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102-641: Missoula ( / m ɪ ˈ z uː l ʌ / mih- ZOO -lə ; Séliš : Nłʔay , lit.   'Place of the Small Bull Trout';; Kutenai : Tuhuⱡnana ) is a city in and the county seat of Missoula County, Montana , United States. It is located along the Clark Fork River near its confluence with the Bitterroot and Blackfoot rivers in western Montana and at the convergence of five mountain ranges, and thus it

204-587: A 150-mile radius, and Missoula's location as the railway's division point and repair shops provided hundreds of jobs. When the railway began expanding again in 1898, increased freight shipments came through the city, and with the arrival of the Milwaukee Road and regional office for the U.S. Forest Service, as well as the opening of the Flathead Indian Reservation to settlement all within a couple years of each other beginning in 1908,

306-516: A Clark Fork Market run concurrently. Downtown hosts "First Friday Missoula", a gallery walk on the first Friday of the month to feature local art from museums and galleries, such as that of Monte Dolack . Missoula celebrates "First Night Missoula" on New Year's Eve, which includes food and live entertainment. The "Festival of the Book" to celebrate the literature of the American West was rebranded

408-461: A certain state), that were then divided into first, second, and third persons, and either singular or plural. Tentative reconstructions of these suffixes include the neutral singular *-c (1st person), *-ci (2nd person), and *-∅ (3rd person), the causative singular *-mx (1st), *-mi (2nd), and *-∅ (3rd), the neutral plural *-al or *-muɬ (1st), *-ulm or *-muɬ (2nd), and the causative plural *-muɬ (1st and 2nd). In Salishan languages spoken since Proto-Salish,

510-476: A children's recreational area adjacent to the carousel. Missoula's system of government has changed four times since 1883, when an aldermanic form of government was approved with the town charter. The city adopted a commission-council form of government in 1911 with the opening of new City Hall and a council–manager government in 1954 before returning to an aldermanic form of government in 1959. Since January 1, 1997, Missoula has been governed in accordance with

612-534: A family, no progress has been made in reconstructing it. The Salishan languages, principally Chehalis , contributed greatly to the vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon . The syntax of Salish languages is notable for its word order (verb-initial), its valency-marking, and the use of several forms of negation. Although there is a wide array of Salish languages, they all share some basic traits. All are verb initial languages, with VSO (verb-subject-object) being

714-449: A head, like "the beans", and a restricting clause, like "that she re-fried", which references the head) omit person markers, while ergative relative clauses keep person makers on the subject, and sometimes use the topic morpheme -tali . Thus, St'át'imcets is split-ergative, as it is not ergative all the time. Subject and object pronouns usually take the form of affixes that attach to the verb. All Salish languages are head-marking. Possession

816-519: A letter to the Missoulian , he stressed his interest in having the park remain in as close to a native state as possible. That request, along with the discovery that non-native Norway maples were inhibiting the growth of native trees and shrubs such as cottonwoods, ponderosa pines, and Rocky Mountain maples, led to the controversial decision to remove Norway maples from the park with the hope of returning it to its natural state. In 1924, Bonner Park

918-469: A municipal government as a town, the same year. In 1885, Missoula reincorporated its government as a city. In 1893, Missoula was chosen as the location for the first state university, the University of Montana . The need for lumber for the railway and its bridges spurred the opening of multiple saw mills in the area, and in turn, the beginning of Missoula's lumber industry, which remained the mainstay of

1020-542: A permanent pavilion was constructed. The park is a hub of city festivities including include "Out to Lunch", the International Wildlife Film Festival , First Night Missoula, Garden City BrewFest and offered intimate concert settings for artists such as Jewel , Chris Isaak , Santana , Ziggy Marley , and B.B. King . Located next to Caras Park is A Carousel for Missoula , a wooden, hand-carved and volunteer-built carousel; and Dragon Hollow,

1122-488: A person's name becomes a taboo word immediately following their death . This taboo is lifted when the name of the deceased is given to a new member of their lineage. In the meantime, the deceased person's name and words that are phonetically similar to the name are considered taboo and can only be expressed via descriptive phrases. In some cases these taboo words are permanently replaced by their chosen descriptive phrases, resulting in language change. Stanley Evans has written

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1224-547: A segment from the first episode of its prequel involving the raven. Traveler%27s Rest (Lolo, Montana) Traveler's Rest was a stopping point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , located about one mile south of Lolo, Montana . The expedition stopped from September 9 to September 11, 1805, before crossing the Bitterroot Mountains , and again on the return trip from June 30 to July 3, 1806. Traveler's Rest

1326-603: A sentence initial negative particle that is often attached to the sentence's subject, and the last pattern simply involves a sentence initial negative particle without any change in inflectional morphology or a determiner/complementizer. In addition, there is a fourth restricted pattern that has been noted only in Squamish. Salishan languages (along with the Wakashan and the extinct Chimakuan languages) exhibit predicate/argument flexibility. All content words are able to occur as

1428-505: A separate language rather than a dialect . Languages or dialects with no living native speakers are marked with † at the highest level. No relationship to any other language family is well established. Edward Sapir suggested that the Salishan languages might be related to the Wakashan and Chimakuan languages in a hypothetical Mosan family. This proposal persists primarily through Sapir's stature: with little evidence for such

1530-487: A series of crime fiction novels that use Salish lore and language. An episode of Stargate SG-1 (" Spirits ", 2x13) features a culture of extraterrestrial humans loosely inspired by Pacific coastal First Nations culture, and who speak a language referred to as "ancient Salish". In the video game Life Is Strange , the Salish lore was used on certain history of Arcadia Bay as totem poles are seen on some areas, including

1632-465: A significant aspect of the Missoula economy, Missoula also is home to a vibrant sector of alternative healthcare. As of 2013, Missoula ranked 299 nationally in gross metropolitan product with an output of $ 5   billion, while the city's total personal income ranked 333 at $ 4.18   billion, an increase of more than 47% since 2003. As of 2013, per capita personal income ranked 239 at $ 37,397

1734-567: A symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group. In the early 21st century, few Salish languages have more than 2,000 speakers. Fluent, daily speakers of almost all Salishan languages are generally over sixty years of age; many languages have only speakers over eighty. Salishan languages are most commonly written using the Americanist phonetic notation to account for the various vowels and consonants that do not exist in most modern alphabets. Many groups have evolved their own distinctive uses of

1836-579: A trading post along the Rattlesnake Creek; Captain Richard Grant, who settled near Grant Creek; and David Pattee, who settled near Pattee Canyon. Missoula was founded in 1860 as Hellgate Trading Post while still part of Washington Territory . By 1866, the settlement had moved east, 5 miles (8 km) upstream, and had been renamed "Missoula Mills", later shortened to Missoula. The mills provided supplies to western settlers traveling along

1938-689: A trading post in the 1860s situated along the Mullan Military Road to take advantage of the first route across the Bitterroot Mountains to the plains of Eastern Washington. Its designation as county seat in 1866 and location of the hastily built Fort Missoula in 1877 ensured Missoula's status as a regional commercial center, a status further consolidated in 1883 with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway. The railroad expanded Missoula's trade area to cover

2040-534: A year, 84% of the national average. The Missoula metropolitan area's unemployment rate was 3.7% as of June 2015, dropping nearly 0.8% in the twelve months prior. As of the city's 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, Missoula's top employers are: Missoula, often considered the cultural center of Montana, is the location of the state's first university, and an eclectic mix of loggers, hippies, college students, sports fans, and retirees. Community events generally take place downtown either outdoors or in one of

2142-422: Is 117 miles (188 km) south of Kalispell , 118 miles (190 km) northwest of Butte and 165 miles (266 km) southeast of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho . The city is at an elevation of 3,209 feet (978 m) above sea level , with nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo steeply rising to 5,158 feet (1,572 m) and 4,768 feet (1,453 m), respectively. According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2023 figures,

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2244-483: Is a list of Salishan languages, dialects, and subdialects. The genetic unity among the Salish languages is evident. Neighboring groups have communicated often, to the point that it is difficult to untangle the influence each dialect and language has upon others. This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. In contrast to classifications made by linguistic scholars, many Salishan groups consider their particular variety of speech to be

2346-1394: Is a mountain separating them. The rate of change between neighboring Salishan languages often depends on their environments. If for some reason two communities diverge, their adaptation to a new environment can separate them linguistically from each other. The need to create names for tools, animals, and plants creates an array of new vocabulary that divides speech communities. However, these new names may come from borrowing from neighboring languages, in which case two languages or dialects can grow more alike rather than apart. Interactions with outside influences through trade and intermarriage often result in language change as well. Some cultural elements are more resilient to language change, namely, religion and folklore. Salishan language communities that have demonstrated change in technology and environmental vocabulary have often remained more consistent with their religious terminology. Religion and heavily ingrained cultural traditions are often regarded as sacred, and so are less likely to undergo any sort of change. Indeed, cognate lists between various Salishan languages show more similarities in religious terminology than they do in technology and environment vocabulary. Other categories with noticeable similarities include words for body parts, colors, and numbers. There would be little need to change such vocabulary, so it's more likely to remain

2448-678: Is at the eastern end of the Lolo Trail . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The boundaries were subsequently revised, and mostly lie within the 51-acre (21 ha) Traveler's Rest State Park , which is operated by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks . Significant archeological findings made in 2002, including latrine sites with traces of mercury and fire hearths, make this

2550-815: Is housed in a former Carnegie library ; it features contemporary art and annually features 20–25 group and solo exhibits. Fort Missoula is home to the Historic Museum, dedicated to preserving the history of Western Montana, and to the Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History and the Northern Rockies Heritage Center . The National Museum of Forest Service History is constructing the National Conservation Legacy and Education Center in Missoula, too. Opened in 1987, Missoula's Bayern Brewing

2652-406: Is indicated in Salish through an applicative affix on the verb. Applicative affixes increase the number of affixes a verb can take on, that is, its syntactic valence . They are also known as "transitivizers" because they can change a verb from intransitive to transitive. For example, in the sentence 'I got scared.', 'scared' is intransitive. However, with the addition of an applicative affix, which

2754-579: Is marked on the possessed noun phrase as either a prefix or a suffix, while person is marked on predicates. In Central Salish languages like Tillamook and Shuswap, only one plain NP is permitted aside from the subject. Salishan languages are known for their polysynthetic nature. A verb stem will often have at least one affix , which is typically a suffix. These suffixes perform a variety of functions, such as transitive , causative , reciprocal , reflexive , and applicative . Applicative affixes seem to be present on

2856-468: Is neutralised in predicative positions, words that can be categorised as 'verbs' are marked when used in syntactic argument positions. He argues that Salishan languages are omnipredicative, but only have 'uni-directional flexibility' (not 'bi-directional flexibility'), which makes Salishan languages no different from other omnipredicative languages such as Arabic and Nahuatl , which have a clear lexical noun-verb distinction. Beck does concede, however, that

2958-488: Is not restricted to Lushootseed. This and similar behaviour in other Salish and Wakashan languages has been used as evidence for a complete lack of a lexical distinction between nouns and verbs in these families. This has become controversial in recent years. David Beck of the University of Alberta contends that there is evidence for distinct lexical categories of 'noun' and 'verb' by arguing that, although any distinction

3060-668: Is often described as the "hub of five valleys". The 2020 United States census recorded the city's population at 73,489 and the population of the Missoula Metropolitan Area at 117,922. As of 2023, the estimated city population was 77,757. Missoula is the second largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Montana. Missoula is home to the University of Montana , a public research university . The Missoula area began seeing settlement by people of European descent in 1858, including William T. Hamilton , who set up

3162-684: Is one of Missoula's fastest growing industries with St. Patrick Hospital (western Montana's only level-II trauma center) and the Community Medical Center , already the city's second- and third-largest employers behind the university. About 55% of employment in Missoula is made up of the service and retail sectors. Export industries are concentrated in heavy and civil engineering, construction, beverage production, technical services, truck transportation, and forestry-, logging-, and wood-related industries. In addition to nearly 4   million out-of-state visitors annually, which makes tourism

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3264-462: Is syntactically transitive, the verb in Salish becomes transitive and the sentence can come to mean ‘I got scared of you.’. In some Salishan languages, such as Sḵwx̲wú7mesh, the transitive forms of verbs are morphologically distinctive and marked with a suffix, while the intransitive forms are not. In others such as Halkomelem, intransitive forms have a suffix as well. In some Salish languages, transitivizers can be either controlled (the subject conducted

3366-633: Is the oldest active brewery in Montana. Big Sky Brewing opened in 1995 and with a production over 38,000 barrels in 2008, it is by far Montana's largest brewery, and produces the best-selling beer brewed in Montana, Moose Drool Brown Ale. Missoula has also been home to Kettle House Brewing since 1995 and Draught Works opened in 2011. Big Sky, Bayern, and Kettlehouse represent the first-, second-, and third-largest breweries, respectively, in Montana. Also in 2011, Tamarack Brewing and Flathead Lake Brewing Company from nearby Lake County opened pub houses at downtown Missoula locations. The city also holds annually

3468-648: Is the second-largest in the Montana Legislature and is represented by districts 91–100 in the Montana House of Representatives and districts 46–50 in the Montana Senate . Having 14 Democrats and only one Republican in its state legislative delegation, Missoula is known as a more liberal area than the rest of the state. Though Missoula's political leanings may not be unique for a college town, its initiative to make marijuana possession

3570-552: The LGBT community. The marijuana repeal was vetoed by then-Governor Brian Schweitzer and the attempt to repeal the anti-discrimination ordinance died in the State Senate. In 2020, Missoula County became the first county in Montana to adopt a county sales tax on gasoline (an option afforded to counties in Montana that had gone unused for several decades). The Montana Legislature and Governor Greg Gianforte blocked this decision

3672-776: The Missoula Maggots Rugby Club the first weekend in May. The non-elimination tournament focuses on the fun aspect of the game, attracting 36 teams (male and female) from around the United States and Canada. In regular-season play, the Missoula Maggots compete as part of the Montana Rugby Union alongside another local rugby team, the University of Montana Jesters . The Thomas Meagher Hurling Club are also based in Missoula and play in

3774-617: The Mullan Road . The establishment of Fort Missoula in 1877 to protect settlers further stabilized the economy. The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 brought rapid growth and the maturation of the local lumber industry. In 1893, the Montana Legislature chose Missoula as the site for the state's first university. Along with the U.S. Forest Service headquarters founded in 1908, lumber and

3876-609: The conference level, where they both rank at or near the top in attendance, about 4,000 and 3,000, respectively, and play their home games at Dahlberg Arena . Missoula is home to the Missoula PaddleHeads who play in the Rocky Mountain-based Pioneer Baseball League . They play their home games at Ogren Park at Allegiance Field . Since 1977, Missoula has also held "Maggotfest", a festival-style rugby tournament hosted by

3978-505: The ponderosa pine , also being prevalent. Other native plants include wetland species such as cattails and beaked sedge , as well as shrubs and berry plants such as Douglas hawthorn , chokecherry , and western snowberries . To the chagrin of local farmers, Missoula is also home to several noxious weeds , which multiple programs have set out to eliminate. Notable ones include Dalmatian toadflax , spotted knapweed , leafy spurge , St. John's wort , and sulfur cinquefoil . Controversially,

4080-902: The " Montana Book Festival " in 2015. Missoula's two historic theatres both hold annual film festivals: the Roxy hosting the International Wildlife Film Festival , established in 1977 as the first juried wildlife film festival in the world; and since 2003, the Wilma accommodating the largest film event in Montana, the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival . In performance arts, the Missoula Community Theatre has held performances of musical and nonmusical plays since 1977, with its affiliated Missoula Children's Theatre also acting as an international touring program that visits nearly 1,000 communities per year around

4182-527: The 1980s until most were under control of Plum Creek Timber , all the while demand in timber dropped. In 2007, a downward spiral of Missoula's lumber industry began with the closure of a plywood plant in Bonner, the closure of Bonner's sawmill in 2008, and the closing of the Smurfit-Stone Container pulp mill in 2010. Since opening in 1895, the University of Montana has had a major impact on

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4284-455: The 1980s. Likewise, the University of Montana grew 50% and built or renovated 20 buildings from 1990 to 2010. These industries, as well as expansions in business and professional services, and retail are expected to be the main engines of future growth. Missoula is located at the western edge of Montana, less than 25 miles (40 km) from the Idaho border as the crow flies . By highway it

4386-580: The Coast Division. It was proposed by Morris Swadesh that the Olympic branch of Coast Salishan languages is a natural subdivision within the family, although linguists today generally accept the Olympic branch as a subgrouping within the Coast Salish division. The Interior Salish languages have a higher degree of closeness to each other than the more distant Coast Salish languages. Below

4488-588: The Garden City Airport's Hale Field, which was gradually being replaced by the Missoula County Airport , which was then southwest of town. The new school (now Sentinel High School ) was opened in 1957. Initially, the two campuses were separated between upper and lower classmen with upper classmen in the new school, but in 1965, the two campuses became separate high schools. In 1974, the private Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School

4590-572: The Garden City Brewfest and Winterfest, and periodically hosts the Montana Brewers Festival. The Clay Studio of Missoula is a non-profit ceramic-arts center, which provides education and a community access clay studio. Missoula plays host to a variety of intercollegiate, youth, and amateur sports organizations in addition to a minor league baseball team. The Montana Grizzlies ' football and basketball teams of

4692-519: The Hoerner-Waldorf pulp mill in 1956, which resulted in protests over the resultant air pollution. An article in Life 13 years later speaks of Missoulians sometimes needing to drive with headlights on during the day to navigate through the smog . In 1979, almost 40% of the county labor income still came from the wood and paper-products sector. The lumber industry was hit hard by the recession of

4794-588: The Latin alphabet, however, such as the Saanich . The Salishan language family consists of twenty-three languages. The family is typically organized into two main divisions with variation: Coast Salish (Coast Division), Interior Salish (Interior Division), Tillamook, and Nuxalk. Nuxalk is sometimes classified as part of the Coastal Division of languages. Tillamook is also sometimes classfied as part of

4896-534: The Lushootseed argument ti ʔux̌ʷ ('the one who goes', shown in example sentence (1b) above) does represent an example of an unmarked 'verb' used as an argument and that further research may potentially substantiate Dale Kinkade 's 1983 position that all Salishan content words are essentially 'verbs' (such as ʔux̌ʷ 'goes' and sbiaw 'is a coyote') and that the use of any content word as an argument involves an underlying relative clause. For example, with

4998-538: The MRL into BNSF, integrating MRL operations, technology and personnel. All 1,200 employees were offered employment with BNSF. As of 2009, education and healthcare were Missoula's leading industries; the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and the two hospitals in the city were the largest employers. St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center , founded in 1873, is the region's only Level II trauma center and has undergone three major expansions since

5100-666: The Missoula City Charter, which calls for a mayor–council system of government. The current system comprises a mayor and city treasurer elected in a citywide vote and 12 city council members who must reside in and are elected from one of six wards, with each ward having two council members. All positions are nominally nonpartisan. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms with council-member elections being staggered to allow only one member from each ward to up for re-election. No term limits exist for either position. Missoula's state legislative delegation

5202-649: The Montana State veterans' memorial rose garden; Waterwise Garden, a "living laboratory" garden utilizing water conservation techniques; and Splash Montana Waterpark at Playfair Park. Caras Park is located just south of the historic Wilma Theatre downtown. It is located on land reclaimed when the Higgins Avenue Bridge was widened from two lanes to four in 1962. Before the reclamation, the Clark Fork River divided to create an island with

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5304-692: The Montana Technology Enterprise Center, and several start-up businesses. Missoula is the hub of its Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) economic area, which includes the Montana counties of Flathead , Lake , Lincoln , Mineral , Missoula , Ravalli , and Sanders . As of 2011, the BEA listed the economic area population at 306,050. Key businesses sectors serving the area include health care, retail shopping, transportation, financial services, government and social services, education, events, arts and culture. Health care in particular

5406-605: The Northern Rockies, Missoula has a typical Rocky Mountain ecology . Local wildlife includes populations of white-tailed deer , moose , grizzly bears , black bears , osprey , and bald eagles . During the winter, rapid snowmelt on Mount Jumbo due to its steep slope leaves grass available for grazing elk and mule deer . The rivers around Missoula provide nesting habitats for bank swallows , northern rough-winged swallows , and belted kingfishers . Killdeer and spotted sandpipers can be seen foraging for insects along

5508-586: The Northwestern division of the USGAA . The club are named after the late Irish nationalist and former acting Territorial Governor of Montana , Thomas Francis Meagher . The city has over 400 acres (160 ha) of parkland, 22 miles (35 km) of trails, and nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of conserved open space. Located at the confluence of three rivers (the Clark Fork, Bitterroot, and Blackfoot),

5610-565: The Norway maples that line many of Missoula's older streets have also been declared an invasive species. Missoula has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ), with cold and moderately snowy winters, hot and dry summers, and short, crisp springs and autumns. Winters are usually milder than much of the rest of the state due to Missoula's location west of the Rockies, allowing it to receive mild, moist Pacific air and avoid

5712-503: The Salishan languages seems to depend on two main factors: the distance between speech communities and the geographic barriers between them. The diversity between the languages corresponds directly to the distance between them. Closer proximity often entails more contact between speakers, and more linguistic similarities are the result. Geographic barriers like mountains impede contact, so two communities that are relatively close together may still vary considerably in their language use if there

5814-472: The University of Montana have the highest attendance. The Montana Grizzlies football team has a successful program within the NCAA D-1 FCS level. Their home games at Washington–Grizzly Stadium have a near 90% winning percentage and average over 25,000 spectators in attendance. All games are televised throughout Montana. The Grizzlies men's and Lady Griz basketball teams have also been successful at

5916-404: The action on purpose) or limited-control (the subject did not intend to conduct the action, or only managed to conduct a difficult action). These transitivizers can be followed by object suffixes, which come to modern Salishan languages via Proto-Salish. Proto-Salish had two types of object suffixes, neutral (regular transitive) and causative (when a verb causes the object to do something or be in

6018-479: The area economy for the next 100 years. The United States Forest Service work in Missoula began in 1905. Missoula is also home of the smokejumpers ' headquarters and will be the site of the National Museum of Forest Service History. Nationally, there are nine Forest Service regions; Region   1 is headquartered in Missoula. Logging remained a mainstay of industry in Missoula with the groundbreaking of

6120-738: The area is also popular for white water rafting and, thanks largely to the novel and subsequent film A River Runs Through It by Missoula native Norman Maclean , is well known for its fly fishing . Additionally, Missoula has two aquatic parks, multiple golf courses, is home to the Adventure Cycling Association , and hosts what Runner's World called the "best overall" marathon in the U.S. There are also three ski areas within 100 miles (160 km): Montana Snowbowl , Discovery Ski Area , and Lost Trail Powder Mountain . Slightly farther away are Lookout Pass , Blacktail Mountain , and Big Mountain . A system of public parks

6222-406: The city had a total area of 35.0 square miles (90.6 km), of which 34.8 square miles (90.1 km) were land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km), or 0.54%, were covered by water. Around 13,000 years ago, the entire valley was at the bottom of Glacial Lake Missoula . As could be expected for a former lake bottom, the layout of Missoula is relatively flat and surrounded by steep hills. Evidence of

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6324-544: The city of Missoula's lake-bottom past can be seen in the form of ancient horizontal wave-cut shorelines on nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo. At the location of present-day University of Montana, the lake once had a depth of 950 feet (290 m). The Clark Fork River enters the Missoula Valley from the east through Hellgate Canyon after joining the Blackfoot River 5 miles (8 km) east of downtown, at

6426-549: The city was 92.1% White, 0.5% African American, 2.8% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races , and 2.8% from two or more races. Latinos of any race were 2.9% of the population. Of the 29,081 households, 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.9% were not families. About 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who

6528-521: The determiner ti translated as 'that which', the arguments ti ʔux̌ʷ and ti sbiaw would be most literally translated as 'that which goes' and 'that which is a coyote' respectively. There are twenty-three languages in the Salishan language family. They occupy the Pacific Northwest , with all but two of them being concentrated together in a single large area. It is clear that these languages are related, but it's difficult to track

6630-468: The development of Missoula's economy. In addition to the economic advantage from accommodating the student body, it gave the city an educated workforce not available in most of the state. The university has a close relationship with the city as Missoula's largest employer and with the millions of dollars the school brings into the city through visitors of school-sponsored sporting and cultural events. The university also houses Missoula's only business incubator,

6732-409: The development of each because their histories are so interwoven. The different speech communities have interacted a great deal, making it nearly impossible to decipher the influences of varying dialects and languages on one another. However, there are several trends and patterns that can be historically traced to generalize the development of the Salishan languages over the years. The variation between

6834-766: The early 1980s , and Missoula's economy began to diversify. By the early 1990s, the disappearance of many of the region's log yards, along with legislation, had helped clean the air dramatically. In 1883, the Northern Pacific Railroad arrived in Missoula, spurring rapid growth in the town, which by then had about 500 residents. In March 1970, the Northern Pacific, along with three other closely affiliated railroads ( Chicago, Burlington & Quincy , Great Northern and Spokane, Portland & Seattle ) merged to form Burlington Northern . In 1987, BN decided to lease, for an initial term of 60 years,

6936-471: The economic power of the valley and replaced it as the county seat in 1866. The name "Missoula" came from the Salish name for the Clark Fork River , nmesuletkw , which roughly translates as "place of frozen water". Fort Missoula was established in 1877 to help protect further arriving settlers. Growth accelerated with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883, and by charter, Missoula incorporated

7038-421: The economy began to expand rapidly. Lumber mills were originally built to provide construction-grade materials for homes and businesses, but then expanded to entice and then meet the demands of the railroad; they profited from an increase in demand from railroad expansion and the nation at large. The Bonner mill, owned the Northern Pacific and Copper King Marcus Daly , became the largest producer of lumber in

7140-493: The ex-NP route to entrepreneur Dennis Washington , who formed Montana Rail Link . MRL established its headquarters in Missoula. In January 2022, BNSF agreed to pay MRL $ 2 billion for an early lease termination. The return to BNSF control required the approval of the Surface Transportation Board , and this was later approved on March 8, 2023. BNSF took over operations on January 1, 2024. This absorbed

7242-482: The expedition traveled to what is now the Alice Creek Historic District . At the time of landmark designation in 1960, the exact location of the expedition's campsite was unknown. Boundaries were formalized on December 12, 1983. Subsequent investigations revealed that errors had been made in setting the boundaries of the landmark. Detailed historical and scientific investigations resulted in

7344-544: The extinct Tillamook language , to the south on the central coast of Oregon. The terms Salish and Salishan are used interchangeably by linguists and anthropologists studying Salishan, but this is confusing in regular English usage. The name Salish or Selisch is the endonym of the Flathead Nation . Linguists later applied the name Salish to related languages in the Pacific Northwest. Many of

7446-489: The following year, repealing the sales tax provision from state law. Missoula's first school was opened in late 1869 with 16 students from around the region and their teacher Emma C. Slack, who had come to Missoula by a two-month trip by horseback, railroad, and boat from Baltimore at the invitation of her brother. She resigned two years later upon marrying William H. H. Dickinson (the first couple married in Missoula) and

7548-576: The forms of those suffixes have been subject to vowel shifts, borrowing pronoun forms from other languages (such as Kutenai), and merging of neutral and causative forms (as in Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamuctsin, Twana, Straits Salishan languages, and Halkomelem). There are three general patterns of negation among the Salishan languages. The most common pattern involves a negative predicate in the form of an impersonal and intransitive stative verb, which occurs in sentence initial position. The second pattern involves

7650-499: The gravel bars. Other species include song sparrows , catbirds , several species of warblers , and the pileated woodpecker . The rivers also provide cold, clean water for native fish such as westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout . The meandering streams also attract beaver and wood ducks . The parks also host a variety of snakes such as racers , garter snakes , and rubber boa . Native riparian plant life includes sandbar willows and cottonwoods , with Montana's state tree,

7752-664: The head of the predicate (including words with typically 'noun-like' meanings that refer to entities) or in an argument (including those with 'verb-like' meanings that refer to events). Words with noun-like meanings are automatically equivalent to [be + NOUN] when used predicatively, such as Lushootseed sbiaw which means '(is a) coyote'. Words with more verb-like meanings, when used as arguments, are equivalent to [one that VERBs] or [VERB+er]. For example, Lushootseed ʔux̌ʷ means '(one that) goes'. The following examples are from Lushootseed . An almost identical pair of sentences from St’át’imcets demonstrates that this phenomenon

7854-637: The land were primarily the Salish , Kootenai , Pend d'Oreille , Blackfeet , and Shoshone people. Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys, the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison . This led to conflicts. The narrow valley at Missoula's eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers later referred to this area as Porte de l'Enfer , translated as " Gate of Hell ". Hell Gate would remain

7956-467: The lowest priority of law enforcement in 2006, and symbolic resolutions calling on Congress to withdraw from Iraq in 2007, and to amend the U.S. Constitution to declare that "corporations are not human beings" in 2011, often put it at odds with the rest of the state. In 2011, the Montana legislature, with a Republican House majority, attempted to overturn Missoula's marijuana law and revoke its ability to have an anti-discrimination ordinance that included

8058-493: The most common word order. Some Salishan languages allow for VOS and SVO as well. There is no case marking, but central noun phrases will often be preceded by determiners while non-central NPs will take prepositions. Some Salishan languages are ergative , or split-ergative , and many take unique object agreement forms in passive statements. In the St'át'imcets (Lillooet Salish) language, for example, absolutive relative clauses (including

8160-672: The name of the area until it was renamed "Missoula" in 1866. The Lewis and Clark Expedition brought the first U.S. citizens to the area. They twice stopped just south of Missoula at Traveler's Rest . They camped there the first time on their westbound trip in September 1805. When they stayed there again, on their return in June–July 1806, Clark left heading south along the Bitterroot River and Lewis traveled north, then east, through Hellgate Canyon. In 1860, Hell Gate Village

8262-671: The north channel's bank extending to nearby buildings such as the Wilma Theatre. The south channel was deepened for the increased water flow and the infilled land later became Caras Park. Events in the park were not common until the early 1980s and permanent fixtures such as "Out to Lunch", which began in 1986. The Missoula Downtown Association took over from Parks and Recreation to manage the park and made improvements to make Caras Park more event-friendly. Seating, event circles, brick plazas, restrooms, and storage structures were added. Large temporary tents were used for events until 1997, when

8364-498: The northwest. In 1908, Missoula's location as both a major lumber producer and a regional commercial center helped land the city the regional office for the newly establish U.S. Forest Service, created to help manage the nation's timber supply. Over the next century, Missoula's various lumber industries was consolidated under various entities such as the Anaconda Company in the 1970s and Champion International Paper through

8466-460: The only site on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail that has yielded physical proof of the explorers' presence. Records made by Lewis and Clark often spell "Traveler's" as "Traveller's" . This spot is largely unchanged from the days of Lewis and Clark. From this location, Lewis and Clark split up to explore Montana during their return trip, not reuniting until they reached Sanish, North Dakota . After departing here in 1806, Lewis' part of

8568-471: The peoples do not have self-designations ( autonyms ) in their languages; they frequently have specific names for local dialects, as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations. All Salishan languages are considered critically endangered , some extremely so, with only three or four speakers left. Those languages considered extinct are often referred to as "dormant languages", in that no speakers exist currently, but still serve as

8670-480: The population were below the poverty line , including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. About 40.3% of Missoula residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree. As of 2010's census, 66,788 people, 29,081 households, and 13,990 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,427.8 inhabitants per square mile (937.4/km). The 30,682 housing units averaged 1,115.3 per square mile (430.6/km). The racial makeup of

8772-417: The record cold maximum is −13 °F (−25 °C), last recorded on February 2, 1989, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is 72 °F (22 °C) on July 27, 1939. The median income for a household in the city was $ 30,366, and for a family was $ 42,103. Males had a median income of $ 30,686 versus $ 21,559 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,166. About 11.7% of families and 19.7% of

8874-647: The relative aridity. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 23.9 °F (−4.5 °C) in December to 68.6 °F (20.3 °C) in July. On average, annually, there are 24 days with temperatures at or above 90 °F (32 °C), 45 days where the temperature does not rise above freezing, and 7.8 days with temperatures reaching at or below 0 °F (−18 °C). Record temperatures range from −33 °F (−36 °C) on January 26, 1957, up to 107 °F (42 °C), most recently on June 30, 2021;

8976-530: The same despite other changes between languages. The Coast Salishan languages are less similar to each other than are the Interior Salishan languages, probably because the Coast communities have more access to outside influences. Another example of language change in the Salishan language family is word taboo, which is a cultural expression of the belief in the power of words. Among the Coast languages,

9078-747: The several downtown buildings listed on the National Historic Registry . Since 2006, the River City Roots Festival has been an event each August with music, beer, food, and art, and generally attracts crowds of 15,000. The longest-standing event downtown has been the Missoula Farmers Market that was founded in 1972, which provides an outlet for Western Montana produce on Saturday mornings from May to October as well as Tuesday evenings from July to early September. An arts and crafts People's Market and

9180-469: The site of the former Milltown Dam . The Bitterroot River and multiple smaller tributaries join the Clark Fork on the western edge of Missoula. The city also sits at the convergence of five mountain ranges: the Bitterroot Mountains , Sapphire Range , Garnet Range , Rattlesnake Mountains , and the Reservation Divide, and thus is often described as being the "hub of five valleys". Located in

9282-644: The university remained the basis of the local economy for the next 100 years. By the 1990s, Missoula's lumber industry had gradually disappeared, and as of 2009, the city's largest employers were the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and Missoula's two hospitals. The city is governed by a mayor–council government with 12 city council members, two from each of the six wards. In and around Missoula are 400 acres (160 ha) of parkland, 22 miles (35 km) of trails, and nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of open-space conservation land, with adjacent Mount Jumbo being home to grazing elk and mule deer during

9384-401: The verb when the direct object is central to the event being discussed, but is not the theme of the sentence. The direct object may be a recipient, for example. It may also refer to a related noun phrase, like the goal a verb intends to achieve, or the instrument used in carrying out the action of the verb. In the sentence ‘The man used the axe to chop the log with.’, the axe is the instrument and

9486-487: The winter. The city is also home to both of Montana's largest and its oldest active breweries, as well as the Montana Grizzlies . Notable residents include the first woman to serve in the U.S. Congress, Jeannette Rankin . Archaeological artifacts date the earliest inhabitants of the Missoula Valley to 12,000 years ago , with settlements as early as 3500  BCE . From the 1700s until the 1850s, those who used

9588-520: The world. Missoula is also home to a number of modern dance companies, including Bare Bait Dance and Headwaters Dance Company . Rocky Mountain Ballet Theatre and Garden City Ballet are also based in Missoula. The Montana Museum of Art & Culture , which became a state museum in 2001, is one Montana's oldest cultural reserves, having begun in 1894; its permanent collection houses more than 10,000 original works. The Missoula Museum of Art

9690-425: The worst of cold snaps; however, it also gets more precipitation in winter. Winter snowfall averages 39.5 inches (100 cm), typically occurring between October 30 and April 20, with an annual average of 120 days of snow on the ground. As with the rest of the state, summers are very sunny, and the average diurnal temperature variation is more than 30 °F (17 °C) from late June through late September, due to

9792-431: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82. In the city, the population was distributed as 17.9% of residents under 18, 19.7% between the ages of 18 and 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in the city was 30.9 years. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. Missoula began as

9894-521: Was created from a merger of the all-girls Sacred Heart Academy ( est .   1873) and the all-boys Loyola High School ( est .   1912). In 1980, Missoula's third public high school, Big Sky , was established. Salish language The Salishan languages are a geographically contiguous block, with the exception of the Nuxalk (Bella Coola), in the Central Coast of British Columbia , and

9996-470: Was created out of John L. Bonner's estate near the university. Today's park has multiple athletic fields and courts, and band shell used by the Missoula City band through the summer. The Kiwanis club set up a Kiwanis Park downtown in 1934, making it the first of a string of parks that line both sides of the Clark Fork River. One of those parks on the southern bank of the river is McCormick Park, which

10098-638: Was created with WPA funds out of surplus highway land, a parcel from the American Hide and Fur Company, and land donated from the Kate McCormick estate. The 26-acre (11 ha) park, named for Washington J. McCormick and his wife, is home to a skate park, aquatics center, a free bike check-out, and a children's fishing pond. Other popular parks include the Jacobs Island Bark Park, a designated area for dogs to play off-leash;

10200-417: Was developed in Missoula in 1902 with the donation by lumber baron Thomas Greenough and his wife Tessie. They gave a 42-acre (17 ha) tract of land along Rattlesnake Creek for Greenough Park, on the condition that "the land forever be used as a park and for park purposes to which the people of Missoula may .   .   . find a comfortable, romantic and poetic retreat". In a follow-up nine years later in

10302-548: Was established 5 miles (8 km) west of present-day downtown by Christopher P. Higgins and Frank Worden as a trading post to serve travelers on the recently completed Mullan Road , the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the inland of the Pacific Northwest . The desire for a more convenient water supply to power a lumber and flour mill led to the movement of the settlement to its modern location in 1864. The Missoula Mills replaced Hell Gate Village as

10404-497: Was replaced by Elizabeth Countryman, who later married Missoula's first mayor, Frank H. Woody . The first public high school was opened in 1904, but was converted back to a grade school after the A. J. Gibson -designed Missoula County High School (now Hellgate High School ) was opened in 1908. After several expansions, Stanford University was commissioned in 1951 to create a master building plan to manage future growth. It suggested purchasing land and building an additional campus at

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