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36-514: The Misinchinka Range contains 33 officially named mountain peaks, including one ultra-prominent peak , Mount Crysdale . Many peaks within the range are named for local Canadian soldiers killed in action during World War I and World War II . While there are no permanent settlements within the Misinchinka Ranges, the range is bordered by the communities of Mackenzie , Bear Lake , Tumbler Ridge and Prince George and lies within

72-605: A new speed record of climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, without the use of supplementary oxygen, in 7 years and 310 days. On 29 October 2019, the British - Nepali climber Nirmal Purja set a speed record of 6 months and 6 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with the use of supplementary oxygen. On 27 July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a new speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with supplementary oxygen. The eight-thousanders are

108-524: A standalone eight-thousander. See table below for list of all subsidiary summits of eight-thousanders. In 2012, the UIAA initiated the ARUGA Project , with an aim to see if these six new 8,000 m (26,247 ft)-plus peaks could feasibly achieve international recognition. The proposed six new eight-thousander peaks have a topographic prominence above 60 m (197 ft), but none would meet

144-554: A team of experts reported that they could only confirm evidence that three climbers, Ed Viesturs , Veikka Gustafsson and Nirmal Purja , had stood on the true geographic summit of all 14 eight-thousanders. The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery , Geoffrey Hastings and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in 1895. The attempt failed when Mummery and two Gurkhas , Ragobir Thapa and Goman Singh, were killed by an avalanche . The first successful ascent of an eight-thousander

180-662: Is a mountain summit with a topographic prominence of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) or more; it is also called a P1500 . The prominence of a peak is the minimum height of climb to the summit on any route from a higher peak, or from sea level if there is no higher peak. There are approximately 1,524 such peaks on Earth. Some well-known peaks, such as the Matterhorn and Eiger , are not ultras because they are connected to higher mountains by high cols and thus do not achieve enough topographic prominence. The term "ultra" originated with earth scientist Steve Fry, from his studies of

216-451: Is a small hump about a thirty minutes walk into the large flat summit plateau that lies in the death zone. The true peak is often obscured in very poor weather, and this led to the disputed ascent (per the table above) of British climber, Alan Hinkes (who has refused to re-climb the peak). Shishapangma is another problem peak because of its dual summits, which despite being close in height, are up to two hours climbing time apart and require

252-542: Is no single undisputed source or arbitrator for verified ascents of Himalayan eight-thousander peaks. Various mountaineering journals, including the Alpine Journal and the American Alpine Journal , also maintain extensive records and archives on expeditions to the eight-thousanders, but do not always opine on disputed ascents, and nor do they maintain registers or lists of verified ascents of

288-672: Is notable as being the only solo first ascent of one of the eight-thousanders. The Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka is noted for creating over ten new routes on various eight-thousander mountains. Italian climber Simone Moro made the first winter ascent of four eight-thousanders (Shishapangma, Makalu, Gasherbrum II, and Nanga Parbat), while three Polish climbers have each made three first winter ascents of an eight-thousander, Maciej Berbeka (Cho Oyu, Manaslu, and Broad Peak), Krzysztof Wielicki (Everest, Kangchenjunga, and Lhotse) and Jerzy Kukuczka (Dhaulagiri I, Kangchenjunga, and Annapurna I). On 16 October 1986, Italian Reinhold Messner became

324-432: Is the confirmation that the climber reached the true peak of the eight-thousander. Eight-thousanders present unique problems in this regard as they are so infrequently summited, their summits have not yet been exhaustively surveyed, and summiting climbers are often suffering the extreme altitude and weather effects of being in the death zone . Cho Oyu for example, is a recurrent problem eight-thousander as its true peak

360-516: The International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) as being more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in height above sea level , and sufficiently independent of neighbouring peaks. There is no precise definition of the criteria used to assess independence, and at times, the UIAA has considered whether the list should be expanded to 20 mountain peaks by including the major satellite peaks of eight-thousanders. All of

396-530: The aid of supplementary oxygen. In July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, with supplementary oxygen. In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice, which he did from 2006 to 2022. Issues with false summits (e.g. Cho Oyu , Annapurna I and Dhaulagiri ), or separated dual summits (e.g. Shishapangma and Manaslu ), have led to disputed claims of ascents. In 2022, after several years of research,

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432-598: The crossing of an exposed and dangerous snow ridge. When Hawley judged that Ed Viesturs had not reached the true summit of Shishapangma (which she deduced from his summit photos and interviews), he then re-climbed the mountain to definitively establish his ascent. In a May 2021 interview with the New York Times , Jurgalski pointed out further issues with false summits on Annapurna I (a long ridge with multiple summits), Dhaulagiri (misleading false summit metal pole), and Manaslu (additional sharp and dangerous ridge to

468-513: The eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia , and their summits lie in the altitude range known as the death zone . From 1950 to 1964, all 14 eight-thousanders were summited by expedition climbers in the summer (the first to be summited was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in

504-669: The eight-thousanders. Elizabeth Hawley 's The Himalayan Database , is considered as an important source for verified ascents for the Nepalese Himalayas . Online databases of Himalayan ascents pay close regard to The Himalayan Database , including the website AdventureStats.com , and the Eberhard Jurgalski List . The "No O 2 " column lists people who have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without supplementary oxygen. Claims have been made for summiting all 14 peaks for which not enough evidence

540-534: The first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. In 1987, Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka became the second person to accomplish this feat. Messner summited each of the 14 peaks without the aid of bottled oxygen , a feat that was only repeated by the Swiss Erhard Loretan nine years later in 1995 (Kukuczka had used supplementary oxygen while summiting Everest and on no other eight-thousander ). On 17 May 2010, Spanish climber Edurne Pasaban became

576-574: The first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders. In August 2011, Austrian climber Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to climb the 14 eight-thousanders without the use of supplementary oxygen. The first couple and team to summit all 14 eight-thousanders were the Italians Nives Meroi (who was the second woman to accomplish this feat without supplementary oxygen), and her husband Romano Benet  [ it ] on 11 May 2017. The couple climbed alpine style , without

612-505: The last being K2 in 2021). [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Tenzing Norgay on British expedition on Italian expedition [REDACTED] Gelje Sherpa [REDACTED] Mingma David Sherpa [REDACTED] Mingma Gyalje Sherpa [REDACTED] Sona Sherpa [REDACTED] Mingma Tenzi Sherpa [REDACTED] Pem Chhiri Sherpa [REDACTED] Dawa Temba Sherpa [REDACTED] Kili Pemba Sherpa [REDACTED] Dawa Tenjing Sherpa on French expedition There

648-463: The most likely candidates for the most prominent unclimbed mountain in the world. All of the Seven Summits are ultras by virtue of the fact that they are the high points of large landmasses. Each has its key col at or near sea level, resulting in a prominence value almost equal to its elevation. Eight-thousander The eight-thousanders are the 14 mountains recognized by

684-633: The peaks of the Greater ranges of Asia. In British Columbia , some of the mountains listed do not even have generally recognized names. Thirteen of the fourteen 8,000-metre summits are ultras (the exception being Lhotse ), and there are a further 64 ultras over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in height. There are 90 ultras with a prominence of over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), but only 22 with more than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) prominence. A number of ultras have yet to be climbed, with Sauyr Zhotasy , (possibly) Mount Siple , and Gangkar Puensum being

720-440: The period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period, i.e. climbing is becoming safer for the climbers attempting the summit. From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were summited in the summer (the first was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter (the first being Everest in 1980, and

756-876: The prominence of peaks in Washington in the 1980s. His original term was "ultra major mountain", referring to peaks with at least 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) of prominence. Currently, 1,518 ultras have been identified above sea level: 639 in Asia , 356 in North America , 209 in South America , 120 in Europe (including 12 in the Caucasus ), 84 in Africa , 69 in Oceania , and 41 in Antarctica . Many of

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792-801: The provincial rail network. The line ceased operations in 2000. The 670 km (416 mi) Coastal GasLink Pipeline project will pass through the Misinchinka Range between Mount Kinney and Alexis Peak. Construction began in 2019 and is expected to be in service in 2023. Download coordinates as: Other official mountain peaks under 500 m of prominence include: Mount Irwin, Azu Mountain , Uguznasechi Mountain, Thabah Mountain, Mount Garbitt, Mount Crocker, Mount Barton, Mount Wendt, Mount McPhee, Patches Mountain, Mount West, Dathseykaly Mountain, Tsahunga Mountain, Mount Thomas, Burden Peak, Mount Emmet, Powder King Peak. Ultra-prominent peak An ultra-prominent peak , or ultra for short,

828-455: The traditional territories of the Treaty 8 First Nations; Blueberry River First Nation , Doig River First Nation , Halfway River First Nation , Mcleod Lake Indian Band , Saulteau First Nation and West Moberly First Nation . Two 6.0 kilometre electrified train tunnels were constructed by BC Rail through the Misinchinka Range in the early 1980s to connect the coal mines of Tumbler Ridge to

864-493: The true summit of all 14 eight-thousanders, and no female climber had yet done so. Viesturs is also the first to have done so without the use of oxygen. Jurgalski allowed for the fact that they had deliberately not stood on the true summit of Kangchenjunga out of religious respect. The team has not formally published their work, and according to Popier, they had not decided about "the best respectful form to present it". In 2012, to relieve capacity pressure and overcrowding on

900-505: The true summit, like Shishapangma), noting that of the existing 44 accepted claims (as per the table earlier), at least 7 had serious question marks (these were in addition to the table of disputed ascents), and even noting that "It is possible that no one has ever been on the true summit of all 14 of the 8,000-meter peaks". In June 2021, Australian climber Damien Gildea wrote an article in the American Alpine Journal on

936-534: The use of supplementary oxygen or other support. On 23 May 2023, Nepali guide Kami Rita summitted Everest for the 28th time (a record for Everest), becoming the first-ever person to climb an eight-thousander 38 times. In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice. He started with Cho Oyu in 2006, and completed the double by summiting Gasherbrum II in July 2022. On 20 May 2013, South Korean climber Kim Chang-ho set

972-400: The wider UIAA prominence threshold of 600 m (1,969 ft) (the lowest prominence of the existing 14 eight-thousanders is Lhotse, at 610 metres (2,001 ft)). Critics noted that of the six proposed, only Broad Peak Central, with a prominence of 181 metres (594 ft), would even meet the 150 metres (492 ft) prominence threshold to be a British Isles Marilyn . The appeal noted

1008-488: The winter (the first to be summited in winter being Mount Everest in 1980, and the last being K2 in 2021). On a variety of statistical techniques, the deadliest eight-thousander is Annapurna I (one death – climber or climber support – for every three summiters), followed by K2 and Nanga Parbat (one death for every four to five summiters), and then Dhaulagiri and Kangchenjunga (one for every six to seven summiters). The first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders

1044-632: The work that Jurgalski and a team of international experts were doing in this area, including publishing detailed surveys of the problem summits using data from the German Aerospace Center . In July 2022, Jurgalski posted conclusions of the team's research (the wider team being of Rodolphe Popier and Tobias Pantel of The Himalayan Database , and Damien Gildea, Federico Bernardi, Bob Schelfhout Aubertijn, and Thaneswar Guragai). According to their analysis, only three climbers, Ed Viesturs , Veikka Gustafsson and Nirmal Purja have stood on

1080-535: The world's deadliest mountains. The extreme altitude and the fact that the summits of all eight-thousanders lie in the Death Zone mean that climber mortality (or death rate ) is high. Two metrics are quoted to establish a death rate (i.e. broad and narrow) that are used to rank the eight-thousanders in order of deadliest . The tables from the HDB for eight-thousanders also show that the death rate of climbers for

1116-505: The world's highest mountain, greater restrictions were placed on expeditions to the summit of Mount Everest. To address the growing capacity constraints, Nepal lobbied the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (or UIAA) to reclassify five subsidiary summits (two on Lhotse and three on Kanchenjunga ), as standalone eight-thousanders, while Pakistan lobbied for a sixth subsidiary summit (on Broad Peak ) as

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1152-586: The world's largest mountains are ultras, including Mount Everest , K2 , Kanchenjunga , Kilimanjaro , Mont Blanc , and Mount Olympus . On the other hand, others such as the Eiger and the Matterhorn are not ultras. Many ultras lie in rarely visited and inhospitable parts of the world, including 39 in Greenland , the high points of the Arctic islands of Novaya Zemlya , Jan Mayen and Spitsbergen , and many of

1188-605: Was by a Polish team led by Andrzej Zawada on Mount Everest , with Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki reaching the summit on 17 February 1980; all-Polish teams would complete nine of the first fourteen winter ascents of eight-thousanders. The final eight-thousander to be climbed in winter was K2, whose summit was ascended by a 10-person Nepalese team on 16 January 2021. Only two climbers have completed more than one first ascent of an eight-thousander, Hermann Buhl (Nanga Parbat and Broad Peak) and Kurt Diemberger (Broad Peak and Dhaulagiri). Buhl's summit of Nanga Parbat in 1953

1224-588: Was by the French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal , who reached the summit of Annapurna on 3 June 1950 using expedition climbing techniques as part of the 1950 French Annapurna expedition . Due to its location in Tibet , Shishapangma was the last eight-thousander to be ascended, which was completed by a Chinese team led by Xu Jing in 1964 (Tibet's mountains were closed by China to foreigners until 1978). The first winter ascent of an eight-thousander

1260-606: Was provided to verify the ascent; the disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses in the table below. In most cases, the Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley is considered a definitive source regarding the facts of the dispute. Her The Himalayan Database is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats.com). The Eberhard Jurgalski List is also another important source for independent verification of claims to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders. A recurrent problem with verification

1296-558: Was the Italian climber Reinhold Messner in 1986, who did not use any supplementary oxygen. In 2010, Edurne Pasaban , a Basque Spanish mountaineer became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, but with the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2011, Austrian Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2013, South Korean Kim Chang-ho climbed all 14 eight-thousanders in 7 years and 310 days, without

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