Miracast is a wireless communications standard created by the Wi-Fi Alliance which is designed to transmit video and sound from devices (such as laptops or smartphones) to display receivers (such as TVs, monitors, or projectors). It uses Wi-Fi Direct to create an ad hoc encrypted wireless connection and can roughly be described as " HDMI over Wi-Fi ", replacing cables in favor of wireless. Miracast is utilised in many devices and is used or branded under various names by different manufacturers, including Smart View (by Samsung), SmartShare (by LG), screen mirroring (by Sony), Cast (in Windows 11) and Connect (in Windows 10), wireless display and screen casting .
41-705: A related enterprise protocol named Miracast over Infrastructure (MS-MICE) functions using a central local area network instead, and is supported in Microsoft Windows . The Wi-Fi Alliance launched the Miracast certification program at the end of 2012. Devices that are Miracast-certified can communicate with each other, regardless of manufacturer. Nvidia announced support in 2012 for their Tegra 3 platform, and Freescale Semiconductor , Texas Instruments , Qualcomm , Marvell Technology Group and other chip vendors have also announced their plans to support
82-445: A hotspot service. Network topology describes the layout of interconnections between devices and network segments. At the data link layer and physical layer , a wide variety of LAN topologies have been used, including ring , bus , mesh and star . Simple LANs generally consist of cabling and one or more switches . A switch can be connected to a router , cable modem , or ADSL modem for Internet access. A LAN can include
123-518: A wide area network (WAN). Network Driver Interface Specification The Network Driver Interface Specification ( NDIS ) is an application programming interface (API) for network interface controllers (NICs). It was jointly developed by Microsoft and 3Com Corporation and is mostly used in Microsoft Windows . However, the open-source NDISwrapper and Project Evil driver wrapper projects allow many NDIS-compliant NICs to be used with Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD . magnussoft ZETA ,
164-560: A " wrapper " that hides the underlying complexity of the NIC hardware and serves as a standard interface for level 3 network protocol drivers and hardware level MAC drivers. The NDIS versions supported by various Windows versions are as follows: The traffic accepted by the NIC is controlled by an NDIS Miniport Driver while various protocols, such as TCP/IP , are implemented by NDIS Protocol Drivers. A single miniport may be associated with one or more protocols. This means that traffic coming into
205-561: A Defense Department teleconferencing application. This demonstrated the feasibility of employing TCP/IP LANs to interconnect Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) computers at command centers throughout the United States. However, WWMCCS was superseded by the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) before that could happen. During the same period, Unix workstations were using TCP/IP networking. Although
246-446: A TV or tablet. Both devices (the sender and the receiver) need to be Miracast certified for the technology to work. However, to stream music and movies to a non-certified device, Miracast adapters are available that plug into HDMI or USB ports. Certification does not mandate a maximum latency (i.e. the time between the display of pictures on the source and display of the mirrored image on the sync display). Even with certification, it
287-526: A derivative of BeOS , supports a number of NDIS drivers. The NDIS forms the logical link control (LLC) sublayer, which is the upper sublayer of the OSI data link layer (layer 2). Therefore, the NDIS acts as the interface between the media access control (MAC) sublayer, which is the lower sublayer of the data link layer, and the network layer (layer 3). The NDIS is a library of functions often referred to as
328-415: A different VLAN . Because implementations cannot assume that other drivers received the same buffers, one must treat the incoming buffers as read-only and a driver that changes the packet content must allocate its own buffers. NDIS Miniport drivers can also use Windows Driver Model interfaces to control network hardware. Another driver type is NDIS Intermediate Driver. Intermediate drivers sit in-between
369-493: A polling/selecting central unit with a multidrop bus with Master/slave (technology) arbitration. The development and proliferation of personal computers using the CP/M operating system in the late 1970s, and later DOS -based systems starting in 1981, meant that many sites grew to dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial driving force for networking was to share storage and printers , both of which were expensive at
410-481: A residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. By contrast, a wide area network (WAN) not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits . Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies in use for local area networks. Historical network technologies include ARCNET , Token Ring and AppleTalk . The increasing demand and usage of computers in universities and research labs in
451-519: A simple network operating system LAN Manager and its cousin, IBM's LAN Server . None of these enjoyed any lasting success; Netware dominated the personal computer LAN business from early after its introduction in 1983 until the mid-1990s when Microsoft introduced Windows NT . In 1983, TCP/IP was first shown capable of supporting actual defense department applications on a Defense Communication Agency LAN testbed located at Reston, Virginia. The TCP/IP-based LAN successfully supported Telnet , FTP , and
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#1732782408762492-495: A wide variety of other network devices such as firewalls , load balancers , and network intrusion detection . Advanced LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches using the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and their ability to segregate traffic with VLANs . At the higher network layers, protocols such as NetBIOS , IPX/SPX , AppleTalk and others were once common, but
533-563: Is created via WPS and therefore is secured with WPA2 . IPv4 is used on the Internet layer . On the transport layer, TCP or UDP are used. On the application layer , the stream is initiated and controlled via RTSP , RTP for the data transfer. Miracast as a use for Wi-Fi Direct . Miracast hardware now supports HD, FHD and 4K screen streaming. The technology was promoted to work across devices, regardless of brand. Miracast devices negotiate settings for each connection, which simplifies
574-613: Is named screen mirroring . Newer models with Android TV instead make use of the Google Cast protocol. On 23 September 2014, Microsoft announced the Microsoft Wireless Display Adaptor, a USB-powered HDMI dongle for high definition televisions. Simple dongles such as these can be used to provide Miracast to a television (or other display) that lacks the feature built-in. Miracast over Infrastructure Connection Establishment Protocol (MS-MICE) allows
615-1277: Is possible an underpowered device will be constrained in performance or bandwidth. Miracast can stream videos that are in 1080p , media with DRM such as DVDs , as well as protected premium content streaming, enabling devices to stream feature films and other copy-protected materials. This is accomplished by using a Wi-Fi version of the same trusted content mechanisms used on cable-based HDMI and DisplayPort connections. Mandatory: ITU-T H.264 ( Advanced Video Coding [AVC]) for HD and Ultra HD video; supports several profiles in transcoding and non-transcoding modes, including Constrained Baseline Profile (CBP), at levels ranging from 3.1 to 5.2 Optional: ITU-T H.265 ( High Efficiency Video Coding [HEVC]) for HD and Ultra HD video; supports several profiles in transcoding and non-transcoding modes, including Main Profile, Main 444, SCC-8 bit 444, Main 444 10, at levels ranging from 3.1 to 5.1 Mandated audio codec: Linear Pulse-Code Modulation (LPCM) 16 bits, 48 kHz sampling, 2 channels Optional audio codecs, including: A device's wireless network adapter must support Wi-Fi Direct and Virtual Wi-Fi for it to work with Miracast; generally most adapters built since 2013 should meet
656-566: Is present to stock Android as well, with Google describing it as based on the "Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi Display Specification", but it tends to be useless as Miracast code was removed. Samsung televisions support Miracast where it is named Smart View (including all models made since 2016). Miracast is also supported on LG smart TV models, some Toshiba TVs, Sharp , Philips ( Wireless Screencasting ), and Panasonic televisions and Blu-ray players. Sony Bravia models of televisions released between 2013 and 2020 normally have Miracast. The feature
697-540: Is still the basis of most commercial LANs today. While optical fiber cable is common for links between network switches , use of fiber to the desktop is rare. In a wireless LAN , users have unrestricted movement within the coverage area. Wireless networks have become popular in residences and small businesses, because of their ease of installation. Most wireless LANs use Wi-Fi as wireless adapters are typically integrated into smartphones , tablet computers and laptops . Guests are often offered Internet access via
738-463: The Acorn Atom and Acorn System 2 / 3 / 4 computers in 1981. In the 1980s, several token ring network implementations for LANs were developed. IBM released their own implementation of token ring in 1985, It ran at 4 Mbit/s . IBM claimed that their token ring systems were superior to Ethernet, especially under load, but these claims were debated. IBM's implementation of token ring
779-404: The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) has prevailed as the standard of choice. LANs can maintain connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or across the Internet using virtual private network technologies. Depending on how the connections are established and secured, and the distance involved, such linked LANs may also be classified as a metropolitan area network (MAN) or
820-529: The GNOME Settings was announced, which would mean functionality would be had out of the box with that desktop environment. Windows 11 and Windows 10 (since Windows 10 version 2004 ) also have the ability to use Miracast to make a monitor display (of a computer running Windows) act as a secondary screen of another device. This feature can be set up in the Projecting to this PC setting. It requires
861-517: The MAC and IP layers and can control all traffic being accepted by the NIC. In practice, intermediate drivers implement both miniport and protocol interfaces. The miniport driver and protocol driver actually communicate with the corresponding miniport and protocol interfaces that reside in the intermediate driver. This design enables adding several chained intermediate drivers between the miniport and protocol drivers. Therefore, driver vendors cannot assume that
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#1732782408762902-451: The Miracast standard. The Wi-Fi Alliance maintains a list of certified device models, which numbered over 13,200 as of 31 October 2024. Miracast is based on the peer-to-peer Wi-Fi Direct standard. It allows sending up to 1080p HD video ( H.264 codec) and 5.1 surround sound ( AAC and AC3 are optional codecs, mandated codec is linear pulse-code modulation – 16 bits 48 kHz 2 channels). The connection
943-460: The advent of Novell NetWare which provided even-handed support for dozens of competing card and cable types, and a much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors. Of the competitors to NetWare, only Banyan Vines had comparable technical strengths, but Banyan never gained a secure base. 3Com produced 3+Share and Microsoft produced MS-Net . These then formed the basis for collaboration between Microsoft and 3Com to create
984-672: The benches of the European Parliament Hemicycles in Strasbourg and Luxembourg. Early Ethernet ( 10BASE-5 and 10BASE-2 ) used coaxial cable . Shielded twisted pair was used in IBM's Token Ring LAN implementation. In 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair by using category 3 cable —the same cable used for telephone systems. This led to the development of 10BASE-T (and its twisted-pair successors ) and structured cabling which
1025-473: The capabilities of Miracast but through a local network instead of directly. It has been supported in Microsoft Windows since Windows 10, version 1703 . MS-MICE connects with computers that are connected to the network via secure Wi-Fi or through Ethernet . Local area network A local area network ( LAN ) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as
1066-848: The criteria. In Windows computers this can be checked by looking at the adapter's NDIS version which must be 6.3 or above. However Miracast support also depends on the software implementation by manufacturers. Most modern devices support Miracast, with notable exceptions being products from Google and Apple . Microsoft also added support for Miracast in Windows 8.1 (announced in June 2013) and available on hardware with supported Miracast drivers from hardware (GPU) manufacturers. Windows 10 and Windows 11 support Miracast transmitting along with User Input Back Channel (UIBC) support to allow for human interface devices (touch screens, mouse, keyboard) abbreviated as HID , to also have wireless connectivity (provided
1107-539: The downloading of the optional Wireless Display add-in feature in Windows, which adds the UWP-based Wireless Display app (known as Connect before Windows 11 version 22H2 ) and is launched on the receiving device. Miracast support was built into stock Android as of version 4.2 ( Android Jelly Bean ) - as of January 2013, the LG Nexus 4 and Sony 's Xperia Z, ZL, T and V officially supported
1148-527: The function, as did HTC One, Motorola in their Droid Maxx and Droid Ultra flagships, and Samsung in its Galaxy S III and Galaxy Note II under the moniker AllShare Cast . The Galaxy S4 uses Samsung Link for its implementation. Some devices such as the Nexus 7 don't support it due to hardware limitations. Since Android 6.0 Marshmallow released in 2015, Google dropped Miracast support in favor of their own proprietary Google Cast protocol which
1189-588: The host hardware also supports this). The transmit feature is built-in from launch for all Miracast devices with no additional setup past using the WIN+K keystroke to pair with a compatible display sink (including Microsoft's own Wireless Display Adapter). Developers can also implement Miracast on top of the built-in Wi-Fi Direct support in Windows 7 and Windows 8 . Windows 8.1 supports broadcasting/sending
1230-408: The interface that they send traffic to is implemented by the last driver in the chain. In order to write applications using NDIS, one can use samples that accompany Microsoft's Windows Driver Kit (WDK). The "PassThru" sample is a good starting point for intermediate drivers as it implements all the necessary details required in this driver type, but just passes the traffic through to the next driver in
1271-503: The late 1960s generated the need to provide high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation. A number of experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Cambridge Ring
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1312-424: The miniport may be received in parallel by several protocol drivers. For example, Winpcap adds a second protocol driver on the selected miniport in order to capture incoming packets. Furthermore, it is possible to simulate several virtual NICs by implementing virtual miniport drivers that send and receive traffic from a single physical NIC. One example of virtual miniport driver usage is to add virtual NICs, each with
1353-463: The process for the users. In particular, it obviates having to worry about format or codec details. Miracast is "effectively a wireless HDMI cable , copying everything from one screen to another using the H.264 codec and its own digital rights management (DRM) layer emulating the HDMI system". The Wi-Fi Alliance suggested that Miracast could also be used by a set-top box wanting to stream content to
1394-530: The screen via Miracast. Another way to support Miracast in Windows is with Intel's proprietary WiDi (v3.5 or higher). While Linux does not feature native support, several add-on software solutions exist. In the GNOME ecosystem, the GNOME Network Displays application has allowed for Miracast screen sharing. As part of the 2023 Google Summer of Code , an effort to integrate this as a feature in
1435-533: The streamed video is dependent on the device's hardware. Nokia devices, which ran a near-stock version of Android, originally did not support Miracast. However, Nokia 7 Plus, 8, 8 Sirocco, and 8.1 smartphones that have been upgraded to Android 9 or 10 are able to support Miracast, after enabling Wireless Display Certification in Developer Options. Devices such as Nokia 2.3, 2.4, 3.4, 5.4, and 8.3 5G have Miracast support enabled by default. The same option
1476-563: The time. There was much enthusiasm for the concept, and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits habitually declared the coming year to be, "The year of the LAN". In practice, the concept was marred by the proliferation of incompatible physical layer and network protocol implementations, and a plethora of methods of sharing resources. Typically, each vendor would have its own type of network card, cabling, protocol, and network operating system . A solution appeared with
1517-530: The workstation market segment is now much reduced, the technologies developed in the area continue to be influential on the Internet and in all forms of networking—and the TCP/IP protocol has replaced IPX , AppleTalk , NBF , and other protocols used by the early PC LANs. Econet was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was first developed for
1558-651: Was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100 Mbit/s. By 1994, vendors included Cisco Systems , National Semiconductor , Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by Marvell Technology Group ), and 3Com . FDDI installations have largely been replaced by Ethernet deployments. In 1979, the Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament was using 10 kilometers of simple unshielded twisted pair category 3 cable —the same cable used for telephone systems—installed inside
1599-530: Was developed at Cambridge University starting in 1974. ARCNET was developed by Datapoint Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977. It had the first commercial installation in December 1977 at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York. In 1979, the Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament was the first installation of a LAN connecting hundreds (420) of microprocessor-controlled voting terminals to
1640-483: Was introduced with their Chromecast device. Despite this there are third-party Miracast apps for Android available. Many device manufacturers have retained Miracast support through their customized versions of Android (for example: Smart View on Samsung's One UI , Cast on Xiaomi's MIUI , Screencast on Oppo's ColorOS , Wireless Projection on Huawei's EMUI , HTC Sense , LG UX , Asus ZenUI , Sony Xperia devices, OnePlus's OxygenOS etc.). The performance and quality of
1681-624: Was the basis of the IEEE 802.5 standard. A 16 Mbit/s version of Token Ring was standardized by the 802.5 working group in 1989. IBM had market dominance over Token Ring, for example, in 1990, IBM equipment was the most widely used for Token Ring networks. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), a LAN standard, was considered an attractive campus backbone network technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s rates. Thus it