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65-542: Shad White is the incumbent state auditor of Mississippi as of 2022. He assumed office on July 17, 2018. The position of state auditor was enumerated as part of the executive branch in Mississippi's first constitution in 1817. The office was filled by the choice of the Mississippi Legislature . The first auditor, John R. Girault, was elected on December 19, 1817. The 1832 constitution stipulated that

130-518: A State Auditor's investigation in state history. White developed a program to increase government efficiency which was modeled after a similar program created by Rob Sand , the Democratic Iowa State Auditor . In February 2023, Brett Favre filed a defamation lawsuit against White, alleging White made false and defamatory statements related to Favre's ties to the Mississippi welfare scandal. In February 2024, White filed

195-455: A State Policy Fellow. In 2008, White was named a Rhodes Scholar . He studied economic and social history at St John's College, Oxford , earning a Master of Science degree, and rowed crew. In 2010, White's home county named March 24 "Shad White Day." " White earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 2014. While in law school, White was President of the Harvard chapter of

260-428: A change from largely self-sufficient farms, based on corn and pigs, to the growing of a cash crop of cotton or tobacco. Cotton cultivation took twice as many hours of work as raising corn. The farmers lost their freedom to determine what crops they would grow, ran into increasing indebtedness, and many were forced into tenancy or into working for someone else. Some out-migration occurred, especially to Texas, but over time,

325-704: A counter suit as auditor asking the court to require Favre "...to repay the principal and interest he owes on $ 1.1 million in welfare funds." In August 2024, White published Mississippi Swindle: Brett Favre and the Welfare Scandal that Shocked America , which gives his perspective on the scandal. White is married to Rina White (née Thomas); they have two daughters and a son, and live in Flowood, Mississippi . They are members at St. Richard Catholic Church in Jackson. Deep South The Deep South or

390-602: A litigation attorney at Butler Snow, LLP, in Ridgeland, Mississippi . During that time, he also served as a special prosecutor in Rankin County, Mississippi . In December 2017, White was named as the director of the Mississippi Justice Institute. While White served as Director, the Mississippi Justice Institute successfully defended the constitutionality of charter schools in Mississippi in

455-454: A part of the country which was distinguished by the colour of the soil. The part of the country possessing this thick, dark, and naturally rich soil was, of course, the part of the South where the slaves were most profitable, and consequently they were taken there in the largest numbers. Later, and especially since the war, the term seems to be used wholly in a political sense—that is, to designate

520-483: A trial court and won an Open Meetings Act case against the Lauderdale County Board of Supervisors and Natchez city government. He is a Certified Fraud Examiner . On July 6, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced that he would appoint White to serve as Mississippi's State Auditor following the resignation of Stacey Pickering . White is the first millennial to serve in a statewide office in

585-660: Is contrasted with the Mid-South and Tidewater region , as well as the Upper South and the border states . The term "Deep South" is defined in a variety of ways. Most definitions include the following states: Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina . Texas and Florida are sometimes included, due to being peripheral states, having coastlines with the Gulf of Mexico , their history of slavery, large African American populations, and being part of

650-591: Is that white southerners with conservative views on taxes, moral values, and national security would vote for Democratic presidential candidates who didn't share their views. They did that as part of a strategy for maintaining white supremacy in the South. Kevin Phillips states that, "Beginning in 1948, however, the white voters of the Black Belts shifted partisan gears and sought to lead the Deep South out of

715-640: Is the first millennial to hold statewide office in the Deep South . He was appointed to the position by Governor Phil Bryant in July 2018 and was subsequently elected without opposition in 2019. White won reelection in 2023 with 59% of the vote. Born and raised in Sandersville, Mississippi , White attended the University of Mississippi , where he earned degrees in economics and political science. He

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780-655: The 1964 presidential election , "Once again, the high level of support for Goldwater in the Deep South, and especially their Black Belt counties, spoke to the enduring significance of white resistance to black progress." White southern voters consistently voted for the Democratic Party for many years to hold onto Jim Crow Laws. Once Franklin D. Roosevelt came to power in 1932 , the limited southern electorate found itself supporting Democratic candidates who frequently did not share its views. Journalist Matthew Yglesias argues: The weird thing about Jim Crow politics

845-509: The 2020 presidential election , the state of Georgia was considered a toss-up state hinting at a possible Democratic shift in the area. It ultimately voted Democratic, in favor of Joe Biden. During the 2021 January Senate runoff elections, Georgia also voted for two Democrats, Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock , with Warnock winning re-election to a full term the following year. Republicans currently hold every statewide office, its state Supreme Court, and its legislature. From colonial times to

910-636: The American Civil War , Florida and Texas were sparsely populated and not fully settled, with Florida and Texas being the least-populated and third least-populated of the 11 Confederate states, respectively. When "Deep South" first began to gain mainstream currency in print in the middle of the 20th century, it applied to the states and areas of South Carolina, Georgia, southern Alabama, northern Florida, Mississippi, northern Louisiana , West Tennessee , southern Arkansas , and eastern Texas, all historical areas of cotton plantations and slavery. This

975-637: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Since then, upwards of 90 percent of African Americans in the South have voted for the Democratic Party, including 93 percent for Obama in 2012. Historian Thomas Sugrue attributes the political and cultural changes, along with the easing of racial tensions, as the reason why Southern voters began to vote for Republican national candidates, in line with their political ideology. Since then, white Deep South voters have tended to vote for Republican candidates in most presidential elections. Times

1040-422: The Deep South . Most political observers were surprised by his appointment. White was elected as State Auditor with no opposition in 2019. He won reelection in 2023 with 59% of the vote. During his time as State Auditor, White's office has investigated the largest public fraud scheme in state history. White's office also investigated pharmacy benefit managers, resulting in the largest civil settlement from

1105-548: The Federalist Society . In 2010, White worked as Policy and Research Director for Alan Nunnelee 's successful campaign for Congress. White was later hired by Phil Bryant to work as Director of Policy in Bryant's office while Bryant was serving as Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi . In 2015, White again worked for Bryant as campaign manager for Bryant's re-election campaign. From 2016 to 2017, White worked as

1170-567: The Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States . The term was first used to describe the states which were most economically dependent on plantations and slavery , specifically Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina . After the American Civil War ended in 1865, the region suffered economic hardship and was a major site of racial tension during and after

1235-742: The Mississippi Delta region. The Arkansas Delta is also sometimes included, though Arkansas is usually considered to be "in the peripheral" or Rim South rather than the Deep South. Seven states seceded from the United States before the firing on Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War , which originally formed the Confederate States of America . In order of secession, they are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first six states to secede were those that held

1300-640: The Potomac River , and that Southern society resembled those of the Caribbean. Although often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term "Deep South" did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. For at least the remainder of the 19th century, "Lower South" was the primary designation for those states. At the time of

1365-546: The Reconstruction era . Before 1945, the Deep South was often referred to as the "Cotton States" since cotton was the primary cash crop for economic production. The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s helped usher in a new era, sometimes referred to as the New South . The Deep South is part of the highly-religious, socially conservative Bible Belt and is currently a Republican Party stronghold. It

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1430-404: The Upper South occurred in 1928 , 1948 , 1964 , 1968 , and, to a lesser extent, in 1952 , 1956 , 1992 , and 2008 . Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee fared well in the Deep South in the 2008 Republican primaries , losing only one state (South Carolina) while running (he had dropped out of the race before the Mississippi primary). Georgia is currently considered a Swing state . In

1495-433: The power of arrest only after an individual had been indicted by a court following an auditing investigation, in 2003 the officers were granted full arrest powers and thus permitted to arrest anyone for any crime they detected in the course of their duties. Hamp King , who held the office from 1964 to 1984, was the first certified public accountant to serve as state auditor. Ray Mabus , who became auditor in 1984, raised

1560-521: The 150 largest population centers in the United States are ranked below: * Indicates state capital Other substantial cities include: Other cities sometimes included as part of the Deep South: * As part of the Sun Belt and Atlantic Plain , the Deep South tends to have a Subtropical climate with long hot summers and short mild winters. The 35th parallel north , which is used to define

1625-430: The 1964 Freedom Summer . The Deep South has three major Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) located solely within its boundaries, with populations exceeding 1,000,000 residents (Four including Memphis). Atlanta , the 8th largest metro area in the United States, is the Deep South's largest population center, followed by Memphis , New Orleans , and Birmingham . The 17 Deep South metropolitan areas (MSAs) within

1690-422: The Caribbean plantation model, relying on tobacco as a cash crop from the start. Tidewater had few urban centers, instead establishing multiple markets along tributaries. Cotton and rice operations were large and factory-like, while tobacco profits hinged on skilled, careful, and efficient labor units. Despite being the southernmost part of the continental United States, South Florida is not considered part of

1755-406: The Deep South is considered to be "an area roughly coextensive with the old cotton belt , from eastern North Carolina through South Carolina, west into East Texas, with extensions north and south along the Mississippi." The Deep South is generally associated historically with cotton production. The 11 Confederate States, including the Deep South, were overwhelmingly rural. New Orleans , Louisiana

1820-439: The Deep South who reported only a single European-American ancestry group, the 1980 census showed the following self-identification in each state in this region: These figures do not take into account people who self-identified as English and some other ancestral group. When the two were added together, people who self-identified as being English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners. As of 2003 ,

1885-654: The Deep South, although there were local exceptions wherever conditions did not support the system. The sharp division between town and country, the intensive use of a few cash crops, and the high proportion of slaves, all differed from the Upland South. The Tidewater region , encompassing the Chesapeake Bay and Eastern North Carolina , stands out as different from both the Deep South and Upland South. Its history of slavery originated in Virginia and predated

1950-630: The Deep South, characterized by very rich black soil that supported cotton plantations, is a geological formation known as the Black Belt . The Black Belt has since become better known as a sociocultural region ; in this context it is a term used for much of the Cotton Belt, which had a high percentage of African-American slave labor. The Mississippi Delta has been called " The Most Southern Place on Earth ", because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. The colony of South Carolina

2015-772: The Deep South. It has a tropical climate and high levels of migration from the Caribbean and Latin America , particularly in the densely populated Miami metropolitan area . After 1950, the region became a major center of the Civil Rights Movement , including: the work of Martin Luther King Jr. , the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott , the 1960 founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and

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2080-522: The Democratic Party has won in the Deep South since the late 20th century include: the 1976 election when Georgia native Jimmy Carter received the Democratic nomination, the 1980 election when Carter won Georgia; the 1992 election when Arkansas native and former governor Bill Clinton won Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas, the 1996 election when the incumbent president Clinton again won Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas, and when Georgia

2145-466: The Democratic Party. Upcountry, pineywoods and bayou voters felt less hostility towards the New Deal and Fair Deal economic and caste policies which agitated the Black Belts, and for another decade, they kept The Deep South in the Democratic presidential column. In the 1968 election , George Wallace carried all five Deep South states except for South Carolina, as well as Arkansas . Phillips emphasizes

2210-560: The Technical Assistance Division. The auditor's salary is $ 90,000 per year, but is set to increase to $ 150,000 annually in 2024. Source: Mississippi Official & Statistical Register Shad White Shadrack Tucker White (born September 22, 1985) is an American politician and attorney serving as the 42nd State Auditor of Mississippi since 2018. A member of the Republican Party , White

2275-424: The ability to prosecute cases of criminal wrongdoing in court and, in such instances where wrongdoing is believed to have occurred, typically turns over its findings to other prosecutors. The Department of Audit has approximately 150 employees, including about 40 certified public accountants. It has four divisions: Financial and Compliance Audit Division, Investigative Division, Government Accountability Division, and

2340-405: The auditor was to be popularly elected to serve a two-year term. The 1869 Constitution extended the term to four years. The fourth Constitution of Mississippi, ratified in 1890, made the state auditor ineligible to hold consecutive terms, and barred the state auditor and state treasurer from immediately succeeding each other. This measure was implemented as an effort to prevent collusion between

2405-537: The counties where the black people outnumber the white. Most White people in the Deep South who identified themselves with one European ethnic group in the 1980 census self-identified as English . This occurred in every southern state with the exception of Louisiana where more White people self-identified as French than English. A large number of the White population also derives from ethnic groups of Ireland ( Irish and Ulster Scots ). With regard to White people in

2470-422: The first frost. Some common environments include bayous and swamplands, as well as the southern pine forests . Due to its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean , hurricanes are also a frequently-occurring natural disaster. Booker T. Washington wrote in his 1901 autobiography I have often been asked to define the term "Black Belt". So far as I can learn, the term was first used to designate

2535-539: The fringe of the Deep South, during the " Solid South " period. At the turn of the 20th century, all Southern states, starting with Mississippi in 1890, passed new constitutions and other laws that effectively disenfranchised the great majority of blacks and sometimes many poor whites as well. Blacks were excluded subsequently from the political system entirely. The white Democratic-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to impose white supremacy , including caste segregation of public facilities. In politics,

2600-484: The full House after initially being passed by the state senate . The 1890 constitution also required the auditor to publish a report of all expenses incurred by the legislature during its sessions, though this responsibility was transferred to a different officer in 1989. In 1993 some employees in the Department of Audit's investigative division were made law enforcement officers. Originally restricted to exercising

2665-421: The historical Confederate States of America . The eastern part of Texas is the westernmost extension of the Deep South, typically the area east of Dallas . North Florida is also part of the Deep South region, typically the area north of Ocala . West Tennessee is sometimes included due to its history of slavery, its prominence in cotton production during the antebellum period, and cultural similarity to

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2730-551: The largest percentage of slaves. Ultimately, the Confederacy included eleven states. A large part of the original "Cotton Belt" is sometimes included in Deep South terminology. This was considered to extend from South Carolina Lowcountry to Georgia and North Florida , through the Gulf States as far west as East Texas , including West Tennessee , eastern Arkansas, and up the Mississippi embayment . The inner core of

2795-593: The majority of Black Americans in the South live in the Black Belt in the American South from Virginia to Texas. Hispanic and Latino Americans largely started arriving in the Deep South during the 1990s, and their numbers have grown rapidly. Politically they have not been very active. Political expert Kevin Phillips states that, "From the end of Reconstruction until 1948, the Deep South Black Belts, where only whites could vote, were

2860-471: The map on the right. In 1765, London philanthropist Dr. John Fothergill remarked on the cultural differences of the British American colonies southward from Maryland and those to the north, suggesting that Southerners were more similar to the people of the Caribbean than to the colonies to the north. A visiting French dignitary concurred in 1810 that American customs seemed "entirely changed" over

2925-549: The nation's leading Democratic Party bastions." From the late 1870s to the mid-1960s, conservative whites of the Deep South held control of state governments and overwhelmingly identified with and supported the Democratic Party . The most powerful leaders belonged to the party's moderate-to-conservative wing. The Republican Party would only control mainly mountain districts in Southern Appalachia , on

2990-593: The northern boundary of the subtropics , defines the southern border of Tennessee , and the border between North Carolina and Georgia . The climate tends to display more pronounced Subtropical characteristics the closer one gets to the Gulf Coast . For example, the Deep South substantially overlaps with the range of the American alligator . Crops grow readily in the Deep South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before

3055-526: The oppression and violence in the South. Beginning with the Goldwater–Johnson election of 1964, a significant contingent of white conservative voters in the Deep South stopped supporting national Democratic Party candidates and switched to the Republican Party. They still would vote for many Democrats at the state and local level into the 1990s. Political scientist Seth McKee concluded that in

3120-488: The poor rural South, as well as poor whites. In the post- World War II era, Democratic Party presidents and national politicians began to support desegregation and other elements of the Civil Rights Movement , from President Harry S. Truman 's desegregating the military, to John F. Kennedy 's support for non-violent protests. These efforts culminated in Lyndon B. Johnson 's important work in gaining Congressional approval for

3185-512: The population continued to grow and the farms were subdivided smaller and smaller. Growing discontent helped give rise to the Populist movement in the early 1890s. It represented a sort of class warfare , in which the poor farmers sought to gain more of an economic and political voice. By 1850, the term "Cotton States" was in common use, and the differences between the Deep South (lower) and Upland South (upper) were recognized. A key difference

3250-511: The public profile of the office through a crackdown on corruption. The incumbent auditor, Shad White , assumed office on July 17, 2018. Under Article 5, Section 134, of the Mississippi Constitution , the state auditor is elected every four years. Candidates for the office must meet the same constitutional qualifications as candidates for the position of secretary of state ; they must be at least 25 years old and have lived in

3315-471: The region became known for decades as the "Solid South." While this disenfranchisement was enforced, all of the states in this region were mainly one-party states dominated by white Southern Democrats . Southern representatives accrued outsized power in the Congress and the national Democratic Party, as they controlled all the seats apportioned to southern states based on total population, but only represented

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3380-548: The richer subset of their white populations. In the 1928 presidential election , Al Smith received serious backlash as a Catholic, but carried all 5 Deep South states, though he nearly lost Alabama. Major demographic changes would ensue in the 20th century. During the two waves of the Great Migration (1916–1970), a total of six million African Americans left the South for the Northeast, Midwest, and West, to escape

3445-491: The southern British colonies from Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited slavery. Unfortunately, the ban on slavery was lifted by 1751, and the colony became a royal colony in 1752. At the time of the American Revolution , South Carolina and Georgia were majority African American, as indicated by

3510-523: The state and local levels. This trend culminated in 2014 when the Republicans swept every statewide office in the Deep South region midterm elections . As a result, the Republican party came to control all the state legislatures in the region, as well as all House seats that were not representing majority-minority districts . Presidential elections in which the Deep South diverged noticeably from

3575-514: The state for at least five years. They are elected to a four-year term without term limits. The state auditor is responsible for auditing state agencies, county governments, school districts, and tertiary educational institutions. They also conduct data audits for public schools and monitor state agencies' inventory. They advise local governments on accounting matters in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and relevant laws, and investigate misuse of public funds. The office lacks

3640-482: The three-way 1968 presidential election: Wallace won very high support from Black Belt whites and no support at all from Black Belt Negroes. In the Black Belt counties of the Deep South, racial polarization was practically complete. Negroes voted for Hubert Humphrey, whites for George Wallace. GOP nominee Nixon garnered very little backing and counties where Barry Goldwater had captured 90 percent to 100 percent of

3705-550: The two officeholders, after a series of embezzlements and misuses of public funds during the Reconstruction era . A 1966 constitutional amendment lifted the prohibitions, making the state auditor eligible to serve consecutive terms. In 1986, the Constitution Committee of the Mississippi House voted to approve a proposal to limit the state auditor to a ten-year tenure, but the measure was rejected by

3770-482: The vote in 1964. The Republican Party in the South had been crippled by the disenfranchisement of blacks, and the national party was unable to relieve their past with the South where Reconstruction was negatively viewed. During the Great Depression and the administration of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt , some New Deal measures were promoted as intending to aid African Americans across the country and in

3835-405: Was a public school art teacher. White grew up in Sandersville, Mississippi , and attended Sandersville Elementary and Northeast Jones High School . He was a Lindy-Callahan Scholar-Athlete for the state in 2004. White attended the University of Mississippi and received an undergraduate degree in economics and political science in 2008. He worked for The Pew Charitable Trusts from 2008-2009 as

3900-619: Was dominated by a planter class who initially migrated from the British Caribbean island of Barbados, and used the Barbados Slave Code of 1661 as a model to control and terrorize the African American slave population. Barbados provided a steady flow of sugar produced by slave labor to Europe and North America. The Georgia colony was initially founded by James Oglethorpe as a buffer state to defend

3965-636: Was named a Rhodes Scholar in 2008 and went on to study economic and social history at St. John's College, Oxford , earning a Master of Science degree. White later earned a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 2014. He previously served as Director of the Mississippi Justice Institute . He is a Certified Fraud Examiner . White was born on September 22, 1985, in Sandersville, Mississippi . White's father, Charles Robert White, and grandfather, Charles Raymond White, were oilfield pumpers. His mother, Emily Morgan White,

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4030-553: Was the Deep South's plantation -style cash crop agriculture (mainly cotton, rice and sugar), using the forced labor of enslaved African Americans on large farms while plantation owners tended to live in towns and cities. This system of plantation farming was originally developed in the Caribbean West Indies and introduced to the United States in South Carolina and Louisiana, from where it spread throughout

4095-456: Was the only populous city in the Confederacy during the Civil War. After the Civil War, the region was economically poor. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, a small fraction of the white population composed of wealthy landowners, merchants and bankers controlled the economy and, largely, the politics. Most white farmers were poor and had to do manual work on their farms to survive. As prices fell, farmers' work became harder and longer because of

4160-473: Was the part of the South many considered the "most Southern." In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State," with only North Florida largely settled until after World War II . Later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, as well as often taking in bordering areas of Eastern Arkansas , West Tennessee , East Texas and North Florida . In its broadest application,

4225-456: Was won by Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election . In 1995, Georgia Republican Newt Gingrich was elected by representatives of a Republican-dominated House as Speaker of the House . The incumbent Speaker of the House since October 2023 , Republican Mike Johnson , is from Louisiana. Since the 1990s the white majority has continued to shift toward Republican candidates at

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