126-856: Mission Mangal ( transl. Mission Mars ) is a 2019 Indian drama film directed by Jagan Shakti and produced by Cape of Good Films, Hope Productions, Fox Star Studios , Aruna Bhatia and Anil Naidu. Loosely based on the life of scientists at the Indian Space Research Organisation who contributed to India's first interplanetary expedition Mars Orbiter Mission , it stars an ensemble cast of Akshay Kumar , Vidya Balan , Sonakshi Sinha , Nithya Menen , Kirti Kulhari , Sharman Joshi amd Taapsee Pannu in lead roles alongside H. G. Dattatreya , Vikram Gokhale , Dalip Tahil , Sanjay Kapoor and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub amongst others in supporting roles. Shakti, an associate director on Kumar's 2018 film Pad Man , pitched
252-461: A sports drama that tells a story of an Indian track and field athlete who was subject to gender testing due to being diagnosed with hyperandrogenism . Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India commented, “Pannu once again proves her mettle. Her effort to celebrate Rashmi's victory and endure her pain, is as real as it gets and the actress doesn't miss the beat when it comes to making us root for her character". She received her second nomination for
378-515: A "self-made artiste" who is "unafraid of challenges". Sukanya Verma featured her in Rediff 's list of the 'Best Bollywood Actresses' in 2018, 2019 and 2021. In 2017, Pannu featured in Forbes India ' s 30 Under 30 list. In 2018, she featured in Forbes India ' s list of Celebrity 100 at 67th position with an estimate income of ₹ 15.48 crore (US$ 1.9 million). She was featured for
504-523: A Punjabi girl who helps couples in eloping to get married. The film received mixed critical reception but Pannu received unanimous praise for her performance. Following this, she starred in the naval war drama, The Ghazi Attack based on the mysterious sinking of PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi and performed modestly at
630-442: A child, for whom the team makes arrangements at the office itself, while Neha is warmly taken in by Ananth and his wife into their house (where Ananth helps her move on with her troubled past as a wife). The MOM satellite is finally launched on PSLV on 5 November 2013 (after an 8-day delay due to weather), and is named Mangalyaan ( Sanskrit : Mars -Craft) and is successfully inserted into Earth 's orbit. Rakesh and his team celebrate
756-462: A child; Parmeshwar Joshi ( Sharman Joshi )- the payload expert, who relies more on the religious priest and his advice but subsequently develops a romantic interest in Eka; and Ananth Iyengar ( H. G. Dattatreya )- the team's structural engineer, who is trying to complete his pilgrimage to Tirumala with his wife. After the announcement of India's second Moon mission, Chandrayaan-2 , the mission's budget
882-489: A classical albedo feature it contains. In April 2023, The New York Times reported an updated global map of Mars based on images from the Hope spacecraft . A related, but much more detailed, global Mars map was released by NASA on 16 April 2023. The vast upland region Tharsis contains several massive volcanoes, which include the shield volcano Olympus Mons . The edifice is over 600 km (370 mi) wide. Because
1008-509: A comment about nostalgia. This strikes an idea in Tara's head, and the next day, she successfully motivates the team members by reminding them of their childhood passion for science, and they put all their hardwork and energy into resolving the issues with the mission to make it happen. Meanwhile, even as Kritika returns on being reminded by Rishi that she has a duty towards her country too, just like him, Varsha happens to be pregnant and soon delivers
1134-492: A commercial success at the box-office, grossing over ₹ 450 crore (US$ 54 million) to become Pannu's highest-grosser. Dunki earned her a third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Pannu began 2024 by reprising her role in the romantic thriller sequel Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba . She expressed feeling a sense of ease in knowing that the character had already been well-received by audiences. In
1260-575: A copyright infringement lawsuit was filed against the makers of the film by the filmmaker Radha Bharadwaj . The music of the film is composed by Amit Trivedi while the lyrics are penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya . Tanishk Bagchi was roped in as a guest composer and wrote and composed a promotional song, "Tota Udd". The film was released in India on 15 August 2019 on the occasion of Indian Independence Day . Mission Mangal received generally positive reviews from critics. Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave
1386-446: A diameter of 6,779 km (4,212 mi). In terms of orbital motion, a Martian solar day ( sol ) is equal to 24.6 hours, and a Martian solar year is equal to 1.88 Earth years (687 Earth days). Mars has two natural satellites that are small and irregular in shape: Phobos and Deimos . The relatively flat plains in northern parts of Mars strongly contrast with the cratered terrain in southern highlands – this terrain observation
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#17327916884011512-566: A divorce in Anubhav Sinha 's social drama Thappad (2020), she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress . She has since starred in the streaming films Haseen Dillruba (2021), Rashmi Rocket (2021), Looop Lapeta (2022), and Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba (2024). Her highest-grossing release came in the comedy-drama Dunki (2023). Apart from acting, Pannu runs an event management company called The Wedding Factory. She
1638-451: A fable." On its first day of release, Mission Mangal earned ₹ 29.16 crore nett in India to become the third highest-opening for a Bollywood film in 2019, and Kumar's highest opening ever. It recorded collections of ₹ 16.75-17 crore on the second day, outperforming in the regions of Mumbai , Mysore and Kolkata . On its third day of release, a Saturday, the film collected ₹ 23.5 crore nett. It earned ₹ 27.5 crore nett on Sunday, marking
1764-427: A fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics). She then starred in the sci-fi mystery film Dobaaraa , which was a remake of 2018 Spanish thriller Mirage (2018), her second collaboration with director Anurag Kashyap . The film and Pannu's performance received positive reviews; however, it emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office. In December, her first production venture Blurr
1890-422: A global magnetic field, the types and distribution of auroras there differ from those on Earth; rather than being mostly restricted to polar regions as is the case on Earth, a Martian aurora can encompass the planet. In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled , and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to
2016-488: A high ratio of deuterium in Gale Crater , though not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water. Near the northern polar cap is the 81.4 kilometres (50.6 mi) wide Korolev Crater , which
2142-597: A hint of affectation". With worldwide revenue of ₹ 1.08 billion (US$ 13 million), Pink emerged as a major commercial success. Pannu later said that the film proved to be a turning point in her career, and earned her the IIFA Woman of the Year award, in addition to her first nomination for the IIFA Award for Best Actress . Pannu's first release of 2017 was the romantic comedy Running Shaadi , where she played
2268-490: A low of 30 Pa (0.0044 psi ) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa (0.1675 psi) in Hellas Planitia , with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa (0.087 psi). The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 kilometres (22 mi) above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of Earth's 101.3 kPa (14.69 psi). The scale height of
2394-442: A massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month. Mars has seasons, alternating between its northern and southern hemispheres, similar to on Earth. Additionally the orbit of Mars has, compared to Earth's, a large eccentricity and approaches perihelion when it is summer in its southern hemisphere and winter in its northern, and aphelion when it is winter in its southern hemisphere and summer in its northern. As
2520-542: A minimum thickness of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) in Isidis Planitia , and a maximum thickness of 117 kilometres (73 mi) in the southern Tharsis plateau. For comparison, Earth's crust averages 27.3 ± 4.8 km in thickness. The most abundant elements in the Martian crust are silicon , oxygen , iron , magnesium , aluminium , calcium , and potassium . Mars is confirmed to be seismically active; in 2019 it
2646-429: A mixed review for Mint , Uday Bhatia noted that Pannu's performance elevated the script of an otherwise "flailing" film. In the ensemble comedy Khel Khel Mein , Pannu portrayed a social media influencer who learns of her husband's (played by Ammy Virk ) infidelity. Devesh Sharma of Filmfare commended her "standout performance" that broke away from her established persona as a "serious actress". The film failed at
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#17327916884012772-483: A payload of 2300 kg. However, recent significant failures of GSLV have jeopardised the planned future missions. Tara is also caught up at home between constant feuds between her husband Sunil and her son Dilip, the latter showing an interest in his namesake A. R. Rahman and Islam . Dilip has another interest in the Mars Mission. One day, when Tara has to make pooris and runs out of gas , she plans to cook
2898-473: A record of erosion caused by the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava. One of the larger examples, Ma'adim Vallis , is 700 kilometres (430 mi) long, much greater than the Grand Canyon, with a width of 20 kilometres (12 mi) and a depth of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in places. It
3024-547: A record of impacts from that era, whereas much of the remaining surface is probably underlain by immense impact basins caused by those events. However, more recent modeling has disputed the existence of the Late Heavy Bombardment. There is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, spanning 10,600 by 8,500 kilometres (6,600 by 5,300 mi), or roughly four times
3150-460: A result, the seasons in its southern hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in its northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F). Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −110 °C (−166 °F) to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures
3276-430: A role in the film due to her appreciation of the idea of a space film with, "several leading ladies in it". With a global collection of over ₹ 2.9 billion (US$ 35 million), Mission Mangal proved to be one of Pannu's biggest financial successes. Her final film of the year was Tushar Hiranandani 's biographical film Saand Ki Aankh , co-starring Bhumi Pednekar . Pannu portrayed the role of Prakashi Tomar , one of
3402-479: A second time in 2019, ranking 68th. Pannu has frequently featured in Times' 50 Most Desirable Women list, she ranked 36th in 2019, and 23rd in 2020. Pannu is an active celebrity endorser for Uber , Garnier , Nivea , Kurkure and Women's Horlicks . Pannu runs an event management company called "The Wedding Factory" which she manages along with her sister Shagun and friend Farah Parvaresh. In 2018, she bought
3528-471: A small crater (later called Airy-0 ), located in the Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay" or "Meridian Bay"), was chosen by Merton E. Davies , Harold Masursky , and Gérard de Vaucouleurs for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection. Because Mars has no oceans, and hence no " sea level ", a zero-elevation surface had to be selected as a reference level; this is called
3654-535: A storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase global temperature. Seasons also produce dry ice covering polar ice caps . Large areas of the polar regions of Mars While Mars contains water in larger amounts , most of it is dust covered water ice at the Martian polar ice caps . The volume of water ice in
3780-491: A very thick lithosphere compared to Earth. Below this the mantle gradually becomes more ductile, and the seismic wave velocity starts to grow again. The Martian mantle does not appear to have a thermally insulating layer analogous to Earth's lower mantle ; instead, below 1050 km in depth, it becomes mineralogically similar to Earth's transition zone . At the bottom of the mantle lies a basal liquid silicate layer approximately 150–180 km thick. Mars's iron and nickel core
3906-412: A woman on a warpath". The same year, she also acted in two short films: Baarish aur Chowmein and Nitishastra . Pannu had a string of releases in 2019, with the first being Sujoy Ghosh 's psychological thriller, Badla , an official remake of the 2016 Spanish film The Invisible Guest . It also marked her second collaboration with Amitabh Bachchan. She was initially offered a supporting role and
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4032-462: A year, she made a significant advancement in her career due to her supporting role in Neeraj Pandey 's spy thriller Baby (2015), as undercover agent Shabana Khan. Later, she had two Tamil releases, the horror comedy Muni 3 , opposite Raghava Lawrence and Aishwarya R. Dhanush 's Vai Raja Vai , which featured her in a special appearance. While filming for Running Shaadi , Pannu
4158-857: A younger sister, Shagun. She did her schooling at the Mata Jai Kaur Public School in Ashok Vihar and studied Computer Science and Engineering at the Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology , Hari Nagar. After graduating, Pannu worked as a software engineer . She became a full-time model after she auditioned and was selected for Channel V 's 2008 talent show Get Gorgeous , which eventually led her to acting. Pannu has been appearing in numerous print and television commercials and won several titles during her modelling days, including "Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face" and "Safi Femina Miss Beautiful Skin" at
4284-452: Is Syrtis Major Planum . The permanent northern polar ice cap is named Planum Boreum . The southern cap is called Planum Australe . Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified, as was Earth's (at Greenwich ), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830. After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972,
4410-428: Is "fantastic in every scene" while Udita Jhunjhunwala of Mint felt that she is "hardly likable" in. Pannu's subsequent roles were of a ghost in the Telugu horror comedy film Anando Brahma and the protagonist's girlfriend in the action-comedy Judwaa 2 . The latter, which was a reboot of the 1997 namesake film , proved to be commercial success, earning over ₹ 2 billion (US$ 24 million). Despite disliking
4536-406: Is a light albedo feature clearly visible from Earth. There are other notable impact features, such as Argyre , which is around 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) in diameter, and Isidis , which is around 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) in diameter. Due to the smaller mass and size of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of Earth. Mars is located closer to
4662-692: Is also the owner of the badminton franchise Pune 7 Aces , which plays in the Premier Badminton League . Taapsee Pannu was born on 1 August 1987 in New Delhi to a Jat Sikh family. Her father, Dilmohan Singh Pannu, is a retired real estate agent while her mother, Nirmaljeet Kaur Pannu, is a homemaker. Dilmohan's family, who lived in Shakti Nagar, Delhi , were targeted during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots but survived after finding refuge in their Hindu neighbours' homes. She also has
4788-432: Is approximately half the diameter of Earth, with a surface area only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass , resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity . Mars is the only presently known example of a desert planet , a rocky planet with a surface akin to that of Earth's hot deserts . The red-orange appearance of
4914-766: Is completely molten, with no solid inner core. It is around half of Mars's radius, approximately 1650–1675 km, and is enriched in light elements such as sulfur , oxygen, carbon , and hydrogen . Mars is a terrestrial planet with a surface that consists of minerals containing silicon and oxygen, metals , and other elements that typically make up rock . The Martian surface is primarily composed of tholeiitic basalt , although parts are more silica -rich than typical basalt and may be similar to andesitic rocks on Earth, or silica glass. Regions of low albedo suggest concentrations of plagioclase feldspar , with northern low albedo regions displaying higher than normal concentrations of sheet silicates and high-silicon glass. Parts of
5040-441: Is cut by 50%; in between the tight schedule and minuscule budget, Tara and Rakesh continue to work on their MOM project by making several compromises, even as Kritika abruptly abandons her duties without informing the duo upon learning that Rishi has been severely wounded in action. Tara and Rakesh realise that the rest of the junior scientists working on the project have low morale and motivation to make this mission happen, leading to
5166-429: Is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian "continents" and given names like Arabia Terra ( land of Arabia ) or Amazonis Planitia ( Amazonian plain ). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erythraeum , Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus . The largest dark feature seen from Earth
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5292-487: Is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure (about 1% that of the atmosphere of Earth ), and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight. Mars has the largest dust storms in the Solar System, reaching speeds of over 160 km/h (100 mph). These can vary from
5418-437: Is known as the Martian dichotomy . Mars hosts many enormous extinct volcanoes (the tallest is Olympus Mons , 21.9 km or 13.6 mi tall) and one of the largest canyons in the Solar System ( Valles Marineris , 4,000 km or 2,500 mi long). Geologically , the planet is fairly active with marsquakes trembling underneath the ground, dust devils sweeping across the landscape, and cirrus clouds . Carbon dioxide
5544-448: Is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. It is possible that, four billion years ago, the Northern Hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of Earth's Moon . If this is the case, the Northern Hemisphere of Mars would be the site of an impact crater 10,600 by 8,500 kilometres (6,600 by 5,300 mi) in size, or roughly
5670-449: Is struggling with rejection as a result of her intercommunal background despite her divorce while trying hard to find a house; Kritika Aggarwal ( Taapsee Pannu )- a navigation expert who is also a devoted wife to her army husband Rishi ( Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub ), while trying hard to get a driving license; Varsha Pillai ( Nithya Menen )- the satellite designer and payload expert, who faces her mother-in-law's taunts for being unable to conceive
5796-541: Is substantially present in Mars's polar ice caps and thin atmosphere . During a year, there are large surface temperature swings on the surface between −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) to 5.7 °C (42.3 °F) similar to Earth's seasons , as both planets have significant axial tilt . Mars was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. During the Noachian period (4.5 to 3.5 billion years ago), Mars's surface
5922-643: Is the fourth planet from the Sun . The surface of Mars is orange-red because it is covered in iron(III) oxide dust, giving it the nickname " the Red Planet ". Mars is among the brightest objects in Earth's sky , and its high-contrast albedo features have made it a common subject for telescope viewing. It is classified as a terrestrial planet and is the second smallest of the Solar System 's planets with
6048-516: Is thought of as an impossible mission by his coworkers due to its aim of reaching Mars with its tight budget. Rakesh learns that the MOM cannot take off on the PSLV since the available technology has a payload of only 1500 kg and not enough fuel to fire the rocket to be carried to a distance of almost 55 million kilometres . GSLV , if it had succeeded, could have taken the satellite to Mars as it had
6174-606: Is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history. The youngest of these channels is thought to have formed only a few million years ago. Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic networks of valleys are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by runoff resulting from precipitation in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation
6300-550: The areoid of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial geoid . Zero altitude was defined by the height at which there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar ) of atmospheric pressure. This pressure corresponds to the triple point of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm). For mapping purposes, the United States Geological Survey divides the surface of Mars into thirty cartographic quadrangles , each named for
6426-558: The Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actress in a Web Original Film. She next starred in the film directed by Srijit Mukherji , based on the life of former Test and ODI captain of the India women's national cricket team , Mithali Raj , titled Shabaash Mithu . Upon release, the film was panned by critics and audiences, and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office; however Pannu's performance received praise, earning her
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#17327916884016552-512: The Mars Express orbiter found to be filled with approximately 2,200 cubic kilometres (530 cu mi) of water ice. Taapsee Pannu Tapasee Pannu (born 1 August 1987), known as Taapsee Pannu , is an Indian actress who works primarily in Hindi , Telugu , and Tamil films. She has received two Filmfare Awards . After a brief modelling career, Pannu made her acting debut with
6678-656: The Yellowknife Bay area in the Glenelg terrain. In September 2015, NASA announced that they had found strong evidence of hydrated brine flows in recurring slope lineae , based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes. These streaks flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above −23 °C, and freeze at lower temperatures. These observations supported earlier hypotheses, based on timing of formation and their rate of growth, that these dark streaks resulted from water flowing just below
6804-415: The asteroid belt , so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is more likely to be struck by short-period comets , i.e. , those that lie within the orbit of Jupiter . Martian craters can have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impact. The large canyon, Valles Marineris (Latin for " Mariner Valleys", also known as Agathodaemon in
6930-536: The eponymous 1981 film , it met with unanimous negative reviews but remerged as a box-office success. Later, she was seen in the big-budget action thriller Arrambam co-starring Ajith Kumar , Nayanthara and Arya . She was awarded the Most Enthusiastic Performer – Female award at the 2014 Edison Awards , in addition to receiving a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil . Following an absence from films for
7056-402: The orbital inclination of Deimos (a small moon of Mars), that Mars may once have had a ring system 3.5 billion years to 4 billion years ago. This ring system may have been formed from a moon, 20 times more massive than Phobos , orbiting Mars billions of years ago; and Phobos would be a remnant of that ring. The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but
7182-837: The "strong turns" of the film; the film earned her a first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics) . After playing the role of an antagonist in the Telugu action thriller Neevevaro , Pannu played the central role of Rumi Bagga, a free-spirited girl caught in a love triangle, in Anurag Kashyap 's romantic drama Manmarziyaan alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Vicky Kaushal . The film premiered at 2018 Toronto International Film Festival to positive critical reviews, with widespread critical acclaim for Pannu's performance. Anupama Chopra called her performance "mercurial, mysterious and maddening": "With her cloud of red hair enveloping her, Rumi seems, continually to be
7308-705: The 2008 Femina Miss India contest. As a model, she endorsed brands such as Reliance Trends , Red FM 93.5 , UniStyle Image, Coca-Cola , Motorola , Pantaloon , PVR Cinemas , Standard Chartered Bank , Dabur , Airtel , Tata Docomo , World Gold Council , Havells and Vardhman . After a few years, she lost interest in modelling as she thought that she could never gain proper recognition through modelling, but only through films, and finally decided to act. On 23 March 2024, she married Danish badminton player Mathias Boe after eleven years of dating. Pannu made her cinematic debut in 2010 with K. Raghavendra Rao 's Telugu romantic musical Jhummandi Naadam . She played
7434-528: The 2010 Telugu film Jhummandi Naadam and went on to act in the 2011 Tamil film Aadukalam . She made her Hindi film debut with David Dhawan 's comedy Chashme Baddoor (2013). After playing the leading lady in several Telugu and Tamil films, Pannu gained notice for her performances in the Hindi spy thriller Baby (2015) and the courtroom drama Pink (2016), both of which were critical and commercial successes. Pannu gained prominence in Hindi cinema with
7560-481: The Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film . Pannu's third and final release of 2021 was the Telugu film Mishan Impossible directed by Swaroop RSJ. The film marked her comeback in Telugu films after Anando Brahma in 2017. In 2022, Pannu starred in the comedy thriller Looop Lapeta , an official remake of the 1998 German film Run Lola Run . It released on Netflix. The film, and Pannu's performance, received critical acclaim, earning her
7686-478: The Martian ionosphere , lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionized atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from
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#17327916884017812-538: The Martian sky a tawny color when seen from the surface. It may take on a pink hue due to iron oxide particles suspended in it. The concentration of methane in the Martian atmosphere fluctuates from about 0.24 ppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer. Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6 to 4 years, so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and
7938-415: The Martian surface is caused by ferric oxide , or rust . It can look like butterscotch ; other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the minerals present. Like Earth, Mars is differentiated into a dense metallic core overlaid by less dense rocky layers. The outermost layer is the crust, which is on average about 42–56 kilometres (26–35 mi) thick, with
8064-420: The Martian surface. Mars is an attractive target for future human exploration missions , though in the 2020s no such mission is planned. Scientists have theorized that during the Solar System's formation , Mars was created as the result of a random process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in
8190-593: The Moon, Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first areographers. They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than roughly 50 km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to
8316-412: The Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine , phosphorus , and sulfur , are much more common on Mars than on Earth; these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind . After the formation of the planets, the inner Solar System may have been subjected to the so-called Late Heavy Bombardment . About 60% of the surface of Mars shows
8442-462: The area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing Utopia Planitia and the Moon's South Pole–Aitken basin as the largest impact crater in the Solar System. Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 observed craters with a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) or greater have been found. The largest exposed crater is Hellas , which is 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) wide and 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) deep, and
8568-419: The atmosphere is about 10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi), which is higher than Earth's 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's. The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide , 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water. The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 μm in diameter which give
8694-406: The atmosphere is small, but enough to produce larger clouds of water ice and different cases of snow and frost , often mixed with snow of carbon dioxide dry ice . Landforms visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as outflow channels , cut across the surface in about 25 places. These are thought to be
8820-733: The box-office which The Times of India attributed to its release alongside Stree 2 . Pannu will next portray the role of a police officer in Woh Ladki Hai Kahaan and appear in Barath Neelakantan's sci-fi project titled Alien . Raghuvendra Singh of Filmfare says Pannu is "one of the most versatile actresses in the industry". Verve ' s Zaral Shah finds her to be "frank and forthright". Aditi Bhimjyani of Vogue noted, "Pannu has been busy making her unforgettable mark via her filmography of strong leading roles". Femina ' s Shraddha Kamdar calls her
8946-557: The box-office. Pannu reprised her role in a spin-off to her film Baby , titled Naam Shabana . Pandey noticed that Pannu's seven-eight minute sequence in the role of special agent Shabana Khan in Baby was well received after which he "decided to give the story an arc". For the role, she trained in different forms of mixed martial arts like Kūdō and Krav Maga . Both the film and Pannu's performance met with mixed response with Sarita A. Tanwar of Daily News and Analysis noting that she
9072-467: The broken fragments of "Tintina" rock and "Sutton Inlier" rock as well as in veins and nodules in other rocks like "Knorr" rock and "Wernicke" rock . Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60 centimetres (24 in), during the rover's traverse from the Bradbury Landing site to
9198-569: The day the Mars Orbiter Mission was launched, Mission Mangal was announced. Principal photography for the film began later in mid-November. In early February, Pannu finished her schedule of shooting. Shakti initially had Mohanlal and Sridevi in mind for the roles played by Akshay Kumar and Vidya Balan . Shakti pitched the idea to Kumar while working as an associate director to R. Balki in Kumar's Pad Man . In November 2018,
9324-444: The duration of the filming, Pannu had to be in a wheelchair for 12 hours for 25 days. The film and her performance were praised; Saibal Chatterjee said that Pannu "is never less than convincing" and "may be the primary reason why you must go out a watch this film". She next played an ISRO scientist in the space drama Mission Mangal which was about India's first interplanetary expedition, Mars Orbiter Mission . Pannu accepted
9450-458: The edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The commonly accepted hypotheses include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils . Several other explanations have been put forward, including those that involve water or even the growth of organisms. Environmental radiation levels on the surface are on average 0.64 millisieverts of radiation per day, and significantly less than
9576-468: The film 3.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Ultimately, Mission Mangal is enjoyable and entertaining. Even the jingoism doesn’t feel entirely out of place. Director Jagan Shakti delivers a space movie that lifts off and frequently soars." Raja Sen of Hindustan Times gave the film only 2 out of 5 stars and said, "The facts are stupendous, but director Jagan Shakti decides to go fast and fictional, creating an underdog story that — while often likeable — plays out like
9702-587: The film earned the Zee Cine Award for Best Actress (Critics) , in addition to her second Best Actress nominations at the annual IIFA and Screen award ceremonies. Pannu then essayed the role of a game designer who uses a wheelchair and battles a home invasion in the psychological thriller Game Over , directed by Ashwin Saravanan . The film was shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu language . During
9828-444: The film had a male lead, however, Pannu convinced the producer to have the lead role played by a female which he agreed to and offered her the role. Badla met with highly positive reviews, as did Pannu's performance as Naina Sethi, a shrewd businesswoman. In her review of the film, film critic Namrata Joshi of The Hindu appreciated Pannu for being "in fine form"; the film met with strong box-office results. Pannu's performance in
9954-404: The film stating, "Pannu’s delivery is exactly the same in her films: only the costumes change". Despite this, her performance in the film earned her a fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics). Pannu's role in the Tamil -language comedy horror Annabelle Sethupathi opposite Vijay Sethupathi generally went unnoticed. Her final film of the year was Rashmi Rocket ,
10080-499: The film's promotions as they had not been paid. Despite disliking the film, Archika Khurana of The Times of India thought Pannu provided "solid support" and found both her and Fazal to be "underutilized" but criticised her "off-key dubbing". In 2023, Pannu appeared in Rajkumar Hirani ’s comedy-drama Dunki opposite Shah Rukh Khan as Manu, a Punjabi woman with aspirations of travelling to England. Upon being signed for
10206-400: The film, Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express found Pannu to be the "real surprise" among the ensemble adding that she "makes the most'' of an otherwise thinly written part. Dil Juunglee (2018), co-starring Saqib Saleem , was Pannu's first release of the year. It failed to create an impact among the critics and the audience. Her followup was Shaad Ali 's sports drama Soorma which
10332-416: The film, she expressed her admiration for Khan and mentioned that it had been a "dream" to work with him. Monika Rawal Kukreja of Hindustan Times described Pannu’s performance as "natural" and added that "in the emotionally charged scenes, Pannu showcases a strong grip on her character, and in the funny ones, too, she holds her ground," but was disappointed with her chemistry with Khan. The film emerged as
10458-429: The flanks of the volcano Arsia Mons . The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the "seven sisters". Cave entrances measure from 100 to 252 metres (328 to 827 ft) wide and they are estimated to be at least 73 to 96 metres (240 to 315 ft) deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, they may extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below
10584-493: The following are the three primary periods: Geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows created about 200 million years ago. Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 million years ago, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has captured images of avalanches. Mars
10710-412: The highest earning for a Bollywood film in 2019 on a single day. The following day, it showed a drop of 50 percent from Friday's earnings to collect ₹ 8.5-8.75 crore nett. As of 12 October 2019, with a gross of ₹ 238.80 crore in India and ₹ 51.79 crore overseas, the film has earned ₹ 290.59 crore worldwide and have become 8th Highest gross Bollywood movie of 2019 . Mars Mars
10836-436: The lander showed that the Martian soil has a basic pH of 7.7, and contains 0.6% perchlorate by weight, concentrations that are toxic to humans . Streaks are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. The streaks can start in a tiny area, then spread out for hundreds of metres. They have been seen to follow
10962-474: The mineral jarosite . This forms only in the presence of acidic water, showing that water once existed on Mars. The Spirit rover found concentrated deposits of silica in 2007 that indicated wet conditions in the past, and in December 2011, the mineral gypsum , which also forms in the presence of water, was found on the surface by NASA's Mars rover Opportunity. It is estimated that the amount of water in
11088-613: The mineral olivine , which is known to be common on Mars, or by Martian life. Compared to Earth, its higher concentration of atmospheric CO 2 and lower surface pressure may be why sound is attenuated more on Mars, where natural sources are rare apart from the wind. Using acoustic recordings collected by the Perseverance rover, researchers concluded that the speed of sound there is approximately 240 m/s for frequencies below 240 Hz, and 250 m/s for those above. Auroras have been detected on Mars. Because Mars lacks
11214-424: The most-watched Hindi film on the platform that year. Both the film and Pannu's performance were, however, poorly received by critics, with Rohan Naahar from Hindustan Times calling it a "hot mess" along with describing it as "illogical" and "ill-conceived" and added that "Pannu's performance as a bored housewife named Rani is all over the place". Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express also criticised her role in
11340-427: The mountain is so large, with complex structure at its edges, giving a definite height to it is difficult. Its local relief, from the foot of the cliffs which form its northwest margin to its peak, is over 21 km (13 mi), a little over twice the height of Mauna Kea as measured from its base on the ocean floor. The total elevation change from the plains of Amazonis Planitia , over 1,000 km (620 mi) to
11466-431: The movement of dry dust. No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are young features, possibly still active. Other geological features, such as deltas and alluvial fans preserved in craters, are further evidence for warmer, wetter conditions at an interval or intervals in earlier Mars history. Such conditions necessarily require
11592-514: The northwest, to the summit approaches 26 km (16 mi), roughly three times the height of Mount Everest , which in comparison stands at just over 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi). Consequently, Olympus Mons is either the tallest or second-tallest mountain in the Solar System ; the only known mountain which might be taller is the Rheasilvia peak on the asteroid Vesta , at 20–25 km (12–16 mi). The dichotomy of Martian topography
11718-468: The old canal maps ), has a length of 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) and a depth of up to 7 kilometres (4.3 mi). The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 kilometres (277 mi) long and nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to
11844-842: The past. This paleomagnetism of magnetically susceptible minerals is similar to the alternating bands found on Earth's ocean floors . One hypothesis, published in 1999 and re-examined in October ;2005 (with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor ), is that these bands suggest plate tectonic activity on Mars four billion years ago, before the planetary dynamo ceased to function and the planet's magnetic field faded. The Phoenix lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as magnesium , sodium , potassium and chlorine . These nutrients are found in soils on Earth. They are necessary for growth of plants. Experiments performed by
11970-562: The possibility of past or present life on Mars remains of great scientific interest. Since the late 20th century, Mars has been explored by uncrewed spacecraft and rovers , with the first flyby by the Mariner 4 probe in 1965, the first orbit by the Mars 2 probe in 1971, and the first landing by the Viking 1 probe in 1976. As of 2023, there are at least 11 active probes orbiting Mars or on
12096-566: The radiation of 1.84 millisieverts per day or 22 millirads per day during the flight to and from Mars. For comparison the radiation levels in low Earth orbit , where Earth's space stations orbit, are around 0.5 millisieverts of radiation per day. Hellas Planitia has the lowest surface radiation at about 0.342 millisieverts per day, featuring lava tubes southwest of Hadriacus Mons with potentially levels as low as 0.064 millisieverts per day, comparable to radiation levels during flights on Earth. Although better remembered for mapping
12222-453: The rest with the flame off. This sparks an idea on using minimal fuel on the PSLV vehicle, to reach Mars. With reluctance, opposing Rupert assigns a junior team to Rakesh and Tara. The junior scientists' team comprises: Eka Gandhi ( Sonakshi Sinha )- a propulsion control expert, who is looking for any chance to get away to NASA; Neha Siddiqui ( Kirti Kulhari )- a spacecraft autonomy designer, who
12348-405: The role of Amrita, a home-maker who files for divorce after her husband slaps her. She said that the character's "righteousness, her maturity to handle every situation" made her suffocate. The film and Pannu's performance met with widespread critical acclaim. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express noted that she "drives the film" but added that "the effort she puts into her performance shows". Pannu
12474-436: The role of the daughter of a USA –based millionaire who comes to India to research traditional Telugu music. Pannu received three more offers in Telugu prior to the film's release. Her next film Aadukalam (2011), marked her debut in Tamil cinema . She played the role of an Anglo-Indian girl falling in love with a rural man played by Dhanush . The film, set in the backdrop of Madurai , revolves around cockfights . It
12600-504: The scene becomes the bone of contention between the siblings, has nothing noteworthy to do". Pannu played a short role in her next release Mr. Perfect (2011) alongside Prabhas and Kajal Aggarwal . She starred in a high-budget film titled Veera (2011), opposite Ravi Teja and Kajal Aggarwal , which received mixed reviews. She was next seen in her second Tamil film Vandhaan Vendraan , that also received mixed reviews from critics and did not fare well commercially. Her next film
12726-498: The script to him, and principal photography commenced in November 2018. Mission Mangal was theatrically released on 15 August 2019, India's Independence Day . It received positive reviews from critics and earned ₹ 291.59 crore worldwide, becoming a major commercial success. At the 65th Filmfare Awards , Mission Mangal received 6 nominations, including Best Film , Best Director (Shakti) and Best Actress (Balan). The film
12852-467: The size of Earth's Arctic Ocean . This finding was derived from the ratio of protium to deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to that ratio on Earth. The amount of Martian deuterium (D/H = 9.3 ± 1.7 10 ) is five to seven times the amount on Earth (D/H = 1.56 10 ), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the Curiosity rover had previously found
12978-429: The size of the Moon's South Pole–Aitken basin , which would be the largest impact basin yet discovered if confirmed. It has been hypothesized that the basin was formed when Mars was struck by a Pluto -sized body about four billion years ago. The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy , created the smooth Borealis basin that covers 40% of the planet. A 2023 study shows evidence, based on
13104-444: The solar radiation had increased the speed of the satellite and pushed it further, making up the 6 day gap they had incurred while doing the orbital manoeuvres with Earth . After spending a 298-day transit to Mars, MOM satellite is inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014, making India the 4th country in the world to do so and the first country to do it in the first attempt. On 5 November 2018, to coincide with 5 November 2013,
13230-422: The south polar ice cap, if melted, would be enough to cover most of the surface of the planet with a depth of 11 metres (36 ft). Water in its liquid form cannot prevail on the surface of Mars due to the low atmospheric pressure on Mars, which is less than 1% that of Earth, only at the lowest of elevations pressure and temperature is high enough for water being able to be liquid for short periods. Water in
13356-461: The southern highlands include detectable amounts of high-calcium pyroxenes . Localized concentrations of hematite and olivine have been found. Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained iron(III) oxide dust. Although Mars has no evidence of a structured global magnetic field , observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, suggesting that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in
13482-505: The study of Mars. Smaller craters are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word "Mars" or "star" in various languages; smaller valleys are named for rivers. Large albedo features retain many of the older names but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, Nix Olympica (the snows of Olympus) has become Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus). The surface of Mars as seen from Earth
13608-439: The successful launch. However, while doing the sixth orbit-raising manoeuvre, the jets fail to launch, pushing the mission 6 days behind. Rupert mocks the team, while Tara continues to keep hope that something will happen. Couple months later, on the way to Mars, the satellite is hit by a solar radiation wave, heavily damaging the communication systems of the satellite. When the team manages to regain communications, they realise that
13734-513: The surface. However, later work suggested that the lineae may be dry, granular flows instead, with at most a limited role for water in initiating the process. A definitive conclusion about the presence, extent, and role of liquid water on the Martian surface remains elusive. Researchers suspect much of the low northern plains of the planet were covered with an ocean hundreds of meters deep, though this theory remains controversial. In March 2015, scientists stated that such an ocean might have been
13860-430: The surface. "Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 metres (430 ft) deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface. Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago, possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, so the solar wind interacts directly with
13986-625: The swelling of the Tharsis area, which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a graben , but a plate boundary where 150 kilometres (93 mi) of transverse motion has occurred, making Mars a planet with possibly a two- tectonic plate arrangement. Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible cave entrances on
14112-476: The team slowing down. Tara soon realises that in order to meet their budget and schedule, she must make the team members change their attitudes, and motivate them to make their dream jobs into a reality. An attempt on her part to pacify her worried husband, Sunil by tracing their daughter Anya, who hasn't arrived home yet, to a night club , eventually culminates in Sunil warming up to the party environment as he throws
14238-507: The upper mantle of Mars, represented by hydroxyl ions contained within Martian minerals, is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50–300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of 200–1,000 metres (660–3,280 ft). On 18 March 2013, NASA reported evidence from instruments on the Curiosity rover of mineral hydration , likely hydrated calcium sulfate , in several rock samples including
14364-488: The war drama The Ghazi Attack (2017), the social drama Mulk (2018), the romantic drama Manmarziyaan (2018), the psychological thriller Badla (2019), and the space drama Mission Mangal (2019). For portraying the septuagenarian sharpshooter Prakashi Tomar in the biopic Saand Ki Aankh (2019), she won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress , and for playing a homemaker going through
14490-420: The widespread presence of crater lakes across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological evidence. Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethite , both of which sometimes form in the presence of water. In 2004, Opportunity detected
14616-441: The world's oldest sharpshooters for which she underwent three months of training in pistol shooting. Her role was well-received with Anna M. M. Vetticad writing that both Pannu and Pednekar succeed in "delivering equally finely tuned, sensitive performances". Pannu and Pednekar jointly received the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics). Pannu's sole release of 2020 was Anubhav Sinha's social drama Thappad , where she played
14742-516: Was Krishna Vamsi 's Mogudu opposite Gopichand . She garnered critical acclaim for her performance. She worked on several Telugu films at this time including Gundello Godari , Daruvu , and Shadow . In subsequent years, Pannu discussed being labelled an "unlucky charm" due to all of her films failing commercially. In 2013, Pannu made her Hindi film debut with David Dhawan 's comedy Chashme Baddoor , co-starring Siddharth , Rishi Kapoor , Divyendu Sharma and Ali Zafar . A remake of
14868-559: Was approached by Shoojit Sircar for the courtroom drama Pink . She was "curious and excited" about the subject as it had not "been dealt with head-on yet in mainstream cinema". The film, which also starred Amitabh Bachchan , Kirti Kulhari and Andrea Tariang, followed three girls who fight a case against a politician's nephew for molestation. The film and Pannu's performance received positive reviews. Rajeev Masand noted that Pannu, along with other two ladies, "deliver natural performances as strong but emotionally vulnerable women, without
14994-419: Was awarded with the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and received her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics). The film emerged as a moderate commercial success. Pannu's first release of 2021 was the romantic thriller Haseen Dillruba opposite Vikrant Massey . The film premiered on the streaming platform, Netflix and was Pannu's first of several streaming releases. It emerged as
15120-404: Was based on the life of field hockey player Sandeep Singh (played by Diljit Dosanjh ). Despite mixed reviews, Soorma became a financial success. Pannu then depicted a lawyer in Anubhav Sinha 's legal drama Mulk . Pannu said that the film presents true patriotism and nationalism without taking sides. Pannu's performance was praised with Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in calling her one of
15246-582: Was critically acclaimed and proceeded to win six National Film Awards at the 58th National Film Awards . Speaking about her role, a reviewer from Sify said: "Debutant Taapsee is a promising find and she suits the character of an Anglo-Indian girl to the T". She returned to the Telugu film industry with Vastadu Naa Raju (2011), opposite Vishnu Manchu . She made a foray into Malayalam cinema later that year, with Doubles (2011), opposite Mammootty and Nadiya Moidu . Paresh C Palicha of Rediff commented: "Taapsee Pannu as Saira Banu, whose entry into
15372-681: Was digitally released on the OTT platform, Disney+ Hotstar on 10 October 2019. Across the landscapes of Bengaluru , India , at ISRO , after the failed launch of GSLV-F06 on 25 December 2010, due to a miscalculation by Project Director Tara Shinde ( Vidya Balan ), Rakesh Dhawan ( Akshay Kumar ), a fellow scientist working with her, takes the blame for the mistake. As a result, he is relocated to work on Mangalyaan ( Mars -craft) as punishment, where Tara joins him out of guilt. The new GSLV missions are given to Rupert Desai ( Dalip Tahil ), an ex- NASA scientist of Indian origin. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
15498-436: Was marked by meteor impacts , valley formation, erosion, and the possible presence of water oceans . The Hesperian period (3.5 to 3.3–2.9 billion years ago) was dominated by widespread volcanic activity and flooding that carved immense outflow channels . The Amazonian period, which continues to the present, has been marked by the wind as a dominant influence on geological processes . Due to Mars's geological history,
15624-629: Was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases. Along craters and canyon walls, there are thousands of features that appear similar to terrestrial gullies . The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the Southern Hemisphere and face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude. A number of authors have suggested that their formation process involves liquid water, probably from melting ice, although others have argued for formation mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or
15750-473: Was released online on Zee5 . A remake of the Spanish thriller film Julia's Eyes (2010), the film marked Pannu's third film to be remade from a Spanish original, after Badla (2019) and Dobaara (2022). She then starred in the romantic comedy Tadka alongside Nana Patekar , Shriya Saran and Ali Fazal . Due to unresolved financial issues with the producers, Pannu and Fazal chose not to participate in
15876-437: Was reported that InSight had detected and recorded over 450 marsquakes and related events. Beneath the crust is a silicate mantle responsible for many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet's surface. The upper Martian mantle is a low-velocity zone , where the velocity of seismic waves is lower than surrounding depth intervals. The mantle appears to be rigid down to the depth of about 250 km, giving Mars
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