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49-858: The A9 route between Umag and Kanfanar , where the Mirna Bridge is located, was upgraded to motorway standards in June 2011. However, the works did not include construction of a parallel structure across the Mirna River which would carry the additional carriageway. Expansion of the bridge to a full motorway is planned to start in 2013 and be completed by 2015. The deck structure stretches across 22 spans: 51.07 m (167.6 ft) + 15 x 66.5 m (218 ft)  + 70.1 m (230 ft)  + 2 x 50.01 m (164.1 ft)  + 61.1 m (200 ft)  + 42.6 m (140 ft)  + 30.5 m (100 ft). The design of

98-745: A league of Romagna cities against the Emperor, and the Pope was able to subdue it. After the war of 1218 the Traversari family was able to impose its rule in the city, which lasted until 1240. After a short period under an Imperial vicar, Ravenna was returned to the Papal States in 1248 and again to the Traversari until, in 1275, the Da Polenta established their long-lasting seigniory. One of

147-413: A small islet separated from the mainland by a narrow channel. It was actually this location that safeguarded the settlement from the continuous invasions down through the centuries. The Roman period of relative prosperity was interspersed with one of insecurity caused primarily by frequent invasions, outbreaks of plague, cholera, and malaria. The number of its inhabitants declined rapidly. Umag became part of

196-544: Is also likely that the move to Ravenna was due to the city's port and good sea-borne connections to the Eastern Roman Empire . In 409, King Alaric I of the Visigoths simply bypassed Ravenna, and went on to sack Rome in 410 and to take Galla Placidia , daughter of Emperor Theodosius I , hostage. After many vicissitudes, Galla Placidia returned to Ravenna with her son, Emperor Valentinian III , due to

245-621: Is an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal . It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture, with eight buildings comprising the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna". Because of the high concentration of mosaics, the city has been associated with workshops and schools teaching mosaics, and is often given titles like

294-503: Is found in the numerous remains of Roman villas, the so-called villa rustica uncovered all along the coast. The town's history is closely linked to the settlement of Sipar, whose ruins can be found on a narrow cape four kilometres north of Umag. In the 9th century, the fortified settlement of Sipar was devastated by invaders, the Neretva pirates. However, after this unfortunate incident Umag grew in significance thanks also to its location,

343-814: Is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna , in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy . It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its collapse in 476, after which it served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom and then the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna . Initially settled by the Umbri people, Ravenna came under Roman Republic control in 89 BC. Octavian built

392-432: Is topped by a cap beam. The piers comprise an I-cross section with the webs aligned with the bridge axis. Peripheral piers (P1, P2, P20, P21) are executed on shallow foundations , while the remaining piers are executed on driven piles. The superstructure consists of two longitudinal prefabricated girders of constant depth set 550 centimetres (220 in) apart made composite with the deck slab and cross-girders. Structurally,

441-544: The Marcomannic Wars , Germanic settlers in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there. In AD 401, Emperor Honorius transferred the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (current Milan) to Ravenna; it subsequently served as

490-670: The Po River Delta, but later accepted it into the Roman Republic as a federated town in 89 BC . In 49 BC, it was where Julius Caesar gathered his forces before crossing the Rubicon . Later Octavian , after his battle against Mark Antony in 31 BC, founded the military harbor of Classis . This harbor, protected at first by its own walls, was an important station of the Roman Imperial Fleet . Nowadays

539-646: The Teatro Alighieri while concerts take place at the Palazzo Mauro de André as well as in the ancient Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe . Chicago Symphony Orchestra music director Riccardo Muti , a longtime resident of the city, regularly participates in the festival, which invites orchestras and other performers from around the world. Michelangelo Antonioni filmed his 1964 movie Red Desert ( Deserto Rosso ) within

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588-535: The orthodox Christian Byzantine Emperor Justinian I opposed both Ostrogoth rule and the Arian variety of Christianity. In 535 his general Belisarius invaded Italy and in 540 conquered Ravenna. After the conquest of Italy was completed in 554, Ravenna became the seat of Byzantine government in Italy. From 540 to 600, Ravenna's bishops embarked upon a notable building program of churches in Ravenna and in and around

637-418: The "Arrigoni" plant for packing fish and tomatoes and the building of a flour mill, the predecessor of today's bakery and biscuit factory. Today new factories have grown up in two industrial zones (Ungarija and Kravlji rt), which are provided with the necessary infrastructure continuously rebuilt and enlarged. The economic growth of Umag is based on the stimulation and support of small and medium-sized firms and

686-460: The "capital of mosaics". The origin of the name Ravenna is unclear. Some have speculated that "Ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (or "Rasna"), the term that the Etruscans used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point. The origins of Ravenna are uncertain. The oldest archaeological evidence found dates the Umbri presence in Ravenna at least to the 5th century BC, where it

735-718: The British 27th Lancers entered and liberated Ravenna. A total of 937 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the winter of 1944–45 are buried in Ravenna War Cemetery, including 438 Canadians. Eight early Christian buildings of Ravenna are inscribed on the World Heritage List . These are Other historic sites include: The city annually hosts the Ravenna Festival , one of Italy's prominent classical music gatherings. Opera performances are held at

784-867: The Byzantines. In 751, the Lombard king, Aistulf , conquered Ravenna, thus ending Byzantine rule in northern Italy. King Pepin of the Franks attacked the Lombards under orders of Pope Stephen II . Ravenna then gradually came under the direct authority of the Popes , although this was contested by the archbishops at various times. Pope Adrian I authorized Charlemagne to take away anything from Ravenna that he liked, and an unknown quantity of Roman columns, mosaics , statues, and other portable items were taken north to enrich his capital of Aachen . In 1198 Ravenna led

833-600: The Commune of Umag swore loyalty to Venice which from that time on 1797 was to appoint governors of Umag from among its nobility. This period was by no means a peaceful one. Century-old clashes with Genoa brought about more destruction and looting. In 1370 the Genoese navy attacked Umag, destroying the town's archive. The outbreaks of plague that decimated the inhabitants forced the Venetian authorities to consider colonising

882-609: The Latins, who were largely Catholic Orthodox. Ravenna's Orthodox bishops carried out notable building projects, of which the sole surviving one is the Cappella Arcivescovile . Theodoric allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered

931-475: The area with new settlers, mainly from the territories threatened by Turkish invasions. The harbour of Umag was utilised for loading agricultural surplus from the hinterland. Up to the collapse of Venice Umag had lived like other Istrian towns. Its communal arrangement was guaranteed by Statute from 1541. With the fall of the Venetian Republic , Umag, like the entire eastern Adriatic coast, came under

980-554: The bridge was initially in 66.5-metre (218 ft) spans, but the final layout was imposed by the particular soil conditions and the arrangement of the river bed and canals below the bridge. Since the soil supporting the bridge foundations has exceptionally low load carrying capacity, it was important to reduce weight of the structure as much as possible. Therefore, the design employs two weight-reducing elements: longitudinal steel girders and piers with cap beams at varying heights. The latter reduces volume of concrete used for construction of

1029-417: The capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. Theodoric, following his imperial predecessors, also built many splendid buildings in and around Ravenna, including his palace church Sant'Apollinare Nuovo , an Arian cathedral (now Santo Spirito) and Baptistery, and his own Mausoleum just outside the walls. Both Odoacer and Theodoric and their followers were Arian Christians, but co-existed peacefully with

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1078-460: The capital of the empire for most of the 5th century and the last de facto western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed there in AD 476. At that time it was home to 50,000 people. The transfer was made partly for defensive purposes: Ravenna was surrounded by swamps and marshes, and was perceived to be easily defensible (although in fact the city fell to opposing forces numerous times in its history); it

1127-575: The city is landlocked, but Ravenna remained an important seaport on the Adriatic until the early Middle Ages . During the Germanic campaigns, Thusnelda , widow of Arminius , and Marbod , King of the Marcomanni , were confined at Ravenna. Ravenna greatly prospered under Roman rule. Emperor Trajan built a 70 km (43.50 mi) long aqueduct at the beginning of the 2nd century. During

1176-725: The establishment of business zones. For that purpose, the town authorities have set apart 355,200.00 kuna for the programme aimed at stimulating the growth of agriculture and businesses for the year 2002. Besides, Umag is the founding member of the "Istarska razvojna agencija" IDA (Istrian Development Agency), with its seat in Pula . Umag hosts Sea Star Festival every May since 2017 The town hosts an annual ATP tennis tournament on clay courts. Ravenna Ravenna ( / r ə ˈ v ɛ n ə / rə- VEN -ə ; Italian: [raˈvenna] , also local pronunciation: [raˈvɛn(n)a] ; Romagnol : Ravèna, Ravêna )

1225-545: The fact that the bridge carries much tourist traffic to the Istrian Adriatic resorts. The traffic count is performed using analysis of motorway toll ticket sales. Umag Umag ( pronounced [ûmaɡ] ; Italian : Umago ; Venetian : Umago ) is a coastal town in Istria , Croatia . Its patron saint is St. Peregrine . It is the westernmost town of Croatia, and it includes Bašanija ,

1274-515: The final 1.57%. However, according to the 1921 census, 100% of the population spoke Italian . This does not mean that all residents were ethnic Italians at the time. Croatians also used Italian as their primary language in official contexts. The list of settlements in the Municipality of Umag. Umag was mentioned for the first time in the 7th century by an anonymous citizen from Ravenna , but it already existed in Roman times. Proof of this

1323-431: The hub of Bologna; on the north–south axis of EU routes E45 (from Rome) and E55 (SS-309 "Romea" from Venice); and on the regional Ferrara-Rimini axis of SS-16 (partially called "Adriatica"). Ravenna is twinned with: The traditional football club of the city is Ravenna F.C. Currently it plays in the fourth tier of Italian football, Serie D . A.P.D. Ribelle 1927 is the football club of Castiglione di Ravenna,

1372-471: The industrialised areas of the Pialassa valley. Ravenna has an important commercial and tourist port . Ravenna railway station has direct Trenitalia service to Bologna , Ferrara , Lecce , Milan , Parma , Rimini , and Verona . Ravenna Airport is located in Ravenna. The nearest commercial airports are those of Forlì , Rimini and Bologna . Freeways crossing Ravenna include: A14-bis from

1421-499: The military harbor of Classis at Ravenna, and the city remained an important seaport on the Adriatic until the early Middle Ages . The city prospered under imperial rule. In 401, Western Roman emperor Honorius moved his court from Mediolanum to Ravenna; it then served as capital of the empire for most of the 5th century. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ravenna became the capital of Odoacer until he

1470-769: The most illustrious residents of Ravenna at this time was the exiled Florentine poet Dante . The last of the Da Polenta, Ostasio III , was ousted by the Republic of Venice in February 1441, and the city was annexed to the Venetian territories in the Treaty of Cremona . Ravenna was ruled by Venice until 1509, when the area was invaded in the course of the Italian Wars . In 1512, during the Holy League wars, Ravenna

1519-404: The piers thereby reducing weight of the structure while giving the bridge a curved, concave deck. The design of the pier foundations was further affected by the fact that the valley is a high quality agricultural area that had to be preserved as much as possible. The height of the reinforced concrete piers ranges from 13.45 metres (44.1 ft) to 40.03 metres (131.3 ft) and each of the piers

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1568-693: The port city of Classe. Surviving monuments include the Basilica of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe , as well as the partially surviving San Michele in Africisco. Following the conquests of Belisarius for Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch , and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna . It

1617-621: The possibility of flooding and creating a large belt of agricultural land around the city. Apart from another short occupation by Venice (1527–1529), Ravenna was part of the Papal States until 1796, when it was annexed to the French puppet state of the Cisalpine Republic ( Italian Republic from 1802, and Kingdom of Italy from 1805). It was returned to the Papal States in 1814. Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and

1666-455: The production of traditional Mediterranean crops present in the region for thousands of years, with particular emphasis on olive growing and wine grape growing. The latter accounts for a successful winemaking industry and the emerging in recent years of a number of highly renowned local wine makers that can be traced in the wine chart of Istria. Linked with agriculture is the rapidly expanding tourist branch agro-tourism which has not only enriched

1715-723: The reigns of Odoacer , Theodoric , and was also ruled by the Langobards . From the 6th to the 8th centuries it fell under Byzantine dominion, followed by the rule of the Lombards in 751 and Francs in 774. The subsequent period was marked by insecurity and frequent changes of government ranging from the Patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia to the Bishops of Trieste . However, the increasingly powerful Venetian Republic imposed its rule over Istria, forcing Umag and other western Istrian towns to swear loyalty to Venice . In fact, in 1269,

1764-680: The rule of France until 1815 when it passed over to Austria until 1918. With the end of World War I Istria became part of Italy. After World War II, the flaring up of the Trieste crises resulted in the establishment of the Free Territory of Trieste , while Umag became part of Zone B governed by the Yugoslav Army, and eventually became part of SR Croatia within SFR Yugoslavia in 1954. After Umag became part of Yugoslavia, there

1813-563: The superstructure is a 1,354.86-metre (4,445.1 ft) long continuous girder across 22 spans, tracing a horizontal and a vertical curve. The cross section of the superstructure consists of two solid I-section steel girders of constant depth. Traffic is regularly counted and reported by BINA Istra , the operator of the bridge and the A9 motorway where the bridge is located, and published by Hrvatske ceste . Substantial variations between annual ( AADT ) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to

1862-546: The support of her nephew Theodosius II . Ravenna enjoyed a period of peace, during which time the Christian religion was favoured by the imperial court, and the city gained some of its most famous monuments, including the Orthodox Baptistry, the misnamed Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (she was not actually buried there), and San Giovanni Evangelista . The late 5th century saw the dissolution of Roman authority in

1911-665: The surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861. During World War II , the town suffered severe damage. Fifty-two Allied bombing raids during the course of the Second World War had taken their toll, destroying some of Ravenna's noteworthy, unequalled early Christian art. Bombs intended for the railway station and its sidings had pulverised the Basilica of San Giovanni Evangelista in August 1944. On 5 November 1944 troops of 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, 5th Canadian Armoured Division and

1960-421: The tourist industry after World War II, which has been expanding rapidly ever since. The closeness of big west European markets and the rise in standard of East European countries have both accounted for the expansion of this economic branch which is tightly linked to other economic resources in the region the most significant being agriculture. The best fertile soil and the vast arable land in the area have fostered

2009-452: The tourist offer but is also committed to preserving the old-world values of the region. Apart from that, mention must be made of the " Podravka " food factory in Umag where huge quantities of tomatoes were processed. The factory was closed in 2023 which marked the end of tomato growing industry in this part of Istria. The food industry started in Umag in the early 20th century with the opening of

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2058-459: The town to rebuild them at its own expense. Theodoric died in 526 and was succeeded by his young grandson Athalaric under the authority of his daughter Amalasunta , but by 535 both were dead and Theodoric's line was represented only by Amalasuntha's daughter Matasuntha . Various Ostrogothic military leaders took the Kingdom of Italy, but none were as successful as Theodoric had been. Meanwhile,

2107-829: The west, and Romulus Augustulus was deposed in 476 by the general Odoacer . Odoacer ruled as King of Italy for 13 years, but in 489 the Eastern Emperor Zeno sent the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great to re-take the Italian peninsula. After losing the Battle of Verona , Odoacer retreated to Ravenna, where he withstood a siege of three years by Theodoric, until the taking of Rimini deprived Ravenna of supplies. Theodoric took Ravenna in 493, supposedly slew Odoacer with his own hands, and Ravenna became

2156-568: The westernmost point of Croatia. According to the 2021 census, its population was 12,699 with 6,751 living in the city proper. Umag had a population of 7,281, with a total municipal population of 13,467 according to the 2011 census. Like many other towns in Istria , Umag has a multi-ethnic population. Croats , because of the exodus of many Italians after the Second World War, are nowadays an absolute majority with 59.6%; Italians 18.3%, Serbs 3.8%, Slovenes 2.2%, Bosniaks 1.7%, Albanians 1.3% and those regionally declared (as Istrians) make up

2205-470: Was an exodus of many Italians from the town, who, until then, had constituted the majority of its population. In 1993, with the establishment of the new local rule, Umag became an independent municipality , and, in 1997, was awarded the status of town ( grad ). The natural features of the area have considerably influenced the development of the economy as a whole. The geographical location of Umag, in particular, has ensured an intensive and dynamic growth of

2254-702: Was at this time that the Ravenna Cosmography was written. Under Byzantine rule, the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Ravenna was temporarily granted autocephaly from the Roman Church by the emperor, in 666, but this was soon revoked. Nevertheless, the archbishop of Ravenna held the second place in Italy after the pope, and played an important role in many theological controversies during this period. The Lombards , under King Liutprand , occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to

2303-605: Was defeated by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric . In 540, Belisarius conquered Ravenna for the Byzantine Empire , and the city became the capital of Byzantine Italy. After a brief Lombard control, Ravenna came under the authority of the Papacy and, save for minor interruptions, remained part of the Papal States until the mid-19th century when it was incorporated into the newly unified Kingdom of Italy . Although it

2352-591: Was sacked by the French following the Battle of Ravenna . Ravenna was also known during the Renaissance as the birthplace of the Monster of Ravenna . After the Venetian withdrawal, Ravenna was again ruled by legates of the Pope as part of the Papal States. The city was damaged in a tremendous flood in May 1636. Over the next 300 years, a network of canals diverted nearby rivers and drained nearby swamps, thus reducing

2401-443: Was undisturbed until the 3rd century BC, when first contact with Roman civilization began. Its territory was settled also by the Senones , especially the southern countryside of the city (that was not part of the lagoon), the Ager Decimanus . Ravenna consisted of houses built on piles on a series of small islands in a marshy lagoon – a situation similar to Venice several centuries later. The Romans ignored it during their conquest of

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