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34-910: Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the tribe lived in bands near the mouth of the Grand River and Missouri rivers at its confluence with the Missouri River , the mouth of the Missouri at its confluence with the Mississippi River , and in present-day Saline County, Missouri . Since Indian removal , they live primarily in Oklahoma . They are federally recognized as the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians , headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma . French colonists adapted

68-950: A finer-grained record and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860–1940), or Haungooah, was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries, and kept a calendar. He was a respected religious leader in his later years. Mooney also spent much time with the Cherokee, by then removed to Indian Territory (in what is now Oklahoma and North Carolina). For many years he worked with Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians elder and translator Will West Long . He studied their language, culture, and mythology. This comprehensive volume compiled 126 Cherokee myths, including sacred stories, animal myths, local legends, wonder stories, historical traditions, and miscellaneous myths and legends. Some myths included: The book also includes original Cherokee manuscripts, relating to

102-810: A form of the Illinois language -name for the people: Wimihsoorita , which translates as "One who has dugout canoes". In their own Siouan language, the Missouri call themselves Niúachi , also spelled Niutachi , meaning "People of the River Mouth." The Osage called them the Waçux¢a, and the Quapaw called them the Wa-ju'-xd¢ǎ. The state of Missouri and the Missouri River are named for the tribe. The tribe's oral history tells that they once lived north of

136-510: A national expert on the American Indian. Mooney's writing style was widely considered as evocative. His sympathetic treatment of Native Americans is attributed to his upbringing and ethnic heritage. Although he wrote as a scientist, his objective attitude toward Native Americans contrasted with other writing, which was often either romantic or discriminatory. He largely accepted the goal of Indian assimilation as outlined by reformers of

170-515: A party of some two dozen men to help. By the time of their arrival, the Ioways had left the area and moved upriver into what is now Schuyler County. Trammell's force, augmented by several of the men from The Cabins, pursued and engaged the Ioway at a place called Battle Creek, killing several Native Americans including Big Neck's brother, sister-in-law, and their child. The Trammell party lost three men in

204-530: A peaceful, if uneasy, conclusion. A few months later, white settlers returned to The Cabins, this time in greater numbers, and this time to stay permanently. In 1835 the Missouri Legislature declared it a navigable stream to the Iowa line, although steamboat traffic never extended much further than Chillicothe . Even then boats had difficulty with the river's changing water levels, and sometimes it

238-527: Is at Chillicothe, where the Thompson River and Shoal, Medicine, and Locust creeks merge with the river. The Grand River Basin has more than 1,000 third order or higher streams. Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge is on the Yellow Creek tributary at Sumner, Missouri . No dams have been built on the river. At various times plans have been proposed for five dams, with the most prominent being

272-671: The Cherokee . Known as "The Indian Man", he conducted major studies of Southeastern Indians, as well as of tribes on the Great Plains . He did ethnographic studies of the Ghost Dance , a spiritual movement among various Native American culture groups, after Sitting Bull 's death in 1890. His works on the Cherokee include The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees (1891), and Myths of the Cherokee (1900). All were published by

306-673: The Great Lakes , where they were part of a larger tribe that included the Ho-Chunk , Iowa , and Otoe . They began migrating south in the 16th century. The beginning of the 17th century, the Missouria lived near the confluence of the Grand and Missouri rivers, where they settled through the 18th century. Later, their oral history says that they split from the Otoe tribe, which belongs to

340-451: The 1993 flood 150,000 cu ft/s (4,200 m /s) was reported at Sumner. The Grand descends at a rate of about three feet per mile (0.5 m/km), although the Pop's Branch near Princeton, Missouri descends at 44 feet per mile (8 m/km). James Mooney James Mooney (February 10, 1861 – December 22, 1921) was an American ethnographer who lived for several years among

374-582: The Grand River before 1824 and into 1829. The Big Neck War: In July 1829, a large party of Iowa (or Ioway) Native Americans, led by Chief Big Neck , returned to their former hunting grounds in violation of treaty. One of the Ioway's dogs killed a pig and they threatened (or insulted, according to some sources) the white women. The settlers sent messengers south to Randolph and Macon counties asking for help. Captain William Trammell responded with

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408-815: The Iowa Reservation in Indian Territory . The Quakers negotiated a small separate reservation in Indian Territory. By 1890, most of the Coyote band rejoined the Quakers on their reservation. Under the Dawes Act , by 1907 members of the tribes were registered and allotted individual plots of land per household. The U.S. declared any excess communal land of the tribe as "surplus" and sold it to European-American settlers. The tribe merged with

442-577: The Missouri River in northern Missouri. Fort D'Orleans was erected by French explorer Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont which is believed to have been at the mouth of the Grand on Missouri River in 1723 (the French named the river "La Grande Riviére"). The fort was abandoned in 1726 and has been obliterated by floods. The area was part of Iowa people tribal territory through the 1820s. The Ioway chief Big Neck (aka Great Walker) had his village on

476-457: The Otoe tribe. The Curtis Act disbanded tribal courts and governmental institutions to assimilate Native people into mainstream American society and prepare Indian Territory for statehood, but the tribe created their own court system in 1900. The Missouria were primarily farmers in the early 20th century. After oil was discovered on their lands in 1912, the U.S. government forced many of the tribe off their allotments. Today, Missouri are part of

510-785: The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians. They hold the Otoe-Missouria encampment each July and host social dances and ceremonies at the Otoe-Missouria Cultural Center in Red Rock, Oklahoma. According to the ethnographer James Mooney , the population of the tribe was about 200 families in 1702; 1000 people in 1780; 300 in 1805; 80 in 1829, when they were living with the Otoe ; and 13 in 1910. Since then, their population numbers are combined with those of

544-453: The Otoe. Grand River (Missouri) The Grand River is a river that stretches from northernmost tributary origins between Creston and Winterset in Iowa approximately 226 miles (364 km) to its mouth on the Missouri River near Brunswick, Missouri . Its watershed of 7,900 square miles (20,000 km ), with three-quarters in Missouri, makes it the largest watershed serving

578-582: The Pattonsburg Dam at Pattonsburg, Missouri . The United States Corps of Engineers bought out the residents after the Great Flood of 1993 ; but, the proposed dam has not been authorized. Average discharge for the Grand at Sumner, Missouri is 3,917 cubic feet per second (111 m /s). The maximum instantaneous peak flow of 180,000 cu ft/s (5,100 m /s) occurred in June, 1947. During

612-774: The US Bureau of American Ethnology , within the Smithsonian Institution . Native American artifacts collected by Mooney are held in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History , Smithsonian Institution and the Department of Anthropology, Field Museum of Natural History . Papers and photographs from Mooney are in the collections of the National Anthropological Archives, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution. James Mooney

646-583: The US government in 1830 and 1854 to cede their lands in Missouri. They relocated to the Otoe-Missouria reservation, created on the Big Blue River at the Kansas-Nebraska border. The US pressured the two tribes into ceding more lands in 1876 and 1881. In 1880, the tribes split into two factions, the Coyote, who were traditionalists, and the Quakers, who were assimilationists . The Coyote settled on

680-544: The West. Mooney took the time to observe various Native American tribes in the way they lived on a daily basis. Prior to his work, most people outside reservations learned about issues only from a distance. He wanted to learn and to teach other Americans about their culture. He published several books based on his studies of Native American tribes. Mooney provides a preface with a historical survey of comparable millenarian movements among other American Indian groups. In response to

714-409: The current state of Iowa; however, Big Neck himself and the remainder were put on trial by a grand jury of Randolph County. The jury found on March 31, 1830, that: "After examining all the witnesses, and maturely considering the charges for which these Iowa Indians are now in confinement, we find them not guilty, and they are at once discharged." The acquittal of Big Neck seemed to have brought the war to

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748-593: The era. But, he was a witness to what the costs were to the traditional peoples and reported on issues and changes with objectivity. During the late 1800s Native Americans were under harsh attack in many areas, and essentially subjects of genocide by the United States of America. The Indian Wars, intended to suppress tribal resistance to European-American settlement of the West, was generally presented as required because Native Americans made unjustified attacks on pioneers. Mooney wrote more objectively about issues in

782-422: The history, archaeology, geographic nomenclature, personal names, botany, medicine, arts, home life, religion, songs, ceremonies, and language of the tribe. Published posthumously, this account of the Cherokee started with their first contact with whites and, through battles won and lost, treaties signed then broken, towns destroyed and people massacred, ended around 1900. There is humanity along with inhumanity in

816-471: The memory of past achievements is a universal human instinct,"Mooney said. "The reliability of the record depends chiefly on the truthfulness of the recorder and the adequacy of the method employed." Mooney earned the confidence of the Kiowa who told him about their system of calendars to record events. They told him that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan, principal chief of

850-538: The people. He built Fort Orleans in 1723 as a trading post near present-day Brunswick, Missouri . It was occupied until 1726. In 1730, an attack by the Sauk/Fox tribe nearly destroyed the Missouria, killing hundreds. Most survivors reunited with the Otoe, while some joined the Osage and Kansa . After a smallpox outbreak in 1829, fewer than 100 Missouria survived, and they all joined the Otoe. They signed treaties with

884-538: The rapid spread of the Ghost Dance among tribes of the western United States in the early 1890s, Mooney set out to describe and understand the phenomenon. He visited Wovoka , the Ghost Dance prophet, at his home in Nevada . He also traced the movement of the Ghost Dance from place to place, describing the ritual and recording the distinctive song lyrics of seven separate tribes. "The desire to preserve to future ages

918-409: The relations between the Cherokee and other groups, Indian and non-Indian; there is fortitude and persistence balanced with disillusionment and frustration. In these respects, the history of the Cherokee epitomizes the experience of most Native Americans, Mooney writes. This, among with most, if not all of Mooney's works, is considered dispassionate and matter-of-fact, which is why his works are found in

952-492: The same Chiwere branch of the Siouan language, because of a love affair between the children of two tribal chiefs. The 17th century brought hardships to the Missouria. The Sauk and Fox frequently attacked them. Their society was even more disrupted by the high fatalities from epidemics of smallpox and other Eurasian infectious diseases that accompanied contact with Europeans. The French explorer Jacques Marquette contacted

986-654: The skirmish, including Captain Trammell himself, and one additional casualty died of his wounds shortly afterward. Discretion being the better part of valor, the surviving whites returned to the cabins, collected the women and children, and headed south for the Randolph County settlement of Huntsville. Later, a group of militia under General John B. Clark pursued and apprehended Big Neck and his braves, capturing them in March 1830. Soon, several escaped from jail and fled to

1020-502: The tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan, or Little Bear; and Ankopaingyadete , meaning "In the Middle of Many Tracks", and commonly known as Anko. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, which are known as winter counts . They were commonly created in the winter, when the people were indoors, and expressed major events of the year. The Kiowa recorded two events for each year, offering

1054-399: The tribe in 1673 and paved the way for trade with the French. The Missouria migrated west of the Missouri River into Osage territory. During this time, they acquired horses and hunted bison . The French explorer Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont visited the people in the early 1720s. He married the daughter of a Missouria chief. They settled nearby, and Veniard created alliances with

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1088-596: The work. In 1885 he started working with the Bureau of American Ethnology (now part of the Smithsonian Institution ) at Washington, D.C. , under John Wesley Powell . In 1887, he moved to live among the Eastern band of the Cherokee. He compiled a list of Native American tribes that totaled 3,000 names. It ended after the US Army's 1890 massacre of Lakota people at Wounded Knee, South Dakota . Mooney became recognized as

1122-455: Was born on February 10, 1861, in Richmond , Indiana , son of Irish Catholic immigrants. His formal education was limited to the public schools of the city. He became a self-taught expert on American tribes by his own studies and his careful observation during long residences with different groups. The field of ethnography was new in the late 19th century, and he helped create high standards for

1156-645: Was too low for them to travel that far upriver. The town of Bedford is named for a steamer that sank there. The West and East Forks of the Grand rise just south of Creston in Union County, Iowa . The Middle Fork rises at Mount Ayr, Iowa in Ringgold County, Iowa . The three forks merge just south of Albany, Missouri in Gentry County . That is where the river officially assumes the single Grand River name. The biggest confluence of streams

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