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61-653: In 1920, during the reign of King Fuad I , work began on expanding and rebuilding the station according to its current design. It was opened in 1927 by a Belgian company specializing in train stations. The reconstruction period took about seven years. The station is located in Martyrs Square Central District in the city of Alexandria , and is owned and operated by the Egyptian Railways , and contains eight train platforms, ticket halls, an outdoor parking lot, administrative offices,

122-686: A Declaration of Revision of the Constitution (Art. 195 Const.). Since the First World War, elections have always been called with either of these actions, except for 1929 . A third scenario, dissolution by law due to a vacant throne , has never occurred. Dissolution by law dissolves both the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate . A royal order originally could dissolve the Chamber,

183-422: A mosque , a restaurant , and several shops. The station is the current terminus of the line, which was extended from Sidi Gaber railway station in 1876. The first station building at a location close to the current one was designed by Edwin C. Baines and built between 1856 and 1857. In 1918 a master plan for the city envisaged the rebuilding or the station. The current building was built between 1915 and 1927 by

244-702: A candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued

305-682: A caretaker prime minister, Malcolm Fraser . Fraser promptly advised a double dissolution, and Sir John acted in accordance with that advice. Unlike the Commonwealth Parliament, the premier and governor of Victoria have very little discretion in dissolving the Parliament of Victoria . Both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council are dissolved automatically twenty-five days before

366-679: A decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt . In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935. The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament . During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree. Fuad

427-658: A degree considered too high by the Emperor. After the Proclamation of the Republic, in 1889, a Constituent Congress was convened to prepare the first republican charter, which came into force in 1891. However, on 3 November of that year, the National Congress would be closed by President Deodoro da Fonseca , with the legislature reinstated after the attempt was deemed a coup and he resigned. The legislature

488-477: A dissolution on the advice of the prime minister. This convention was demonstrated in the dismissal of prime minister Gough Whitlam by Governor General Sir John Kerr in 1975. Kerr claimed that dissolving the House of Representatives was his duty and "the only democratic and constitutional solution" to the political deadlock over supply. Whitlam refused to advise Kerr to call an election, and Kerr replaced him with

549-638: A great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha , a French officer in Napoleon 's army who converted to Islam and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future King Farouk , and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became queen consort of Iran), Faiza , Faika , and Fathia . As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving

610-656: A new government and constitution during the May 1958 crisis he directed the constitutional committee chaired by Michel Debré to increase the authority of the presidency, including providing the ability to dissolve the National Assembly. Under Article 12 of the 1958 French Constitution , the National Assembly can be dissolved by the President at any time after consultation with the prime minister and

671-462: A special election be held following dissolution, in which a new president and vice-president and a new National Assembly are elected. The candidates elected – to both the executive and legislative branches – then serve out the remainder of the current presidential and legislative terms. The first and only invocation of the dissolution was during the 2023 Ecuadorian political crisis when president Guillermo Lasso , undergoing impeachment proceedings in

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732-622: A way to allow the inauguration of President João Goulart under strong political and military opposition, the Additional Act to the Constitution determined that " [v]erified the impossibility of maintaining the Council of Ministers for lack of parliamentary support, proven in motions of no confidence, consecutively opposed to three Councils, the President of the Republic may dissolve the Chamber of Deputies[...] ". The then President of

793-549: A year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II , and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne. Fuad also served as president of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918. Fuad came under consideration as

854-432: Is called, to give the members time to campaign, but it can reconvene in case a national emergency requires urgent legislation before the election takes place. Article 148 of the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador grants the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly, but only at the price of giving the electorate the opportunity to vote the president out of office. The mechanism, known as muerte cruzada requires that

915-697: Is constitutionally vested in the Parliament of India , of which the President is the head, to facilitate the law-making process as per the Constitution . The President summons both the Houses (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament and prorogues them. They also have the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha pursuant to Article 75(2)(b). When Parliament is dissolved, all bills pending within

976-591: The 2024 French legislative election . President Jacques Chirac previously dissolved the National Assembly before the 1997 French legislative election in order to secure a new parliament more sympathetic to his policies, which ultimately failed when the opposition Socialist Party won the election against Chirac's party the Rally for the Republic . According to the Basic Law , the Bundestag can be dissolved by

1037-640: The Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898. During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad

1098-497: The federal president if the chancellor loses a vote of confidence , or if a newly elected Bundestag proves unable to elect a chancellor with absolute majority. The second possibility has never occurred, but the Bundestag was dissolved in 1972, 1982, and 2005 when the then-ruling chancellors Willy Brandt , Helmut Kohl , and Gerhard Schröder deliberately lost votes of confidence in order that there could be fresh elections . On

1159-547: The federal states ' governments as such rather than specific individuals. The chief executive , who is the head of the territory and head of government, has the power to dissolve the Legislative Council under Article 51 of the Hong Kong Basic Law : Before the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, the Legislative Council could be dissolved any time at the governor 's pleasure. Legislative power

1220-529: The governor-general on the advice of the prime minister . The term of the House expires three years after its first meeting if not dissolved earlier. The governor-general can dissolve the Senate only by also dissolving the House of Representatives (a double dissolution ) and only in limited circumstances spelled out in the Constitution . There is a convention that the Governor-General only orders

1281-408: The lower house and upper house , or may apply only to the lower house, with the upper house never fully dissolved. In a bicameral Westminster system , the expression "dissolution of parliament" typically refers to the dissolution of the lower house, just as " member of parliament " means member of the lower house. The House of Representatives , but not the Senate , can be dissolved at any time by

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1342-409: The "first session of the sixth parliament" after a dissolution. In most Continental European countries, dissolution does not have immediate effect – that is, a dissolution merely triggers an election, but the old assembly itself continues its existing term and its members remain in office until the new assembly convenes for the first time. In those systems, ordinarily scheduled elections are held before

1403-544: The Government's request if it appears a successor government could command the support of the Riigikogu. As of 2018, every convocation of the Riigikogu has run its full term. The President of Finland can dissolve the parliament and call for an early election. As per the version of the 2000 constitution currently in use, the president can do this only upon proposal by the prime minister and after consultations with

1464-486: The House of Commons to form a government, or else advise the governor general to dissolve Parliament. Also, the House of Commons typically dissolves within five years; however, in circumstances such as war, invasion, or insurrection, Parliament may extend this period. A continuation longer than five years requires approval by more than two-thirds of the House of Commons members or the legislative assembly. The provincial legislatures may also be dissolved at any time for

1525-693: The Italian architect Antonio Lasciac . 31°11′34″N 29°54′20″E  /  31.1929°N 29.9055°E  / 31.1929; 29.9055 Fuad I of Egypt Fuad I ( Arabic : فؤاد الأول Fu’ād al-Awwal ; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan . The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty , he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel . He replaced

1586-466: The King. Dissolution of parliament The dissolution of a legislative assembly (or parliament ) is the simultaneous termination of service of all of its members, in anticipation that a successive legislative assembly will reconvene later with possibly different members. In a democracy , the new assembly is chosen by a general election . Dissolution is distinct on the one hand from abolition of

1647-512: The Lok Sabha lapse. However, bills in the Rajya Sabha never lapse, and can remain pending for decades. The Constitution of Indonesia prohibits President to dissolve the House of Representatives . This principle was originally written in the explanatory memorandum to the Constitution but was moved to the main body (precisely in article 7C) since the explanatory memorandum was eliminated in

1708-470: The National Assembly, dissolved the legislative body. Lasso chose not to seek re-election. Daniel Noboa , his elected successor and the newly elected National Assembly in 2023 will serve out the rest of the term until 2025. Per Section 60 of the Constitution of Estonia , regular elections to the Riigikogu , Estonia's unicameral parliament, are held on the first Sunday of March in the fourth year following

1769-430: The President did not dissolve Dáil Éireann: 1989 and 1994. In the first instance, the newly elected Dáil failed to elect a Taoiseach when it first met (and at a number of meetings afterward). The incumbent taoiseach Charles Haughey was obliged constitutionally to resign, however, he initially refused to. He eventually tendered his resignation to President Patrick Hillery and remained as taoiseach in an acting capacity. At

1830-451: The Republic never exercised this attribution and the return to the presidential system stripped him of any competence to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. During the twenty-one years of the military dictatorship (1964–1985), the National Congress was "suspended" three times. Institutional Act No. 2 (AI-2) gave the President of the Republic the power to decree the recess of the two Houses of the National Congress, and during this period he had

1891-404: The Riigikogu is not obliged to request an early election. This occurred in 2016, when Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas lost a no confidence motion. His government resigned, and President Kersti Kaljulaid nominated Jüri Ratas to form the next government without an election taking place. Likewise, if a Government loses a no confidence vote and requests an early election, the President can refuse

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1952-460: The Senate, or both. However, the last dissolution of one chamber only happened in 1884 ; both chambers were always dissolved together since then. With the 1993 constitutional reforms , only the Chamber could be dissolved, with the Senate being automatically dissolved as well. Since 2014 constitutional reforms , only the Chamber can be dissolved, as the Senate is no longer directly elected. After dissolution, elections must be held within 40 days, and

2013-580: The Third Amendment. Despite this, there was a constitutional crisis in 2001 when President Abdurrahman Wahid attempted to prorogue the DPR on 23 July 2001 through a presidential decree . Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas ) can be dissolved by the President , on the advice of the taoiseach (prime minister). The president may only deny such a dissolution if the taoiseach has lost

2074-745: The United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world. The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting . Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to Beijing by

2135-420: The assembly reaches the end of a fixed or maximum term, and do not require a dissolution. In most Westminster systems , however, a dissolution legally ends the existence of the assembly, resulting in a temporary power vacuum, which may be filled in special circumstances by recalling the old assembly if need be. Because of this peculiarity, Westminster systems also have automatically-triggered dissolutions when

2196-538: The assembly reaches the end of a fixed or maximum term, since the act of dissolution itself is synonymous with the end of the assembly's term, and elections cannot be held in anticipation of a dissolution. Early dissolutions may be possible in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems , to resolve conflicts between the executive and the legislature; either a " snap election " called by an executive seeking to increase its legislative support, or an election triggered by parliament withholding confidence and supply from

2257-399: The assembly, and on the other hand from its adjournment or prorogation , or the ending of a legislative session , any of which begins a period of inactivity after which it is anticipated that the same members will reassemble. For example, the "second session of the fifth parliament" could be followed by the "third session of the fifth parliament" after a prorogation, but would be followed by

2318-535: The confidence of the Dáil, through a vote of no confidence (or, it could be argued after a Budget or other important bill has failed to pass). This has never happened, and, in the past, taoisigh have requested dissolutions before votes of no confidence have taken place, so as to force a general election rather than a handover of Government. A Dáil must be dissolved, and then a general election held, within five years of its first meeting. There are two notable instances when

2379-532: The establishment of Egyptian University (now called Cairo University). He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha . In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of Albania for himself, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire

2440-475: The formation of the Czech Republic, the Chamber of Deputies was only dissolved once. In 2013, by passing a motion of dissolution after a lengthy crisis following the fall of Petr Nečas' government , Before such practice was made possible by amending the Constitution in 2009, Chamber of Deputies was once dissolved in 1998 by passing a special constitutional act, which shortened its term, but such practice

2501-459: The fourth attempt, the Dáil eventually re-elected Haughey as taoiseach. Had he requested a dissolution, it would probably have been accepted by the President on the grounds that the Dáil could not form a Government, but the President would have also been within his rights to refuse it. It is thought that Haughey chose not to do so but instead to go into a historic coalition because of poor opinion polls showing his Fianna Fáil party would lose seats in

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2562-542: The government. Some presidential systems also allow early dissolutions, usually by the legislature voting to dissolve itself (as in Cyprus ), but sometimes by executive action in more authoritarian presidential systems, or, as in Ecuador 's muerte cruzada , the president dissolving the legislature at the cost of facing a new election themselves. In a bicameral legislature, dissolution may apply jointly or separately to

2623-523: The installation of the General, Constituent and Legislative Assembly , with the task of drafting the country's first Constitution. Six months later, in confrontation with the Deputies, Emperor Dom Pedro dissolved the assembly, ordered the arrest and exile of some deputies and created a Council of State to draft the Constitution , which he signed in 1824. This was the first of the eighteen times that

2684-557: The last Saturday in November every four years. However, the governor can dissolve the Legislative Assembly if a motion of no confidence in the premier and the other ministers of state is passed and no motion of confidence is passed within the next week. Finally, the premier can advise the governor to dissolve both houses in the case of a deadlocked bill. In Belgium , dissolution occurs either by royal order or by law upon

2745-561: The last two occasions, the decree of dissolution was challenged without success before the Constitutional Court . No president has yet refused a dissolution of the Bundestag when the choice came to him. The Bundestag is automatically dissolved four years after the last general election, and most Bundestags have lasted the full term. The second federal legislative body, the Bundesrat , cannot be dissolved, as its members are

2806-626: The legislature was dissolved, the Imperial Constitution and its quasi-parliamentary model formalized the Emperor's power to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies (the Senate was not elected). During the Regency and reign of Dom Pedro II , the Chamber of Deputies was dissolved on several occasions, almost always when the clash between conservatives and liberals or between legislators and the Council of Ministers  [ pt ] reached

2867-450: The most repressive and violent period of the dictatorship, closing the National Congress to combat subversion and " ideologies contrary to the traditions of our people ". The last person to decree the closure of the legislature was President Ernesto Geisel , in 1977, through the "April package", after the National Congress rejected a constitutional amendment. Geisel alleged that the MDB (then

2928-581: The new chambers must convene within three months (within two months from 1831 to 2014). Parliaments of the regions and communities cannot be dissolved; they have fixed five-year terms. Under the current constitution , there is no formal way to dissolve the Federal Senate or the Chamber of Deputies (Houses of the National Congress ). In May 1823, eight months after Independence, the first brazilian legislative experience began, with

2989-460: The opposition party on a unequal bipartisanship controlled by the military) had established a " minority dictatorship ". The House of Commons , but not the Senate , can be dissolved at any time by the King of Canada or by Governor General on the advice of the prime minister . If the government is refused confidence or supply , the prime minister must either resign and permit another member of

3050-584: The palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Koubbeh Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo. King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to

3111-538: The parliamentary groups while the Parliament is in session. In prior versions of the constitution, the President had the power to do this unilaterally. Under the French Fourth Republic formed after World War II , there was originally a weak role for the president of France . However, when Charles de Gaulle , who favored a presidential government with a strong executive , was invited to form

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3172-401: The preceding parliamentary election. However, the Riigikogu can be dissolved by the President of Estonia and fresh elections called prior to the expiration of its four-year term if one of the following four circumstances should occur: In the first, third, and fourth cases above, the President must call an early election. In the second case, however, a Government that has lost the confidence of

3233-407: The prerogative to legislate. On 20 October 1966, President Castelo Branco decreed recess for a month, to contain a " grouping of counter-revolutionary elements " (the 1964 Coup d'Etat was considered a revolution by the military) that had formed in the legislature " with the aim of disrupting public peace ". On 13 December 1968, President Costa e Silva issued AI-5, an institutional act that began

3294-454: The presidents of the two chambers of Parliament . After the declaration, new elections must be held within twenty to forty days. The National Assembly elected following such a dissolution cannot be dissolved within the first year of its term. A dissolution of the National Assembly most recently occurred when in June 2024, when President Emmanuel Macron dissolved the National Assembly to prompt

3355-480: The same National Congress, Vargas staged a coup d'état, establishing the Estado Novo . He closed the legislature and instituted a new, authoritarian Constitution . Despite the new charter determining the convening of a " National Parliament " with a appointed Federal Council and a Chamber of Deputies that could be dissolved, elections were never held. During the brief parliamentary experience from 1961 to 1963 as

3416-545: The same reasons, by the Lieutenant Governor on the advice of the provincial premier . All provinces and territories have established fixed election dates . The Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic may be dissolved by the president when at least one condition specified by the constitution is fulfilled. The Senate can never be dissolved. After the dissolution, snap elections are to be held no later than after 60 days. The chamber can be dissolved if Since

3477-635: The title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922. Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo , the fifth issue of Isma'il Pasha . He spent his childhood with his exiled father in Naples . He got his education from the military academy in Turin , Italy. His mother was Ferial Qadin . Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in

3538-758: Was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian historiography . He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors – especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather Ibrahim , and his father – as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian historiography. Fuad married his first wife, Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947), in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at

3599-552: Was blocked by the Constitutional Court , when it was tried again in 2009 The government can call an election to the Folketing at any time, and is obliged to call one before the incumbent membership's four-year terms expire. However, the Folketing is never formally dissolved , and it retains its legislative power until new members have been elected. In practice the Folketing will cancel all its ongoing business when an election

3660-402: Was closed twice by Getúlio Vargas . After the Revolution of 1930 , as Head of the Provisional Government, Vargas dissolved the National Congress, the state legislative assemblies and the municipal chambers. Pressured by the failed Constitutionalist Revolution , Vargas was forced to call elections for a National Constituent Assembly. On 10 November 1937, now President of the Republic elected by

3721-474: Was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life. Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was Nazli Sabri (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, Tawfika Khanum Sharif . Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General Muhammad Sharif Pasha , sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and

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