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34-467: Administratively, there are 2 divisions, 21 wards, 85 villages, 335 Vitongoji (hamlets), and 1 election constituency within the council. As of 2012, Mkinga District is administratively divided into 22 wards: There are many different topographic characteristics in Mkinga District. The coastal plain rises to around 100 meters above sea level and stretches 20 to 30 kilometers inland from

68-426: A lot of sisal during the 1970s. Since sisal plantations employed a sizable population and provided them with a means of money to support their way of life, their demise had a noticeable effect on the neighborhood. Not only was sisal production utilized to alleviate poverty, but there was also a lack of community empowerment on the part of the government to make use of other resources, such as the abundant arable land ;

102-621: A referral system to the regional hospital in Bombo. This is a significant issue that forces serious patients, particularly pregnant women, to travel great distances in order to access medical care, particularly surgical services. Another issue in the District is a lack of access to safe and clean water, especially during dry seasons when only 54.3% of the population does, which increases the risk of communicable diseases. Zigi River Zigi River also known as Sigi River (Swahili: Mto Sigi ),

136-817: A river in Tanzania is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Usambara Mountains The Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania in tropical East Africa , comprise the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains . The ranges of approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) long and about half that wide, are situated in the Lushoto District of the Tanga Region . They were formed nearly two million years ago by faulting and uplifting, and are composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. They are split into two sub-ranges;

170-542: A small herb which he sent to his father, who cultivated them into plants. Hermann Wendland , the director of the Herrenhausen Gardens , formally described the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus, Saintpaulia ionantha , with the English common name African violet . Wendland's scientific name for the plant based the generic name Saintpaulia on von Saint Paul-Ilaire;

204-482: A succession struggle in 1862. German colonists settled in the area which was to become German East Africa , and after World War I it became part of the British mandated territory of Tanganyika . The Usambaras are approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) long and ranging from 30–50 kilometres (19–31 mi) in width. They form part of the Eastern Arc Mountains , which stretch from Kenya through Tanzania. The range

238-559: A total of 28,254 students, 14,258 of whom are boys and 13,996 of whom are girls. These students are in grades I through VII. Because it complies with the National rate, which mandates that every child of school age be enrolled, the Standard I enrolment status is satisfactory. According to enrollment records from 2011, all anticipated school-age children were registered. A total of 5339 students, comprising 2733 boys and 2606 girls, or 104% of

272-717: Is a river in located in east Tanga Region in Tanzania . The river rises in the Amani Nature Reserve in the east Usambara Mountains in Muheza District , more precisely in Handei Mountains, at an altitude of 1130 meters and flows for 100 km in a long course and multiple changes of direction to its mouth 40 km north of the town of Tanga in the Indian Ocean . Its tributaries are

306-578: Is one of the world's Biodiversity hotspots . The highest point being Chambolo peak at 2,289 meters above sea level. The range is accessible from the towns of Lushoto in the west, and Amani in the east. The Usambaras are commonly split into two sub-ranges, the West Usambara Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains. The East Usambara are closer to the coast, receive more rainfall, and are significantly smaller than

340-642: The Kenyan border passes through the district at the town of Horohoro. The 406 km of roads in the Mkinga district are divided into feeder roads, district roads, and regional highways (all falling under TANROADS). Tanga Regional roads cover 85 kilometers, while district and feeder roads cover 321 kilometers. In the meanwhile, 40 kilometers of regional roads (from Mtimbwani to the Horohoro border) are being upgraded from gravel to tarmac. Generally speaking, 81 km of

374-707: The 1990s, when the Central Government established ten additional forest reserves, the area covered by forest reserves has grown to 5,394 hectares. Additionally, the district contained the well-known hunting and tourist destinations of the Game Controlled Area of Umba and the Open Areas of Mkota and Mwakijembe. The council had a total of 23,214 households with a population of 106,837, out of whom 52,871 were men (49.5%) and 53,966 were women (50.5%), with an average growth rate of 1.27%, according to

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408-590: The India Ocean. The rest of the District climbs gradually to a height of roughly 400 meters above sea level as it moves from the east toward the northern and mid-southern regions. The northern regions gradually increase toward the Umba hills, which stretch into Kenya and are around 800 meters high. The Zigi River , which separates Muheza and Mkinga districts by flowing southeast into the Indian Ocean, serves as

442-652: The Kihuhui (from south) and the Musi (from North). Average monthly flow of Zigi measured at the hydrological station in Lanconi Estate, approximately 10 km above the Mabayani Dam in m³ / s (1957 - 1990). The Zigi flows stimulate time-dependent, like most rivers in the region. 5°2′6″S 39°6′1″E  /  5.03500°S 39.10028°E  / -5.03500; 39.10028 This article related to

476-672: The October 2002 population census. On the basis of an average growth rate of 1.27%, it is predicted that there will be 118,187 people living there by the year 2011. A further estimate revealed a population density of 1.27 people per square kilometer. Most of the residents of the district are from the Digo, Segejeu, and Wasambaa ethnic groups, the former two being the native groups. As of 2022, there were 94 Schools in Mkinga District, 79 of are primary schools and 15 are secondary schools. The primary education department comprises 76 primary schools with

510-571: The West Usambara. The mountain range was formed nearly two million years ago. Due to a lack of glaciations and a relatively consistent climate, the rainforest has gone through a long term and unique evolution resulting in an impressive amount of endemism and an old-growth cloud rainforests. The West and East Usambaras are large ranges of Precambrian metamorphic geologic formations of acid- gneisses , pyroxenes , and amphiboles . These mountains were formed by faulting and uplifting creating

544-562: The West Usambaras being higher than the East Usambaras, which are nearer the coast and receive more rainfall. The mountains are clad in virgin tropical rainforest which has been isolated for a long period and they are a centre of endemism . Historically they were inhabited by Bantu , Shambaa , and Maasai people but in the eighteenth century, a Shambaa kingdom was founded by Mbegha . The kingdom eventually fell apart after

578-559: The West Usambaras. The ecosystems of the Usambaras were significantly disrupted by foreign-controlled logging companies that carried out large-scale deforestation from the 1950s onwards. A sawmill at Tanga processed East Usambara timber, and its output was increased in the 1970s with Finnish development funding. Major land and forest degradation remains a pressing issue. There are still many places that attract visitors looking for experiences beyond developed tourist resorts. These include

612-504: The anticipated student population, were enrolled. In the district's 21 wards, there are a total of 15 secondary Schools. There are 6741 pupils enrolled in these schools, 3633 of whom are boys and 3633 of whom are girls. There are 22 disabled pupils among them, 10 of whom are boys with physical disabilities, one boy with a skin condition, and 11 girls as of 2012. The Complementary Basic Education in Tanzania (COBET) and Integrated Community Based Adult Education (ICBAE) programs both fall within

646-680: The average household only cultivates around one acre. Despite the fact that about 80% of the population works in agriculture, only 30% of arable land is thought to be cultivated. There are 250,580 acres of arable land in the district. The area used for agriculture is only 75,574 (Ha). Within its seven wards, the Mkinga district is home to 21 fishing communities, including Mayomboni, Moa, Kwale, Manza, Boma, Doda, and Mtibwani. There are roughly 2086 and 410 fishing boats, of which 396 are active and 14 are malformed. Additionally, there are 20 fish farmers, 10 pearl oyster merchants, and 70 seaweed farmers divided into two groups. Paved trunk road T13 from Tanga to

680-411: The district ranges from 450 to 1000 mm, with an average of 750 mm. 16 °C is the usual temperature. In the council's 18 km. of land, which comprises a separate biological zone, the population's primary sources of income are fishing and mariculture. The backbone of the Mkinga economy is agriculture . The district's residents rely on agriculture for more than 80% of their income. Despite

714-405: The district's 285 km of earth roads have been improved to gravel standards. Only 50% of the whole road network is passable in all weather. Some settlements are still not reachable by road. Kibewani-Mzingi (12 km), Mjesani-Gombero (17 km), Gombero-Mkinga (18 km), Kizingani-Gandikani-Kwale (5 km) are a few of these communities. Mkinga has very small trade sector. For instance,

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748-423: The district's primary drainage system. The Umba River drains the majority of the district's northern region, flowing east into Kenya before emptying into the Indian Ocean. The district features a semi-arid climate with variations in the amount of rainfall, landforms, soil types, and potentials for land use. Typically, there is enough rainfall to support the cultivation of many different crops. Bimodal rainfall in

782-571: The drainage system of troughs that form many watersheds, which provide water to a majority of the population of northeast Tanzania. The Usambara Mountains are fairly unusual in East Africa with their natural regions still covered in tropical forests , which otherwise continentally remain primarily in Western Africa. Considered tremendously significant ecologically and a Biodiversity hotspot . There are many protected zones throughout

816-416: The fact that 80% of the population is dependent on agriculture, poverty continues to be a pervasive problem, especially for homes whose crop production is the sole source of income. The condition is demonstrated by the populace's low per capita income. Mkinga's per capita in 2010 was 230,000 TZS, which is low compared to the region's 765,331 TZS and the country's 770,464 TZS in 2011. German colonial period saw

850-499: The fiscal year 2007/2008 to 300 million in the fiscal year 2010/2011. There are extensive forest reserves in the Mkinga District. In Tanzania's Eastern Arc of Mountains, some of the Usambara , home to unique variety and endemic species of their flora and fauna are located in the western part of the district. Before 1990, there were 5 forest reserves totaling roughly 20,145 hectares. Before independence, these reserves were formed. Since

884-474: The forest versus forest as a "separate wilderness". The result of colonialism was a massive change in the way forests were perceived in the community, and conversion of traditional agriculture to cultivating cash crops such as quinine, pine trees, bananas, maize, tea, and coffee. In 1882 Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire , the governor of the Usambara District of German East Africa, collected seeds of

918-497: The highest growth rates (about 4% compared to the Tanzanian national average of 2.1%), a staggering amount of poverty, and highest densities of people in all of Tanzania. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers who rely heavily on the forests around them for timber, medicinal plants, clearing for agriculture, and fuelwood. By 2000 nearly 70% of the original forest cover of the East Usambaras had been lost, and over 85% in

952-544: The initial development of sisal estates, and the sector dominated the local economy up until the 1970s. Through the port of Tanga, substantial amounts of sisal from the Mkinga District were exported. A significant source of employment, the sisal plantations drew laborers from as far afield as Zambia and Mozambique. In the wake of the industry's collapse, the majority of estates stopped producing. Large plantations like Kauzeni Estate Hekta 608, Lugongo Estate Hekta 3669.4, Mjesani Estate Hekta 6420, and Mtapwa Estate Hekta 475 produced

986-708: The kingdom grew to cover both the west and east Usambaras, extending down to the coast and into the Pangani River valley to the south. After Kimweri died in 1862 the kingdom fell apart in a succession struggle. In the late 19th century when within the Usambara District of German East Africa , German colonialists came into the area bringing with them a mix of cash crops like lumber trees, coffee, tea, and quinine , and also designated forests as reserves for either water conservation or timber use. They also brought many new Western concepts, which often were diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs, such as coexistence with

1020-430: The number of guest houses with a business license climbed from 60 in 2008 to 150 in 2011. From 20 in 2008 to 60 in 2011, pubs and glossaries were granted a hard drink license. More businessmen and small business owners who qualify for business licenses are still being educated and trained by trade officers to register their businesses. However, the amount of money collected annually by the council increased from 68 million in

1054-482: The purview of the Adult Education unit. There are 2,300 students enrolled in adult education circles (classes), including elementary classes, upgrading classes, and fund-raising groups, of which 847 are men and 1453 are women. In Terms of Healthcare facilities, as of 2022 Mkinga District is home to 3 health centers and 27 clinics. There is no district hospital; instead, the community accesses healthcare through

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1088-516: The range, which are being expanded and contributed to by the Tanzanian government, associated NGO's and research teams, and donor countries such as Norway . Several species are endemic to the Usambara forests, including the Usambara eagle-owl ( Bubo vosseleri ), the Usambara akalat ( Sheppardia montana ), the Usambara weaver ( Ploceus nicolli ), the African violet ( Saintpaulia ionantha ),

1122-483: The specific name he assigned means violet ( Greek : ion ) flower ( Greek : anthos ). In their native Usambara Mountains cloudforests , the plants are threatened with extinction. Following World War I, it became part of the British mandate territory of Tanganyika . The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests. Today, the population of the Usambara Mountains region has one of

1156-488: The tree species Calodendrum eickii . Historically the Usambara Mountains have been inhabited by the Bantu , Shambaa , and Maasai people who were a mix of agriculturalists and pastoralists. A Shambaa kingdom based at Vugha was founded by Mbegha in the first half of the 18th century. His grandson Kinyashi Muanga Ike gave the kingdom a stronger political and military structure. Under Kinyashi's son Kimweri ye Nyumbai

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