Chemical
79-715: The Missouri Constitution is the state constitution of the U.S. State of Missouri . It is the supreme law formulating the law and government of Missouri , subject only to the federal Constitution , and the people. The fourth and current Missouri Constitution was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government : legislative (the Missouri General Assembly ), executive (the Governor of Missouri ), and judicial (the Supreme Court of Missouri ). It also sets up local governments in
158-476: A state legislature , and state courts , including a state supreme court (a few states have two high courts, one for civil cases, the other for criminal cases). They also provide general governmental framework for what each branch is supposed to do and how it should go about doing it. Additionally, many other provisions may be included. Many state constitutions, unlike the federal constitution, also begin with an invocation of God . Some states allow amendments to
237-523: A description of organic instruments with respect to additional territory. Constitutions of states that were independent countries prior to admission, and constitutions used by rebelling states participating in the American Civil War are not counted. The District of Columbia has a charter similar to charters of major cities, instead of having a constitution like the states and territories. The District of Columbia Home Rule Act establishes
316-476: A human embryo if it has the potential to cure countless numbers of patients and further our understanding of disease?" are central to the controversy. Political leaders debate how to regulate and fund research studies that involve the techniques used to remove the embryo cells. No clear consensus has emerged. Much of the criticism has been a result of religious beliefs and, in the most high-profile case, US President George W Bush signed an executive order banning
395-702: A part of a living human person. A portion of stem cell researchers use embryos that were created but not used in in vitro fertility treatments to derive new stem cell lines. Most of these embryos are to be destroyed, or stored for long periods of time, long past their viable storage life. In the United States alone, an estimated at least 400,000 such embryos exist. This has led some opponents of abortion, such as Senator Orrin Hatch , to support human embryonic stem cell research. See also embryo donation . Medical researchers widely report that stem cell research has
474-427: A recent study where pluripotent adult stem cells were manufactured from differentiated fibroblast by the addition of specific transcription factors. Newly created stem cells were developed into an embryo and were integrated into newborn mouse tissues, analogous to the properties of embryonic stem cells. Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Portugal and Ireland do not allow the production of embryonic stem cell lines, but
553-597: A second Missouri state constitution that abolished slavery, ratified on June 6, 1865. This second constitution was known as the "Draconian Constitution" due to its loyalty oath provisions, which were struck down by the US Supreme Court in Cummings v. Missouri (1867). This constitution remained in effect for ten years. The fourth constitutional convention was held in 1875, which drafted the state's third constitution. The convention met from May 5 to August 2, and
632-426: A separate vote on each amendment with a simple majority allowing adoption. Seven of the 21 amendments were adopted. The election details are available in the 1925-1926 Official Manual of Missouri. In the early 20th century, Missouri was dominated by corrupt political "bosses", such as Tom Pendergast of Kansas City . In reaction to this, reformers used the initiative to call for a sixth constitutional convention, and
711-440: A wide array of issues deemed by the states to be of sufficient importance to be included in the constitution rather than in an ordinary statute. Often modeled after the federal Constitution, they outline the structure of the state government and typically establish a bill of rights , an executive branch headed by a governor (and often one or more other officials , such as a lieutenant governor and state attorney general ),
790-463: Is a significant expansion of options over the limits imposed by President Bush, who restricted funding to the 21 viable stem cell lines that were created before he announced his decision in 2001. The ethical concerns raised during Clinton's time in office continue to restrict hESC research and dozens of stem cell lines have been excluded from funding, now by judgment of an administrative office rather than presidential or legislative discretion. In 2005,
869-475: Is complex and extremely expensive, the newly discovered method of reprogramming cells is much cheaper. However, the technique may disrupt the DNA in the new stem cells, resulting in damaged and cancerous tissue. More research will be required before noncancerous stem cells can be created. Update of article to include 2009/2010 current stem cell usages in clinical trials: The planned treatment trials will focus on
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#1732776090515948-410: Is not thought to harm the fetus in any way. He hopes "that these cells will provide a valuable resource for tissue repair and for engineered organs , as well." AFSCs have been found to express both embryonic and adult stem cell markers as well as having the ability to be maintained over 250 population doublings. Similarly, pro-life supporters claim that the use of adult stem cells from sources such as
1027-738: Is outside of federal jurisdiction either to ban or to subsidize. Bush vetoed another bill, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2007 , which would have amended the Public Health Service Act to provide for human embryonic stem cell research . The bill passed the Senate on April 11 by a vote of 63–34, then passed the House on June 7 by a vote of 247–176. President Bush vetoed the bill on July 19, 2007. On March 9, 2009, President Obama removed
1106-593: Is possible using small molecules and more importantly, iPSCs from multiple tissues of origin have been shown to give rise to a viable organism similar to the way ESCs can. This allows iPSCs to serve as a powerful tool for tissue generation, drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine that has far fewer ethical considerations than embryonic stem cells that would otherwise serve the same purpose. In an alternative technique, researchers at Harvard University , led by Kevin Eggan and Savitri Marajh, have transferred
1185-410: Is to use it for life-saving purposes, such as for the treatment of people that suffered trauma to their nervous system, etc. Similarly, the sole Jewish majority state, Israel , permits research on embryonic stem cells. The Catholic Church opposes human embryonic stem cell research calling it "an absolutely unacceptable act." The Church supports research that involves stem cells from adult tissues and
1264-569: The Council of the District of Columbia , which governs the entire district and has certain devolved powers similar to those of major cities. Congress has full authority over the district and may amend the charter and any legislation enacted by the Council. Attempts at statehood for the District of Columbia have included the drafting of three constitutions in 1982 1987, and 2016 all referring to
1343-580: The United States Constitution , which only contains 4,543 words. State constitutions are all longer than 8,000 words because they are more detailed regarding the day-to-day relationships between government and the people. The shortest is the Constitution of Vermont , adopted in 1793 and currently 8,295 words long. The longest was Alabama 's sixth constitution , ratified in 1901, about 345,000 words long, but rewritten in 2022. Both
1422-488: The cord blood has consistently produced more promising results than the use of embryonic stem cells. Research has shown that umbilical cord blood (UCB) is in fact a viable source for stem cells and their progenitors which occur in high frequencies within the fluid. Furthermore, these cells may hold an advantage over induced PSC as they can create large quantities of homogenous cells . IPSCs and other embryonic stem cell alternatives must still be collected and maintained with
1501-654: The federal and state constitutions are organic texts : they are the fundamental blueprints for the legal and political organizations of the United States and the states, respectively. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (part of the Bill of Rights ) provides that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to
1580-419: The informed consent of the donor as a donor's genetic information is still within the cells and by the definition of pluripotency, each alternative cell type has the potential to give rise to viable organisms. Generation of viable offspring using iPSCs has been shown in mouse models through tetraploid complementation . This potential for the generation of viable organisms and the fact that iPSC cells contain
1659-422: The nucleus of a somatic cell into an existing embryonic stem cell, thus creating a new stem cell line. This technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) creates pluripotent cells that are genetically identical to the donor. While the creation of stem cells via SCNT does not destroy an embryo, it requires an oocyte from a donor which opens the door to a whole new set of ethical considerations such as
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#17327760905151738-415: The sanctity of life and is tantamount to murder . The fundamental assertion of those who oppose embryonic stem cell research is the belief that human life is inviolable , combined with the belief that human life begins when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell to form a single cell. The view of those in favor is that these embryos would otherwise be discarded, and if used as stem cells, they can survive as
1817-564: The Bush and Clinton guidelines agree that the federal government should not fund hESC research that directly destroys embryos. Neither Congress nor any administration has ever prohibited private funding of embryonic research. Public and private funding of research on adult and cord blood stem cells is unrestricted. In April 2004, 206 members of Congress signed a letter urging President Bush to expand federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond what Bush had already supported. In May 2005,
1896-597: The CNMI is based upon a series of constitutional documents, the most important of which are the 1976 Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States of America, which controls the relationship between the CNMI and the United States; and the local commonwealth constitution, drafted in 1976, ratified by the people of the CNMI in March 1977, accepted by
1975-595: The Congress intervened and passed the 1995 Dickey–Wicker Amendment (the final bill, which included the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, was signed into law by Bill Clinton) which prohibited any federal funding for the Department of Health and Human Services be used for research that resulted in the destruction of an embryo regardless of the source of that embryo. In 1998, privately funded research led to
2054-542: The DNA of donors require that they be handled along the ethical guidelines laid out by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , European Medicines Agency (EMA) , and International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) . Stem cell debates have motivated and reinvigorated the anti-abortion movement, whose members are concerned with the rights and status of the human embryo as an early-aged human life. They believe that embryonic stem cell research profits from and violates
2133-482: The FDA approved the first human clinical trials using embryonic stem cells. Only cells from an embryo at the morula stage or earlier are truly totipotent , meaning that they are able to form all cell types including placental cells. Adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. However, some evidence suggests that adult stem cell plasticity may exist, increasing
2212-589: The House of Representatives voted 238–194 to loosen the limitations on federally funded embryonic stem-cell research – by allowing government-funded research on surplus frozen embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics to be used for stem cell research with the permission of donors – despite Bush's promise to veto the bill if passed. On July 29, 2005, Senate Majority Leader William H. Frist (R- TN ) announced that he too favored loosening restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research. On July 18, 2006,
2291-571: The Institute for Science and Jewish Law in Jerusalem, embryonic stem cell research is permitted so long as it has not been implanted in the womb. Not only is it permitted, but research is encouraged, rather than wasting it. As long as it has not been implanted in the womb and it is still a frozen fertilized egg, it does not have the status of an embryo at all and there is no prohibition to destroy it... However in order to remove all doubt [as to
2370-724: The NIH Human Embryo Research Panel advised the administration of President Bill Clinton to permit federal funding for research on embryos left over from in vitro fertility treatments and also recommended federal funding of research on embryos specifically created for experimentation. In response to the panel's recommendations, the Clinton administration, citing moral and ethical concerns, declined to fund research on embryos created solely for research purposes, but did agree to fund research on leftover embryos created by in vitro fertility treatments. At this point,
2449-608: The NIH funded $ 607 million worth of stem cell research, of which $ 39 million was specifically used for hESC. Sigrid Fry-Revere has argued that private organizations, not the federal government, should provide funding for stem-cell research, so that shifts in public opinion and government policy would not bring valuable scientific research to a grinding halt. In 2005, the State of California took out $ 3 billion in bond loans to fund embryonic stem cell research in that state. China has one of
Constitution of Missouri - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-647: The Senate passed three different bills concerning stem cell research. The Senate passed the first bill (the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act ) 63–37, which would have made it legal for the federal government to spend federal money on embryonic stem cell research that uses embryos left over from in vitro fertilization procedures. On July 19, 2006, President Bush vetoed this bill. The second bill makes it illegal to create, grow, and abort fetuses for research purposes. The third bill would encourage research that would isolate pluripotent, i.e., embryonic-like, stem cells without
2607-435: The States respectively, or to the people." The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government ." These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution, the fundamental documents of state law , when the U.S. Constitution was adopted. Typically state constitutions address
2686-525: The Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and grateful for His goodness, do establish this Constitution for the better government of the state. The remainder of the constitution consists of fourteen articles as of 2018. State constitution (United States) ( Alabama to Missouri , Montana to Wyoming ) In the United States, each state has its own written constitution. They are much longer than
2765-542: The U.S. Government or operate as military bases. The commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) do not have organic acts but operate under local constitutions. Pursuant to the acquisition of Puerto Rico under the Treaty of Paris, 1898 , the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States is controlled by Article IV of the United States Constitution. Constitutional law in
2844-562: The US Congress admitting Missouri to the union, but was chosen to be interpreted in a deliberately vague manner as a "second" compromise . This constitution took effect the day Missouri joined the union as the twenty-fourth state, August 10, 1821. The second convention in 1845 produced a constitution rejected by voters. During the American Civil War , the Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861-63)
2923-543: The United States Government in October 1977, and effective from 9 January 1978. The following is a list of the current constitutions of the states in the United States. Each entry shows the ordinal number of the current constitution, the official name of the current constitution, the date on which the current constitution took effect, and the estimated length of the current constitution. Also below are
3002-474: The breakthrough discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). This prompted the Clinton administration to re-examine guidelines for federal funding of embryonic research. In 1999, the president's National Bioethics Advisory Commission recommended that hESC harvested from embryos discarded after in vitro fertility treatments, but not from embryos created expressly for experimentation, be eligible for federal funding. Though embryo destruction had been inevitable in
3081-508: The capabilities of adult stem cells, and the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops working to pass federal legislation creating a nationwide public bank for umbilical cord blood stem cells. The Southern Baptist Convention opposes human embryonic stem cell research on the grounds that the "Bible teaches that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God (Gen. 1:27; 9:6) and protectable human life begins at fertilization." However, it supports adult stem cell research as it does "not require
3160-458: The capacity and will to pursue this research and the humanity and conscience to do so responsibly." Some stem cell researchers are working to develop techniques of isolating stem cells with similar potency as embryonic stem cells, but do not require the destruction of a human embryo. Foremost among these was the discovery in August 2006 that human adult somatic cells can be cultured in vitro with
3239-414: The concept that stem cells are pluripotent . This significant discovery led to the first human bone marrow transplant by E. Donnall Thomas in 1956, which although successful in saving lives, has generated much controversy since. This has included the many complications inherent in stem cell transplantation (almost 200 allogeneic marrow transplants were performed in humans, with no long-term successes before
Constitution of Missouri - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-759: The constitution by initiative . Many states have had several constitutions over the course of their history. The territories of the United States are "organized" and, thus, self-governing if the United States Congress has passed an Organic Act . Two of the 14 territories without commonwealth status — Guam and the United States Virgin Islands — are organized, but have not adopted their own constitutions. One unorganized territory, American Samoa, has its own constitution. The remaining 13 unorganized territories have no permanent populations and are either under direct control of
3397-710: The creation of embryonic stem cell lines is permitted in Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In 1973, Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in the United States. Five years later, the first successful human in vitro fertilization resulted in the birth of Louise Brown in England. These developments prompted the federal government to create regulations barring the use of federal funds for research that experimented on human embryos. In 1995,
3476-624: The debate as to whether or not it is appropriate to offer financial incentives to female donors. Researchers at Advanced Cell Technology, led by Robert Lanza and Travis Wahl, reported the successful derivation of a stem cell line using a process similar to preimplantation genetic diagnosis , in which a single blastomere is extracted from a blastocyst . At the 2007 meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) , Lanza announced that his team had succeeded in producing three new stem cell lines without destroying
3555-435: The debates, which has been appealed to by proponents of embryonic stem cell research. In August 2000, The U.S. National Institutes of Health's Guidelines stated: ... research involving human pluripotent stem cells ... promises new treatments and possible cures for many debilitating diseases and injuries, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, burns and spinal cord injuries. The NIH believes
3634-484: The destruction of embryos." The United Methodist Church opposes human embryonic stem cell research, saying, "a human embryo , even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." However, it supports adult stem cell research , stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue. The Assemblies of God opposes human embryonic stem cell research, saying, it "perpetuates the evil of abortion and should be prohibited." Islamic scholars generally favor
3713-403: The destruction of human embryos . Some debate remains about the similarities of these cells to embryonic stem cells as research has shown that the induced pluripotent cells may have a different epigenetic memory or modifications to the genome than embryonic stem cells depending on the tissue of origin and donor the iPSCs come from. While this may be the case, epigenetic manipulation of the cells
3792-509: The destruction of human embryos. In 2005 and 2007, Congressman Ron Paul introduced the Cures Can Be Found Act, with 10 cosponsors. With an income tax credit, the bill favors research upon non-embryonic stem cells obtained from placentas , umbilical cord blood , amniotic fluid , humans after birth, or unborn human offspring who died of natural causes; the bill was referred to committee. Paul argued that hESC research
3871-621: The district as the "State of New Columbia ". Stem cell controversy Neurological The stem cell controversy concerns the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos . Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells . Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells , amniotic stem cells , and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial. Many less controversial sources of acquiring stem cells include using cells from
3950-607: The effects of oral lithium on neurological function in people with chronic spinal cord injury and those who have received umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell transplants to the spinal cord. The interest in these two treatments derives from recent reports indicating that umbilical cord blood stem cells may be beneficial for spinal cord injury and that lithium may promote regeneration and recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Both lithium and umbilical cord blood are widely available therapies that have long been used to treat diseases in humans. This argument often goes hand-in-hand with
4029-406: The ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cell research. Another technique announced in 2007 may also defuse the longstanding debate and controversy. Research teams in the United States and Japan have developed a simple and cost-effective method of reprogramming human skin cells to function much like embryonic stem cells by introducing artificial viruses. While extracting and cloning stem cells
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#17327760905154108-402: The first successful treatment was made), through to more modern problems, such as how many cells are sufficient for engraftment of various types of hematopoietic stem cell transplants, whether older patients should undergo transplant therapy, and the role of irradiation-based therapies in preparation for transplantation. The discovery of adult stem cells led scientists to develop an interest in
4187-530: The form of counties and cities . The first constitution was written by Constitutional Convention in 1820 in only 38 days, and was adopted on July 19, 1820. One of the results of the Missouri Compromise , Missouri was initially admitted to the Union as a slave state, and the constitution specifically excluded "free negroes and mulattoes" from the state. This "exclusion clause" initially forestalled
4266-449: The four “Yamanaka factors” ( Oct-4 , SOX2 , c-Myc , KLF4 ) which effectively returns a cell to the pluripotent state similar to that observed in embryonic stem cells . This major breakthrough won a Nobel Prize for the discoverers, Shinya Yamanaka and John Gurdon . Induced pluripotent stem cells are those derived from adult somatic cells and have the potential to provide an alternative for stem cell research that does not require
4345-410: The incoming George W. Bush administration which decided to reconsider the issue. President Bush announced, on August 9, 2001, that federal funds, for the first time, would be made available for hESC research on currently existing embryonic stem cell lines. President Bush authorized research on existing human embryonic stem cell lines, not on human embryos under a specific, unrealistic timeline in which
4424-426: The initiative was passed by the voters in 1942. The voters ratified the new constitution in 1945. The Constitution of 1945 remains Missouri's current constitution. Since 1945, there have been at least 119 amendments made to the Constitution. In recent years, some of these have been both controversial and high-profile, such as legalizing commercial gambling in 1993, Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 (2006) ( allowing
4503-415: The known methods. So, while scientists might not be free to create new lines with federal funding, President Obama's policy allows the potential of applying for such funding into research involving the hundreds of existing stem cell lines as well as any further lines created using private funds or state-level funding. The ability to apply for federal funding for stem cell lines created in the private sector
4582-656: The moral ethics of questions concerning research involving human embryonic cells. Since pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell, they are used in the development of medical treatments for a wide range of conditions. Treatments that have been proposed include treatment for physical trauma, degenerative conditions, and genetic diseases (in combination with gene therapy ). Yet further treatments using stem cells could potentially be developed due to their ability to repair extensive tissue damage. Great levels of success and potential have been realized from research using adult stem cells. In early 2009,
4661-411: The most permissive human embryonic stem cell policies in the world. In the absence of a public controversy, human embryo stem cell research is supported by policies that allow the use of human embryos and therapeutic cloning. Generally speaking, no group advocates for unrestricted stem cell research, especially in the context of embryonic stem cell research. According to Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Halperin of
4740-408: The number of cell types a given adult stem cell can become. Destruction of a human embryo is required in order to research new embryonic cell lines. Much of the debate surrounding human embryonic stem cells, therefore, concern ethical and legal quandaries around the destruction of an embryo. Ethical and legal questions such as "At what point does one consider life to begin?" and "Is it just to destroy
4819-424: The option to call a new constitutional convention every 20 years through an automatic referendum that appears on that year's ballot. This has been voted on in 1962, 1982, 2002, 2022, and will be voted on again in 2042. To date, these referendums have not passed. The 1945 constitution starts with a preamble that was also used in the 1875 constitution. It reads: We, the people of Missouri, with profound reverence for
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#17327760905154898-679: The parent embryos. "These are the first human embryonic cell lines in existence that didn't result from the destruction of an embryo." Lanza is currently in discussions with the National Institutes of Health to determine whether the new technique sidesteps U.S. restrictions on federal funding for ES cell research. Anthony Atala of Wake Forest University says that the fluid surrounding the fetus has been found to contain stem cells that, when used correctly, "can be differentiated towards cell types such as fat, bone, muscle, blood vessel, nerve and liver cells." The extraction of this fluid
4977-413: The permissibility of destroying it], it is preferable not to destroy the pre-embryo unless it will otherwise not be implanted in the woman who gave the eggs (either because there are many fertilized eggs, or because one of the parties refuses to go on with the procedure – the husband or wife – or for any other reason). Certainly it should not be implanted into another woman.... The best and worthiest solution
5056-404: The potential medical benefits of human pluripotent stem cell technology are compelling and worthy of pursuit in accordance with appropriate ethical standards. In 2006, researchers at Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, succeeded in obtaining stem cells from mouse embryos without destroying the embryos. If this technique and its reliability are improved, it would alleviate some of
5135-580: The potential to dramatically alter approaches to understanding and treating diseases, and to alleviate suffering. In the future, most medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a variety of diseases and impairments. Spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease are two examples that have been championed by high-profile media personalities (for instance, Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox , who have lived with these conditions, respectively). The anticipated medical benefits of stem cell research add urgency to
5214-411: The process of harvesting hESC in the past (this is no longer the case ), the Clinton administration had decided that it would be permissible under the Dickey-Wicker Amendment to fund hESC research as long as such research did not itself directly cause the destruction of an embryo. Therefore, HHS issued its proposed regulation concerning hESC funding in 2001. Enactment of the new guidelines was delayed by
5293-474: The production of human embryos for stem cell research ), Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 (2004) (an amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage ), and an English-only amendment in 2008. On November 6, 2018, a constitutional amendment was passed that legalized and regulated medical marijuana (see Cannabis in Missouri ). According to Article XII of the present constitution, the people of Missouri are given
5372-593: The restriction on federal funding for newer stem cell lines. Two days after Obama removed the restriction, the president then signed the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009 , which still contained the long-standing Dickey–Wicker Amendment which bans federal funding of "research in which a human embryo or embryos are destroyed, discarded, or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death;" the congressional provision effectively prevents federal funding being used to create new stem cell lines by many of
5451-565: The resulting constitution provided for, among other things, separate schools for African-American children. In the early 1900s, the Constitution of 1875 was amended to allow constitutional amendment by the initiative process. The state's fifth constitutional convention was held from 1922 to 1923. This convention proposed a slate of twenty-one amendments instead of a new constitution. The delegates assembled in Jefferson City from May 15, 1922 to November 6, 1923. The ballot form permitted
5530-513: The role of embryonic stem cells, and in separate studies in 1981 Gail Martin and Martin Evans derived pluripotent stem cells from the embryos of mice for the first time. This paved the way for Mario Capecchi , Martin Evans , and Oliver Smithies to create the first knockout mouse , ushering in a whole new era of research on human disease. In 1995 adult stem cell research with human use was patented (US PTO with effect from 1995). In fact, human use
5609-527: The stance that scientific research and development of stem cells is allowed as long as it benefits society while causing the least amount of harm to the subjects. "Stem cell research is one of the most controversial topics of our time period and has raised many religious and ethical questions regarding the research being done. With there being no true guidelines set forth in the Qur'an against the study of biomedical testing, Muslims have adopted any new studies as long as
5688-452: The stem cell lines must have been developed. However, the Bush administration chose not to permit taxpayer funding for research on hESC cell lines not currently in existence, thus limiting federal funding to research in which "the life-and-death decision has already been made." The Bush administration's guidelines differ from the Clinton administration guidelines which did not distinguish between currently existing and not-yet-existing hESC. Both
5767-679: The studies do not contradict another teaching in the Qur'an. One of the teachings of the Qur'an states that 'Whosoever saves the life of one, it shall be if he saves the life of humankind' (5:32), it is this teaching that makes stem cell research acceptable in the Muslim faith because of its promise of potential medical breakthrough." This statement does not, however, make a distinction between adult, embryonic, or stem-cells. In specific instances, different sources have issued fatwas , or nonbinding but authoritative legal opinions according to Islamic faith, ruling on conduct in stem cell research. The Fatwa of
5846-598: The umbilical cord, as it "involves no harm to human beings at any state of development." This support has been expressed both politically and financially, with different Catholic groups either raising money indirectly, offering grants, or seeking to pass federal legislation, according to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Specific examples include a grant from the Catholic Archiocese of Sydney which funded research demonstrating
5925-478: The umbilical cord, breast milk, and bone marrow , which are not pluripotent . For many decades, stem cells have played an important role in medical research, beginning in 1868 when Ernst Haeckel first used the phrase to describe the fertilized egg which eventually gestates into an organism. The term was later used in 1886 by William Sedgwick to describe the parts of a plant that grow and regenerate. Further work by Alexander Maximow and Leroy Stevens introduced
6004-449: The use of federal funding for any stem cell lines other than those already in existence, stating at the time, "My position on these issues is shaped by deeply held beliefs," and "I also believe human life is a sacred gift from our creator." This ban was in part revoked by his successor Barack Obama , who stated: "As a person of faith, I believe we are called to care for each other and work to ease human suffering. I believe we have been given
6083-527: The utilitarian argument, and can be presented in several forms: This is usually presented as a counter-argument to using adult stem cells, as an alternative that does not involve embryonic destruction. Adult stem cells have provided many different therapies for illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, lupus, sickle-cell anemia, and heart damage (to date, embryonic stem cells have also been used in treatment). Moreover, there have been many advances in adult stem cell research, including
6162-603: Was elected to decide on secession. They chose against secession, and did not produce a new constitution. Instead, they operated as the de facto pro-Union government of Missouri when Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson and other politicians that supported the Confederacy fled from Jefferson City . They provided elections to a new constitutional convention, which was elected in November 1864 and met in January of 1865, and passed
6241-478: Was published in World J Surg 1991 & 1999 (B G Matapurkar). Salhan, Sudha (August 2011). In 1998, James Thomson and Jeffrey Jones derived the first human embryonic stem cells, with even greater potential for drug discovery and therapeutic transplantation. However, the use of the technique on human embryos led to more widespread controversy as criticism of the technique now began from the wider public who debated
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