hours

215-423: A one-way northbound with a bus-only lane southbound. "The Environmental Protection Agency was concerned with the air quality in downtown Minneapolis. Turning the streets into one-way lowered the near dangerous high levels of pollution". However, on October 10, 2009, it reverted to a two-way street, with its bike lanes being transferred one block west to First Avenue (which was also switched from one-way to two-way at

258-502: A surface through age and exposure. Additionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality leather . The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure. Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing. On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides , carbonates , sulfides , or sulfates formed on

301-408: A through lane and curb-side parking. Lanes would be dedicated to buses at all times rather than the just directional peak periods that they are today. The street would be slimmed from two through lanes in each direction with parking on either side, to one through lane in each direction, a center turn lane at select intersections, a bus lane in each direction, and an off-street bike path. To accommodate

344-442: A wok or other dishware could damage the patina and possibly allow rust. Knife collectors that own carbon steel blades sometimes force a patina onto the blade to help protect it and give it a more personalized look. This can be done using various chemicals and substances such as muriatic acid, apple cider vinegar, or mustard. It can also be done by sticking the blade into any acidic vegetable or fruit such as an orange or an apple. In

387-488: Is built of rose granite quarried in Ortonville , with many stones greater than 20 tonnes in weight. The granite was originally only going to be used for the foundation of the building, with brick used for the upper portion. However, the public appreciated the appearance of the foundation so much that they lobbied for the entire building to be made of granite. This may be a reason for the significant cost overruns — it

430-541: Is designated as Hennepin County Road 52 from Washington Avenue to the county line. For sections south of the Mississippi River , Hennepin Avenue follows stretches of an old Indian trail from Saint Anthony Falls to Bde Maka Ska . It was named after Father Louis Hennepin , a Roman Catholic priest who explored the interior of North America for France while it was under French control. Hennepin Avenue

473-454: Is formed by corrosion, what elements the air might hold, residue from the wear of the carbon brush, and moisture; thus, the patina needs special conditions to work as intended. Patinas can also be found in woks or other metal baking dishes. The process of applying patinas to cookware is known as seasoning . The patina on a wok is a dark coating of oils that have been polymerized onto it to prevent food from sticking. Scrubbing or using soap on

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516-410: Is often deliberately accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, and various blacks. Some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals. Sometimes the surface is enhanced by waxing, oiling, or other types of lacquers or clear-coats. More simply,

559-525: Is often necessary for a firearm conservation to prevent further decay of the firearm. Artists and metalworkers often deliberately add patinas as a part of the original design and decoration of art and furniture, or to simulate antiquity in newly made objects. The process is often called distressing . A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas. They are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with

602-715: Is one of the oldest streets in the city and was the first road to cross the Mississippi River, in 1855, when the first Hennepin Avenue suspension bridge was completed. In Downtown Minneapolis , Hennepin Avenue serves as a major entertainment thoroughfare, dubbed the Hennepin Theatre District. It also serves as the dividing line between "North" and "South" street addresses. Across the river, it divides "Northeast" and "Southeast" street addresses. The Theatre District contains four historic and architecturally significant theaters for live performances:

645-832: The Italian patina (shallow layer of deposit on a surface), derived from the Latin patĭna (pan, shallow dish). Figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening, or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both). The chemical process by which a patina forms or is deliberately induced is called patination , and a work of art coated by a patina is said to be patinated . The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris , usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides , sulfides , sulfates , and carbonates , depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain . In clean air rural environments,

688-1132: The State Theatre , the Orpheum Theatre , the Pantages Theatre and the Goodale Theater (formerly the Shubert Theatre on North 7th Street). Also, the Hennepin Center for the Arts and the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts are located on the artery. Many important institutions and structures have been built on Hennepin, including the Minneapolis Great Northern Depot , the Uptown Theater ,

731-683: The Uptown District of Southwest Minneapolis, through the Virginia Triangle , the former "Bottleneck" area west of Loring Park . It then goes through the North Loop in the city center, to Northeast Minneapolis and the city's eastern boundary, where it becomes Larpenteur Avenue as it enters Lauderdale in Ramsey County at Highway 280 . Hennepin Avenue is a Minneapolis city street south/west of Washington Avenue, and

774-1069: The Walker Art Center , the Basilica of St. Mary , St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral , Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church , Minneapolis Community and Technical College , Minneapolis Central Library , the Lumber Exchange Building , the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and the Suburban World Theater. One of the oldest gay bars in the city, The Saloon , is also located on Hennepin. The street has achieved iconic status in Minneapolis culture, memorialized in songs by Tom Waits , The Hold Steady and Lucinda Williams , among others. Its 600 block downtown

817-472: The French sculptor Auguste Rodin used to instruct assistants at his studio to urinate over bronzes stored in the outside yard. A patina can be produced on copper by the application of vinegar ( acetic acid ). This patina is water-soluble and will not last on the outside of a building like a "true" patina. It is usually used as pigment. Patina is also found on slip rings and commutators . This type of patina

860-485: The Mississippi River. The city of Minneapolis applied and was awarded $ 7 million in federal money for the reconstruction of the avenue in 2018. The project limits stretch from Lake Street in Uptown to just north of Franklin Avenue. This stretch of Hennepin Avenue was last reconstructed in 1957. Proposed designs for the project would add bus lanes, an off-street bike path, and wider sidewalks with space added by removing

903-836: The U.S. Courthouse under 4th Street. There are also restricted tunnels for use by the sheriff connecting under 4th Avenue to the Hennepin County Jail and to the Government Center. The METRO Blue and Green light rail lines have a stop on the south side of the building: the Government Plaza station . Inside, on the 4th Street side, there is a large five-story rotunda including a large sculpture, "Father of Waters," by American sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead who lived in Florence, Italy at

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946-420: The building were subdivided to make more office space. In the 1940s and 1950s, the city built a mezzanine floor over its side of the 3rd floor, and the county built an annex building on its side of the courtyard. In 1981, a committee plan recommended converting some of the spaces back to their original design and that other spaces be converted to a more open design with offices fronting onto the courtyard instead of

989-424: The case of antiques, a range of views are held on the value of patination and its replacement if damaged, known as repatination. Preserving a piece's look and character is important and removal or reduction may dramatically reduce its value. If patination has flaked off, repatination may be recommended. Appraiser Reyne Haines notes that a repatinated metal piece will be worth more than one with major imperfections in

1032-560: The city (3rd Ave.) side was not occupied until December 1902. Cost was about $ 3,554,000, which works out to 28¢ per cubic foot ($ 10/m). When constructed, the building claimed to have the world's largest four-faced chiming clock . At 24 feet, 6 inches (just under 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 meters), the faces are 18 inches (45.7 cm) wider than those of the Great Clock in London (which houses the famous hour bell Big Ben ). The tower housing

1075-554: The city's Public Works Director reversed the city's earlier proposal of 24/7 bus lanes in favor of dynamic bus lanes that would only be reserved for transit in certain hours and used as parking during other times. A campaign to keep 24/7 bus lanes led to 20,000 emails sent to city officials and support from the Sierra Club and advocacy organizations Move Minnesota, Our Streets Minneapolis, and Hennepin For People. Objections to

1118-472: The city's Transportation Action Plan. Every state representative and state senator from Minneapolis signed a letter of support for all day bus lanes and emphasized the need for all-day bus lanes for the success of the E Line. The $ 32 million reconstruction would not start until 2024. The city council's Public Works and Infrastructure committee approved the proposed layout in May 2022. Margaret Anderson Kelliher ,

1161-527: The clock reaches 345 feet (105 m) in height, and was the tallest structure in the city until the 1920s when the Foshay Tower was built. A 15- bell chime in the tower is played regularly, with noontime concerts provided to the public on holidays and on Fridays and certain Sundays during the warm months. The chime was originally 10 bells, and it was first played on March 10, 1896. The building

1204-553: The construction of the original City Hall in 1873, city government officials worked out of rented space in the Pence Opera House building, located at Hennepin Avenue and 2nd Street. The building, located at 350 South Fifth Street, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. The design is based upon Henry Hobson Richardson 's Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Washington School,

1247-661: The current corridors. The plan also called for the annex building in the courtyard to be demolished, the courtyard domed, and the Father of Waters sculpture moved in there. Many of these aspects of the plan were rejected, although restoration of certain historic spaces has been completed. Hennepin Avenue Hennepin Avenue is a major street in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . It runs from Lakewood Cemetery (at West 36th Street), north through

1290-475: The first schoolhouse in Minneapolis west of the Mississippi River, was demolished to make way for the new building. Groundbreaking took place in 1889, and the cornerstone was laid (a story off the ground) in 1891. Construction did not officially end until 1906, although the structural exterior was essentially complete by the end of 1895. The county began moving in to its side (4th Ave.) in November 1895, while

1333-661: The morning peak and southbound out of downtown in the afternoon peak. Operation on the lane was challenging with only 10-foot wide lanes. Still, during the pilot travel times were reduced by 20% when the bus lanes were in use. The lanes were made permanent with red paint in September 2019. The bus lanes on Hennepin Avenue have reduced delays by up to 36% during typical traffic days and up to 81% on days with heavy congestion or weather events. The future Metro E Line will travel on Hennepin Avenue through south Minneapolis and downtown before branching off into Marcy Holmes after crossing

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1376-686: The patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate . In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous acid rain from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, the final patina is primarily composed of sulphide or sulphate compounds. A patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal or marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas. Façade cladding ( copper cladding ; copper wall cladding ) with alloys of copper, like brass or bronze, will weather differently from "pure" copper cladding. Even

1419-439: The reacted elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, while sulfur compounds (such as " liver of sulfur ") tend to brown. The basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide (blue-black), liver of sulfur (brown-black), cupric nitrate (blue-green), and ferric nitrate (yellow-brown). For artworks, patination

1462-446: The redesign, 90% of street parking on the corridor would be removed. Some business owners opposed the proposed changes and potential loss of street parking. With 3,600 parking spaces within one block of Hennepin Avenue on side streets or within parking lots, less than 10% of the area's parking is street parking directly on Hennepin Avenue. The proposed design is in line with Minneapolis city policy on Vision Zero , Complete Streets and

1505-432: The removal of 24/7 bus lanes by some city council members moved the bus lane decision to the full city council where it was approved by an 8-5 vote. Mayor Jacob Frey vetoed the decision for 24/7 bus lanes and an attempt by the city council to override the veto failed by 1 vote. A public information request for data surrounding the bus lane decision revealed that public works staff considered dynamic parking lanes to "pose

1548-457: The same time). This change was hoped by the city to create urban vibrancy, quicker travel times, and to avoid confusing one-ways. Hennepin Avenue has been under construction between Washington Avenue and 12th Street since 2019 to improve the pedestrian experience, add bikeways, and enhance transit stops. Construction will continue through 2022. Hennepin Avenue south of downtown is a major transit thoroughfare with 400 bus trips and 3,300 rides on

1591-474: The street each weekday. Travel speeds in the corridor for transit were among the slowest in the Twin Cities. In the morning peak, buses accounted for 3% of vehicles in the corridor but moved 49% of people. A three day trial of bus only lanes was instituted in May 2018. Curb-side parking space was converted to bus-only lanes on portions of the route during rush hour with a northbound lane into downtown during

1634-419: The surface during exposure to atmospheric elements ( oxygen , rain , acid rain , carbon dioxide , sulfur -bearing compounds). In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly referred to as patina. Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and color that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. Archaeologists also use

1677-411: The surface of a rock or other material by either the development of a weathering rind within the surface of a rock, the formation of desert varnish on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called cortex by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or chert nodule . The word patina comes from

1720-457: The term patina to refer to a corticated layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools and ancient stone monuments. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a better term to describe the process than patination . In geology and geomorphology , the term patina is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within

1763-408: The time. According to legend, rubbing his big toe brings good luck. It was placed inside the building in 1906. Originally, the building had a red terracotta roof, but it began leaking so a copper roof was installed. At 180,000 pounds (81.6 t), it was said to be the largest in the country. The copper has since acquired its characteristic green patina . Over the years, some of the larger spaces in

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1806-520: Was once home to Block E, a sometimes-rowdy collection of bars and independent businesses ultimately acquired by the city and demolished in 1988. It is also a popular parade route, used by the annual Aquatennial celebration held in July, and since the 1990s has been the traditional route of the city's LGBTQ Pride parade. Once a two-way avenue, the Theatre District portion was changed in 1980 to

1849-589: Was originally expected to cost only $ 1.15 million. Unlike most buildings in downtown Minneapolis, there are no "skyways" connecting the city hall to the rest of the city. Since exterior alterations are not allowed for buildings on the National Register of Historic Places , tunnels were constructed instead. Public pedestrian tunnels connect the building to the Hennepin County Government Center under 5th Street, and to

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