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52-562: Father Guido Haazen O.F.M. ( Order of Friars Minor ) (b. 27 September 1921, d. 20 August 2004) became director of Kamina Central School in what was then the Belgian Congo in September 1953. Within weeks he established an ensemble consisting of a male choir – about forty-five boys aged nine to fourteen and fifteen adults – and percussion. In 1957 he received royal consent to name the ensemble Les Troubadours du Roi Bauduoin in honour of

104-686: A basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV , who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in doing away with some of

156-875: A body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are: The Order of Friars Minor, known as the "Observants", most commonly simply called Franciscan friars , official name: "Friars Minor" (OFM). According to the 2013 Annuario Pontificio , the OFM has 2,212 communities; 14,123 members; 9,735 priests The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin or simply Capuchins , official name: "Friars Minor Capuchin" (OFM Cap). it has 1,633 communities; 10,786 members; 7,057 priests The Conventual Franciscans or Minorites , official name: "Friars Minor Conventual" (OFM Conv). It has 667 communities; 4,289 members; 2,921 priests A sermon on Mt 10:9 which Francis heard in 1209 made such an impression on him that he decided to fully devote himself to

208-513: A life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance. The mendicant orders had long been exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and enjoyed (as distinguished from the secular clergy) unrestricted freedom to preach and hear confessions in the churches connected with their monasteries. This had led to endless friction and open quarrels between

260-479: Is a mendicant religious order of men that traces its origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum Which is the name Francis gave his brotherhood. Having been born among the minorum (serfs, second class citizens), before his conversion, he aspired to move up the social ladder to the maiorum (nobles, first class citizens). After a life of conversion,

312-561: Is preceded by the customary announcement of death, first on the kyondo (log drum), then on the kikumvi ( tom-tom ). There follows a kilio (elegy) without percussion accompaniment, sung by the solo voice. The Sanctus and the Benedictus were inspired by a Bantu farewell song. The Hosannah is a rhythmic dance of Kasai, and the Agnus Dei is a typical Bena Luluwa song, such as might be heard around Kananga . The choreography for

364-535: Is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ . Franciscans traveled and preached in

416-649: The Misa Criolla (1964) arranged by Ariel Ramírez and the Misa Flamenca (1966) arranged by Ricardo Fernández de Latorre and José Torregrosa. In the authoritative music magazine Mojo , the Belgian-Congolese record Missa Luba of Les Troubadours du Roi Baudouin is mentioned as one of the ten albums that 'made' the sound of Led Zeppelin . Guitarist Erik Brann based the structure of the song " In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida " upon Missa Luba, particularly

468-768: The Brussels World's Fair , the Netherlands, and Germany (where they sang with the Vienna Boys Choir ). The celebrated recording of the Missa Luba by the Troubadours and soloist Joachim Ngoi, a teacher at Kamina Central School, was made at this time. The music for the Mass was not written down. Father Haazen responded to demand from choirs wanting to perform the piece by publishing a transcription of

520-618: The Franciscans , the Franciscan Order , or the Seraphic Order ; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M. ) is a mendicant Catholic religious order , founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi . The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi , Anthony of Padua , and Elizabeth of Hungary , among many others. The Order of Friars Minor

572-509: The Seventh Crusade , when Louis IX asked who the particularly zealous monks pursuing Saracens were, and was told they were "de cordes liés" . Upon the crusaders return to France, the name became part of the language. Arranged according to date of celebration which is marked in brackets. Books Articles The Loft (New York City) The Loft was the location for the first underground dance party (called "Love Saves

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624-868: The Steve Miller Band 's "Macho City" at his weekly events. The frequent selection of "Soul Makossa" at the Loft helped it reach the national Billboard chart two years after its release. Mancuso continued to spread the influence of the Loft overseas, founding the Lucky Cloud Sound System in London and Last Note parties in Italy with his protégé Colleen Murphy, and provided inspiration to the audiophile club Precious Hall in Sapporo, Japan. David Mancuso passed away at his home on November 16, 2016; he

676-608: The gay community (who comprised much of The Loft's attendee roster) was often harassed in the gay bars and dance clubs , so many gay men carried bail money with them to gay bars. But at The Loft and many other early, private discotheques , they could dance together without fear of police action thanks to Mancuso's underground, yet legal, business model. Vince Aletti described it "like going to party, completely mixed, racially and sexually, where there wasn't any sense of someone being more important than anyone else". Alex Rosner , Mancuso's primary sound system engineer, reiterated this: "It

728-547: The 1958 sessions, including: Sacred music Children's songs from the Baluba More Congolese songs No single issue has brought all of this material together. The most complete version is The Original Missa Luba and Songs from the Congo released by Universal in 1999, which contains an expanded program of twenty-two Congolese songs and the Missa Luba , but omits several of the previously released songs and

780-693: The Belgian king Baudouin I . In the same year Haazen and the Baluba people of Kasai and Katanga began developing the Missa Luba from collective improvisations on traditional song forms. It was first celebrated at the Catholic mission of St. Bavo in Kamina on 23 March 1958. The next day, the ensemble left for a tour of Europe, performing the Mass and Congolese folk music in Belgium (where they gave concerts at

832-532: The Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases. Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit . In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines , after Bernardino of Siena , although the term elsewhere refers rather to Cistercians . The "Order of Friars Minor" are commonly called simply the " Franciscans ". This Order

884-531: The Day") organized by David Mancuso , on February 14, 1970, in New York City . Since then, the term "The Loft" has come to represent Mancuso's own version of a non-commercial party where no alcohol, food, nor beverages are sold. Mancuso's vision of a private party is similar to, and inspired by, the rent party and house party . Unlike conventional nightclubs or discotheques, attendance is by invitation only. In

936-684: The East Village. In 1994, Mancuso relocated to 81 Avenue A and subsequently downsized further to another location at 225 Avenue B. Loft parties were also held at 242 East 14th Street and the Marc Ballroom in Union Square. Mancuso continued to throw three to five Loft parties per year at rented locations in the East Village while organizing general admission Loft-style events in locales as disparate as London and Tokyo . At

988-864: The Holy See in 1988. The use, and some of its various elements, have been adopted in various churches outside of the Congo region. In 2019, the Zaire Use was celebrated with Pope Francis . The Gloria featured in Pier Paolo Pasolini 's The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964). The Kyrie was used in the Mexican film Un alma pura (1965) and the MGM film The Singing Nun (1966). The Sanctus featured prominently in Lindsay Anderson 's 1968 film if.... starring Malcolm McDowell , with which

1040-528: The Loft's dancefloor. The experimental nature of the Loft allowed for sonic experiments, where the combination of specific sound systems, such as Klipschorn speakers and JBL bullet tweeter arrays, created a unique and immersive auditory experience that could play for over twelve hours. Mancuso's commitment to positive and meaningful lyrics, combined with soulful and rhythmic qualities, was evident in his song selections. Tracks like Fred Wesley 's "House Party," with its festive and celebratory energy, translated

1092-500: The Loft's emphasis on joy and communal spirit. Mancuso's approach to telling a story through music, allowing songs to play in their entirety without mixing, set a precedent for DJs to focus on creating a narrative on the dancefloor. The Loft's impact on popularizing certain records, like Barrabas ' "Wild Safari" and "Woman," and its role in the exposure of Manu Dibango 's "Soul Makossa," demonstrated Mancuso's ability to seek new music from foreign communities, influence trends and shape

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1144-542: The Loft, David Mancuso's eclectic musical palette introduced club-goers to an array of tracks that became iconic within the disco era. One notable example is Babe Ruth 's " The Mexican ," a rock-fusion piece that may not have fit the traditional disco mold but found a home at the Loft, eventually gaining recognition in the wider music scene, especially within the emerging hip-hop culture. Mancuso's penchant for instrumentals and percussive tracks opened doors for songs like Olatunji's heavy Afro-funk compositions to permeate

1196-851: The Mass was done by Eleo Pomare . The Missa Luba formed the partial basis for a Congolese usage of the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite Mass, originally known as the Zaire Use (during the era when the DRC temporarily renamed). Now known as the Congolese Use, the liturgical form was for many years the only newly approved form of the Roman Rite since the Second Vatican Council , having received approbation from

1248-695: The Mass was for a time closely identified. It was also used in the telemovie Deadly Voyage (1996), in which it accompanied the closing credits; in Lost and Delirious (2001); and in Never Let Me Go (2010). Following its appearance in if.... , a single of the Troubadours' Sanctus, named "Sanctus (from Missa Luba )", was released and reached number 34 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1969; running for only one minute and 31 seconds in length, it

1300-609: The authority of the Minister General of the Order, a member of the Observant branch, but were allowed their distinct practices. They included: A difference of opinion developed in the community concerning the interpretation of the rule regarding property. The Observants held to a strict interpretation that the friars may not hold any property either individually nor communally. The literal and unconditional observance of this

1352-532: The charges as there was no alcohol for sale and events were not open to the public. After the raid, Mancuso was more cautious about police presence and set up a warning system using lights. When the lights turned red, the party paused; everyone turned down the music, turned up the lights, and sat on the floor. The collapse of a neighboring hotel in 1974 forced a temporary closure and move to 99 Prince Street in Soho, in 1975. Vociferous community opposition ensued, and

1404-443: The dance floor to make it sound as though music moved outwards from the dance floor itself. Mancuso avoided using pitch control on the turntables and preferred playing records from start to finish without mixing. He also controlled the lighting and AC of the space to match the music. The Loft experienced its first police raid in 1972 and Mancuso was initially arrested for operating an unlicensed cabaret. Mancuso successfully disputed

1456-542: The digital reissues of more recent times (CD and download) – except that the Missa Luba now sometimes precedes the songs. Philips capitalised on the exposure the music received in if.... by releasing the Sanctus and Benedictus as a single, which spent eleven weeks in the British charts, peaking at No. 28 in March 1969. Some twelve-inch LP versions of the album issued later in the 1960s contained additional material from

1508-571: The groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to the Observants, and the right to elect the Minister General of the Order , together with the seal of the order, was given to the group united under the Observants. This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited

1560-574: The late 1970s, Mancuso abandoned the generally accepted and expected practice of beatmatching , preferring to play songs in their entirety on his renowned audiophile -quality sound system. The Village Voice wrote that Mancuso's sound system was the best in New York and even described him as "more of a party engineer than a DJ." Mancuso required that the music played had to be soulful, rhythmic, and impart words of hope, redemption, or pride. When Mancuso threw his first informal house parties from 1965-70,

1612-428: The lengthy drum solo. Philips Records released a ten-inch LP of the Missa Luba by Les Troubadours du Roi Baudouin in the Netherlands and other European markets in 1958. The track list was: Side A: Congolese songs Side B: Missa Luba This program was retained for reissues throughout the early 1960s, including the first U.K. release (1964) and the first U.S. release (1965), and has also been carried over into

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1664-512: The musical landscape of the disco era. Many of the disco era's leading disc jockeys, including Larry Levan , Nicky Siano , and Frankie Knuckles were early Loft attendees. Their venues (the Paradise Garage , The Gallery , Chicago's Warehouse , and the exclusively gay The Saint ) were influenced by The Loft. Nonetheless, Mancuso maintained his niche, breaking such unconventional records as Manu Dibango 's " Soul Makossa " and

1716-487: The name of his brotherhood (Order of Second-Class Brothers) indicates his coming to an appreciation of his social condition on behalf of those who have no class or citizenship in society. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises several separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own Minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to

1768-427: The new crime-and-drug ridden setting resulted in his losing "65 percent of [his] attendance". Around this time, DJ and promoter impresario Richard Vasquez began his influential and exclusive weekly parties, named "The Choice", at this location along with Joey Llanos. The party kept the spirit of the early Mancuso parties while embracing the early days of Deep House Music . Subsequent Loft parties were scattered around

1820-604: The other three sacred pieces. The Troubadours' recording of the Missa Luba has also been reissued in various couplings with the Misa Criolla , Misa Flamenca , and Messe des Savanes performed by other artists. There are later recordings of the Mass by the Muungano National Choir of Nairobi (Philips, 1990) and the Choral Arts Society of Washington (Naxos, 2006). Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (commonly called

1872-495: The party lay dormant for a year during the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs ' longest administrative trial to date, based on their insistence that Mancuso required a "cabaret license". The department decreed in 1975 that he was free to host his parties as long as there were no sales of food or beverages. This decision set a new precedent that benefited the Paradise Garage and other private "clubs" in

1924-545: The process. The period also saw Mancuso's space serve as headquarters for the New York Record Pool, the very first record pool , which he founded with Vince Aletti and Steve D'Acquisto . In 1984, after Mancuso's 99 Prince Street owner put the building up for sale, Mancuso purchased a building on 3rd Street, between Avenue B and Avenue C in Alphabet City . Not yet benefiting from gentrification,

1976-515: The recorded version in 1964, with a new edition in 1969. The Kyrie is in the style of a kasala , a Luba song of mourning. The Gloria is improvised in the Kiluba style characteristic of Katanga. The Credo , the longest section of the Mass, is based on five different folk songs linked by improvisations. The text of the Credo refers to the crucifixion of Christ and the vocal part in the Missa Luba

2028-659: The recording in the lyrics of "Car Jamming" on their 1982 album Combat Rock . The cover of the Troubadours' album appears briefly in the Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange (1971) as Malcolm McDowell's character, Alex, strolls through a record shop. The Missa Luba was the most successful of many world music Masses created in the 1950s and 1960s. It eclipsed the earlier Messe des Savanes (1956) arranged by Abbé Robert Wedraogho in Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso ) and gave rise to several imitations, including

2080-452: The reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; it then declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this usus moderatus , were held strictly to their own usus arctus or pauper . All of

2132-552: The smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X , after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform movement of the Fifth Lateran Council , had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned on 11 July 1516 a general chapter to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost 31 May 1517. This chapter suppressed all

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2184-457: The streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the Observant branch (postnominal abbreviation OFM Obs.), is one of

2236-534: The strict observance of the rule. Pope Martin V , in the Brief Ad statum of 23 August 1430, allowed the Conventuals to hold property like all other orders. Projects for a union between the two main branches of the order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Pope Martin V , John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as

2288-597: The three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church , the others being the Capuchins (postnominal abbreviation OFM Cap.) and Conventuals (postnominal abbreviation OFM Conv). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller Franciscan orders (e.g. Alcantarines , Recollects , Reformanti , etc.), completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII . The Capuchin and Conventual remain distinct religious institutes within

2340-815: The title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative. In 1875, the Kulturkampf expelled the majority of the German Franciscans, most of whom settled in North America. The habit has been gradually changed in colour and certain other details. Its colour, which

2392-513: The two divisions of the clergy. This question was definitively settled by the Council of Trent . Amid numerous dissensions in the 14th century, a number of separate observances sprang up, almost like sects (to say nothing of the heretical parties of the Beghards and Fraticelli ), some of which developed within the order on both hermit and cenobitic principles. They all operated generally under

2444-550: Was Mancuso's own home at 645-647 Broadway. The first "Love Saves the Day" party was held at the Broadway location and was attended by around 100 people. After the first event, parties were unofficially established on a weekly basis and ran from midnight until six in the morning. Admission was $ 2.00 to pay for rent and overhead, but attendees were never turned away for lack of funds. Organic dishes, breads, and freshly-squeezed fruit juice were freely available for attendees. Nothing

2496-592: Was at first grey or a medium brown, is now a dark brown. The dress, which consists of a loose-sleeved gown, is confined by a white cord, from which is hung, since the fifteenth century, the Seraphic Rosary with its seven decades. Sandals are substituted for shoes. Around the neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. The habit of referring to the Francisans as Cordeliers in France is said to date back to

2548-470: Was perhaps the shortest hit single in the country's history. The Kyrie received regular play at The Loft , an influential underground dance party founded in New York City in 1969. The Loft's host David Mancuso selected music that was soulful, rhythmic, and imparted words of hope, redemption, and pride. Missa Luba in particular appealed to Mancuso's, "affection both for music with an explicit spiritual message and for African percussion." The Clash refer to

2600-411: Was probably about sixty percent black and seventy percent gay...There was a mix of sexual orientation, there was a mix of races, mix of economic groups. A real mix, where the common denominator was music." Archie Burnett, club dancer and ambassador of urban dance social styles, expresses how the Loft was “not too white, not too black, not too straight, not too gay, you know—truly cool." The initial Loft

2652-472: Was rendered impracticable by the great expansion of the order, its pursuit of learning, and the accumulated property of the large cloisters in the towns. Regulations were drafted by which all alms donated were held by custodians appointed by the Holy See, who would make distributions upon request. It was John XXII who had introduced Conventualism in the sense of community of goods, income, and property as in other religious orders, in contradiction to Observantism or

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2704-413: Was sold on the premises to keep the parties commerce-free operations. Mancuso and Rosner experimented with the sound system to optimize the listeners' experience within the 1,850-square-foot space. The sound system consisted of a McIntosh amplifier, an AR amplifier, two Cornwall Klipschorn loudspeakers, and Vega bass bottom speakers. Eventually, Mancuso and Rosner installed an array of JBL tweeters above

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