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78-550: Its name stems from word 'youth' in Serbian . According to a legend, the emergence of the name is brought in connection with a man named Mladen, who established himself after the battle on the Kosovo in 1389 with his two brothers in this desert area. The brothers separated and the place, where Mladen had established himself, was called Mladenovac. In the village of Kovačevac, 4.5 km (2.80 mi) from downtown Mladenovac, there

156-553: A Slavic language ( Indo-European ), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian , Croatian , and Montenegrin . "An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian , than with Slovene (Slovene

234-605: A lot of playgrounds for basketball, football, etc.The Grammar School in Mladenovac is very successful in Serbian and history, especially in republic competitions. Serbian language Serbian ( српски / srpski , pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː] ) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs . It is the official and national language of Serbia , one of

312-536: A spree shooting in the villages of Dubona and Šepšin . This town, situated about 47 km (29.20 mi) in the south of Belgrade, is a part of the district of the capital city of Serbia. Together with the suburban settlements Kovačevac, Koraćica, Markovac, Jagnjilo, Senaja, Granice, Velika Krsna, Dubona, Šepšin, Velika Ivanča, Rajkovac, Selo Mladenovac, Rabrovac, Amerić, Vrbica the municipality of Mladenovac extends over 339 km (130.89 sq mi) and has 53,050 inhabitants. Kosmaj with its altitude of 628 m

390-455: A waterwork was constructed which supplies the villages of Babe, Stojnik and Ropočevo, so as the complex itself, with the water from this spring. Moreover, during the excavation, a hidden entry into the vast complex of Roman mines was discovered, too, being obscured for centuries. There are evidence of the extraction of silver , iron and lead . In the 3rd century AD, the Kosmaj mines were one of

468-558: Is "Momčilo Živojinović" with over 2000 pupils. Second in size is "Sveti Sava" primary school. There is also a primary school "Kosta Đukić" and a total of 8 primary schools in the area. Secondary schools include the Gymnasium and the Technical School of Mladenovac. It has a long history, educating many pupils and having many teachers work in it. Every one of them left a trace in the school's history. The primary school Kosta Đukić

546-503: Is "awaiting the reconstruction". The Pavlovac monastery was built by despot Stefan Lazarević, sometime between 1415 and 1419, with some sources claiming 1425 as the correct year. Serbian Orthodox Church officially adopted 1417 as the construction year and in July and August 2017 celebrated monastery's 600th anniversary. In the vicinity of the monastery are remains of the Roman cemetery, and

624-449: Is a rare example of synchronic digraphia , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized

702-643: Is also the basis of standard Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017. The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian . Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

780-561: Is an archaeological locality Divičmeđ. It spreads on 10 ha (24.71 acres) in the valley of the Veliki Lug river and contains remains from the prehistoric and medieval periods. Medieval settlement was located under the Brest plateau, surrounding the Divičmeđ and Bunar water springs. Excavations were conducted in 1986-1987 (headed by Milica Janković) and 1995. Oldest settlement from this period

858-455: Is dated to the 9th century. It had shallow dug houses, with scattered clay vessels and iron arrowheads discovered, too. This settlement disappeared in c.900, but was revived in the 10th century. Apart from pottery artifacts, also discovered were jewelry, lead beads (presumably for religious purpose), soldiers' vests and square artisan furnace, cut into the wall, with the places for sitting and laying around it. The settlement disappeared again in

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936-413: Is divided in two levels of protection, II and III. The Kosmaj is touristically well prepared for hiking , cycling and touring historic and religious landmarks. It has a hotel, mountaineering camp, villas, etc. Proximity of Belgrade and mountain's gentle slopes, glades and woods are a basis for the touristic economy. Latest addition, since the mid-2000s is a modern, vast resort complex of "Babe", near

1014-482: Is kept at 40 °C (104 °F). As of 2017, the complex has a floor area of 26,000 m (280,000 sq ft) with 300 beds, wellness and spa centers, a park of 14 ha (35 acres) and 7,000 patients yearly. With the surrounding neighborhoods, Selters forms one of the "local communities", sub-municipal administrative units, of the town of Mladenovac. It had a population of 3,619 in 1981, 4,468 in 1991, 5,094 in 2002 and 4,601 in 2011. The biggest primary school

1092-498: Is located in the village of Koraćica near Mladenovac. Alongside the church, dedicated to St Nikola, there are three more buildings from the same period, protected as a cultural monument of great importance . Despot Stefan Lazarević died suddenly while riding a horse near the village of Crkvine in Mladenovac area. A momument dedicated to his death was placed in 1427 in the yard of the Church of Prophet Elijah. It represents one of

1170-536: Is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian ). Speakers by country: Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007, when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced

1248-530: Is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride , a book about Alexander the Great , and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on

1326-663: Is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation. However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language , or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic. Traffic signs and directional signs, and place names, on main or international roads are to be written with both Cyrillic and Latin script To most Serbians,

1404-558: Is the highest point in this region. A monument dedicated to Serbs (Partisans) who lost their lives in World War II fights that took place in this area sits at the top of this mountain. A medieval monastery Tresije, built in the 13th century, is located on the way from the town center to Mount Kosmaj. Mladenovac is also a crossing point of many trading and transporting routes such as Belgrade , Kragujevac , Aranđelovac , Smederevo , Smederevska Palanka . Suburban: According to

1482-435: Is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić , followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić . The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian . There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook . The standard and

1560-794: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script : Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet : Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1 of

1638-631: The Proto-Slavic language . There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French. Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages , and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Miroslav's Gospel ) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik ( Dušan's Code ) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there

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1716-478: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Kosmaj Kosmaj ( Serbian Cyrillic : Космај, pronounced [kɔ̌smaːj] ) is a mountain south of Belgrade . With an elevation of 626 meters, it is the highest point of

1794-586: The deciduous ( beech and oak ), and to the lesser extent, coniferous woods. While the beech and oak forests are results of the natural, spontaneous growth, the patches of conifers were planted by humans. Forests cover steeper slopes of the mountain, while the gentler slopes are grass-covered. Foothills are covered in orchards and arable fields. Self-grown plants used for human consumption include bear's garlic , woodland strawberry , blackberry and cornelian cherry . As bear's garlic ( sremuš or medveđi luk ) became more and more popular in Serbian cuisine in

1872-636: The iron ore was extracted even in the pre-Roman period. In Medieval Serbia mining began in c.1420, after the Law on mines was issued by the Despot Stefan Lazarević in 1412. In July 2000, during the excavations for the new sports complex in Babe, a spring was discovered in the valley of the Pruten creek. The new Pruten spring has a capacity up to 40 L/s (1.4 cu ft/s) and by 2011

1950-449: The 13th century but was established again in the mid-14th century. This locality yielded fine, thin ceramics, Serbian coins and ornamental, gold plated rivets , shaped like eagle heads. The settlement died out around c.1400 and was never settled again. In total, there are 250 registered archaeological localities on the Mladenovac municipal territory, 98 of which are from the Middle Ages . Pavlovac Monastery , founded in early 15th century,

2028-459: The 2011 census of population) on the south-eastern slopes, other settlements, though numerous, are smaller, barely exceeding 2,500 inhabitants. They include Rogača (953), Drlupa (532), Dučina (729), Ropočevo (2,628), Sopot (1,920), Nemenikuće (1,992), Stojnik (567), Babe (348), Guberevac (535), Ralja (2,933), Parcani (619) (in the municipality of Sopot), Amerić (835), Koraćica (1,989), Velika Ivanča (1,532), Pružatovac (859) (in

2106-428: The 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 53,096 inhabitants. The ethnic composition of the municipality (as of 2022): Most of the inhabitants of Mladenovac are working in the industrial factories. The most prominent large companies are: Keramika, Progres, Minel trafo, Elektrošumadija, Cobest and Makovica. There is a game hunting ground "Varovnica" in the municipality. Other touristic attractions in

2184-589: The 21st century, group picking of the plant on the mountain was organized in the early 2020s, and the Bear's garlic festival was founded in 2023. Altogether, 551 plant and 300 fungi species inhabits the mountain, including the endangered larkspur ( Delphinium phissum ) which is on the Red List . Some 150 plant species are medicinal or edible and 5 are under the strict protection. Additionally, there are 30 relics, 10 sub-endemics, 25 endangered taxa and 60 species under

2262-592: The Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian , Albanian , and Croatian . In the 2023 Montenegrin census, 43.18% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 34.52% of the population. Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ( ћирилица , ćirilica ) and Latin script ( latinica , латиница ). Serbian

2340-825: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. The sort order of the ćirilica ( ћирилица ) alphabet: The sort order of the latinica ( латиница ) alphabet: Serbian is a highly inflected language , with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent

2418-410: The Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors

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2496-450: The Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility. In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts. In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging,

2574-520: The area was the favorite hunting ground of despot Stefan. The monastery is dedicated to the Translations of Relics of Saint Nicholas . It was named after the nearby creek of Pavlovački Potok and, today non-existing, village of Pavlovci. The village and the monastery were mentioned in the letter which despot Stefan sent to the Republic of Ragusa on 21 November 1424. As the monastery was situated on

2652-483: The beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature,

2730-500: The center. Rehabilitation center "Sokobanjska" was opened in 1989 in Belgrade itself, and later administratively became part of Selters. The water is beneficial for the patients with strokes, rheumatism, orthopedic problems and cerebral palsy. The institute also provides the mud healing therapies though it has no natural healing mud. It is made from the mixture of thermal water, clay and zeolite , which matures in special pools and then

2808-580: The early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm. The dialects of Serbo-Croatian , regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include: Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976,

2886-474: The entire Pashalik of Belgrade . It was rebuilt in 1709 by the brethren of the Rakovica monastery , but was demolished already in 1738. At the end of the 18th century, it was demolished and the reconstruction began in 1936. It was not finished due to World War II , and after the war, new Communist authorities took the materials from the monastery to build a hotel "Hajdučica" in the vicinity. Construction of

2964-488: The entire Belgrade City area and is nicknamed one of two "Belgrade mountains" (the other being the mountain of Avala ). The Kosmaj, is located 40 kilometers south-east of Belgrade. Entire area of the mountain belongs to the Belgrade City area, majority of it being in the municipalities of Mladenovac and Sopot , with eastern slopes being in the municipality of Grocka , and northern and north-western extensions in

3042-607: The ground and are 25 km (16 mi) wide. After the Roman period, mining activities ceased, only being revived in the Medieval Serbia . In February 2022, it was announced that the Serbia Zijin Bor Copper company has been surveying the mountain for possible mining. Due to the bad image of the company regarding pollution, this caused public furor, especially due to the ongoing ecological protests . Zijin immediately backed off, saying they are stopping

3120-469: The hollows of the walls were filled with the trpanac stone, smaller rock pieces. The style of the entire complex is the mix of the local style and the maritime style from the Adriatic ( Kotor and Dubrovnik ). The monastery was declared a cultural monument . The Tresije monastery was built by the king Stefan Dragutin in 1309. It was dedicated to the archangels Michael and Gabriel and named after

3198-550: The matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic . By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa . However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian. Since

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3276-837: The members of the Timok Division, who defended Belgrade in 1914. The other monument was built on the Mali Vis peak in 1971. It commemorates the soldiers of the Partisan Kosmaj Partisan Detachment  [ sr ] from World War II . Since the 2010s, village tourism developed in the mountain's villages, so as the weekend and excursion tourism due to the proximity of Belgrade. There are also lake and hunting ground Trešnja and public swimming pools "Verona" in Rogača and "Izvor" in Stojnik. Apart from

3354-602: The monasteries (" Mount Athos of Despot Stefan Lazarević "), touristic objects on the mountain include the Sopot Khan and the Old Žujović House  [ sr ] . Numerous annual festivals are organized in the villages, dedicated, among other, to frula , fiacres , goulash or health food . There were seven monasteries on the mountain, but three survived until today: Kastaljan, Pavlovac and Tresije. Historically, or in folk mythology, they are all in some way connected to

3432-497: The more common hares , roes , pheasants , foxes , squirrels , hedgehogs , partridges and quails but also in Serbia rare, Red Listed corn crake . Wolves , once living on Kosmaj, are extinct from the mountain. In 2005, a landscape of outstanding features "Kosmaj" was declared. Protected area covers 3.5145 hectares (8.685 acres) and spreads in the municipalities of Mladenovac (villages Amerić, Koračica and Velika Ivanča) and Sopot (Rogača and Nemenikuće). The protected terrain

3510-578: The most important in the Roman Empire, and were administered by the Roman procurator Babenius, whose name is preserved in the name of the Babe village. In the 1970s and 1980s, experts from the National Museum in Belgrade explored the area and discovered many mining necropolis, centered around the villages of Babe, Stojnik and Guberevac. It is estimated that there are some 100 ancient mining shafts on Kosmaj, which go 2 km (1.2 mi) below

3588-407: The most notable form being epic poetry . The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from

3666-746: The mountain and flows to the west into the Kolubara River . Other originate below the Parcanski vis: Lug (or Veliki Lug) which flows to the east into the Kubršnica , Ralja also flows to the east into the Jezava , outflow of the Velika Morava , and Topčiderka which flows to the north, into the urban center of Belgrade. In Roman period, Kosmaj was an important mining center, but today the mining activities ceased completely. Evidence suggests that

3744-474: The mountain's downhill: Tresije, Kastaljan (in ruins) and Pavlovac, all over 600 years old. There is a mineral spa on the southern slopes, near the village of Koraćica ( Koraćička banja ). There are two monuments on the top of the mountain. One is dedicated to the fallen soldiers of World War I . It is situated at the Beli Kamen locality, just below the wooden tower. It is a memorial ossuary dedicated to

3822-476: The municipalities of Barajevo and Voždovac . It is speculated that the mountain was named after the Celtic word cos meaning forest, and maj pre- Indo-European word meaning mountain. Alternative explanations suggest the connection to the ancient mountain-dwelling Slavic pagan deity Kozmaj/Kasmaj, the protector of woods, animals and the cosmos. The mountain has never been known under any other name, until it

3900-434: The municipality include the nearby Kosmaj mountain with its monasteries, monuments and excursion complexes, Selters Spa, lakes of Markovac and Rabrovac, and the ethno-village of Amerić. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): The Selters Institute for Rehabilitation is located 50 km (31 mi) southeast from Belgrade, in

3978-505: The municipality of Mladenovac), Barajevo (9,158) and Lisović (1,054) (in the municipality of Barajevo). Together with the Avala, the island of Veliko Ratno Ostrvo and the wood of Stepin Lug (and with forests of Košutnjak and Topčider to be added soon), the Kosmaj is a part of the circle of the protected green areas of Belgrade. The Kosmaj remained highly forested, over 70%, mostly by

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4056-544: The nearby stream of Tresije. It was demolished and rebuilt several times. It was rebuilt soon after the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was restored in the 16th century. It had 10 monks, which was a rarity at the time, and despite the Ottoman rule, the monastery managed to preserve its relics and was quite distinguished. In the mid-16th century, Ottoman census mentions the monastery as having the largest brethren in

4134-650: The new konak , planned before the war, began in 1991 and the foundation stone , brought from the Mount Athos, was placed by Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia . In 2009 a celebration of the monastery's 700 years was held. The monastery is dedicated to the Holly Archangels. Tresije became somewhat of a sensation after the local population started claims that the image of Mary, mother of Jesus began to appear on church's outer wall. The image allegedly appeared for several years before it disappeared. Monastery

4212-473: The north-west it extends into Parcanski vis (" Parcani rising"), 408 metres (1,339 ft) high ending section of the Kosmaj, which extends into the woods of Lipovička šuma . There are three peaks on the mountain, each with descriptive name: Mali Vis (little one). Goli Vis (naked one) and Rutavi Vis (hairy or bushy one). The Kosmaj is source of several rivers. Turija river (and several of its tributaries, including Sibnička reka ), which springs right below

4290-415: The noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms— perfect , aorist , imperfect , and pluperfect —of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to

4368-517: The noun's grammatical case , of which Serbian has seven: Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number , singular or plural. Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after

4446-451: The official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution . The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic

4524-518: The oldest and most significant medieval monuments of the Balkan cultural heritage. The first official data over a settlement in this area are mentioned in the Ottoman census of 1528. The day of the urban district is 2 August, when Mladenovac was given the status of a town in 1893. In 1971, the municipality of Mladenovac, along with Lazarevac , was annexed to the city of Belgrade. On 4 May 2023, nine people were killed and thirteen others were injured in

4602-682: The only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the " Skok ", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok : Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974. There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd). There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin ). Article 1 of

4680-723: The road leading to Belgrade it was often damaged by the advancing armies. After the collapse of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, it was razed by the Turks . The monastery is mentioned in the 1536 census of the villages in the Belgrade Nahiyah , sub-division of Sanjak of Smederevo . One of the last services, held by the fleeing Serbs from during the Great migration of Serbs before crossing the Sava and Danube into Austria ,

4758-476: The ruler Stefan Lazarević (1377-1427), who died while crossing the mountain. With the Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Nemenikuće, Church of Saint Elijah with Stefan Lazarević's cenotaph and several other objects, the Kosmaj's religious and memorial complex is colloquially called "Kosmaj's Mount Athos ", a usual moniker in Serbia when a number of religious objects is clustered on one location. The marble pillar-like cenotaph with inscription

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4836-413: The second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice . As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive , two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past). Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to

4914-433: The second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense . These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood . The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and

4992-466: The spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian . This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović , who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić . In

5070-500: The square based narthex , which can be classified as the representative of the Morava architectural school . Surrounding the church were the konak , the dining room with the monastic cells and the kitchen, all in ruins today. Of the konak, in the northern part of the monastery ground, only foundations survived, and the restoration is planned. The church was built in an unusual way, from the large slabs of stone positioned vertically while

5148-439: The strict control of use and trade. Of fungi species, 80 are edible, 17 are medicinal and 11 are poisonous. Cleared areas are mostly used as pastures or are being cultivated as orchards and vineyards. There are 17 newly discovered species of clearwing moths and it is believed that this is their only habitat in Serbia. Animals inhabiting the mountain include 13 amphibian, 11 reptilian, 51 mammal and 96 bird species, including

5226-413: The surrounding low areas were flooded by the inner Pannonian Sea , the Kosmaj was an island, just as the neighboring mountains (Avala, Fruška Gora to the north, etc.), thus earning its geographical classification. The Kosmaj remains an island mountain as the plateaux around it are low and mostly flat. In the north it extends into the direction of Trešnja , the southernmost extension of the Avala, while in

5304-544: The surveys and that they inherited the 2012 survey rights and partial permits due to the purchase and ownership changes in some other companies. The government confirmed that on Zijin's official request, it issued a survey ceasing decision. The explored area was the Babe-Ljuta Strana survey field, spreading in three municipalities (Barajevo, Sopot and Voždovac), and surveyed ores included lead, zinc, copper, silver and gold. Except Mladenovac (23,609 inhabitants by

5382-592: The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo . It is a recognized minority language in Croatia , North Macedonia , Romania , Hungary , Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina ), which

5460-478: The travelers were built. The monastery, dedicated to the Saint George , is today in ruins, being demolished in the late 17th century. Excavations were conducted in the 1960s and the 1970s, when the high altar , with carved representation of a deer, was uncovered. Remains of some frescoes confirm that the monastery was painted. A liturgy among the ruins is being held every year on the Đurđevdan . The monastery

5538-780: The urban area of Mladenovac. The first water well with warm salty water was dug in 1893. After the water from the thermo-mineral spring was analyzed, it showed similarities with the waters from spas Bad Ems in Germany , Royat in France and Luhačovice in Bohemia , but it was most comparable to the Selters Spa in Germany, so it was named the same way. Water was awarded with medals in Brussels (1906) and London (1907). The health resort

5616-464: The village of the same name. Hunting tourism is also an opportunity, because the mountain is rich in game. Section of the mountain is organized as the hunting ground "Kosmaj", on the territory of the Sopot municipality. On the top of the mountain, a wooden tower was built and arranged as the observation point . Water spring Hajdučica is a popular tourist attraction. Several monasteries are located in

5694-481: Was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ( latinica ) was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian ,

5772-453: Was erected by Stefan Lazarević's aide, Đurađ Zubović, at the location where Stefan Lazarević collapsed, fell from his horse and died during the hunting. Also called Kasteljan, it was built in the early 14the century, during the reign of king Stefan Dragutin , on the foundations of the former Roman castrum from the 2nd and 3rd century. The trade caravan route passed next to it. During the reign of despot Stefan Lazarević large konaks for

5850-481: Was forcefully molded by the Romans into "Casa Maias", house of Maia , in order to promote worship of their goddess of spring among the locals. The mountain is 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) kilometers long and built of flysch , serpentine , and magmatic rocks . The highest peak is also named Kosmaj. It is a low, island mountain, the second northernmost in Šumadija region (after Avala). Until 600,000 years ago, when

5928-581: Was founded in 1968. Its pupils have shown very good results in mathematics, chemistry, and physics. It is one of three town's schools in Mladenovac and its nearby Selters Institute for Rehabilitation. This school has also classes in villages Međulužje, Pružatovac, Markovac, Koraćica, Vlaška and Velika Ivanča. The school in Koraćica has existed for over 150 years. The school is very successful in many fields. Its pupils in recent years have shown good results in various republic and national competitions. The school also has

6006-517: Was held in Pavlovac in 1690. The monks remained in the monastery which was then razed and burned by the Turks, killing the brethren. Archaeological works and protection of the monastery began in 1967 and it was fully restored in 1990. That same year the monks returned to Pavlovac. The design of the monastery differs from the typical style of the day. The central object in the complex is the church with

6084-427: Was initially developed by Dr. Naum Atanasijević, who sold his inheritance, a steam mill , and invested the money into the villa with 30 beds. Thermal water comes from two springs. The spa continued to develop during Interbellum , when number of visitors exceeded Mladenovac's population. The modern complex was reconstructed and expanded in 1975, when state Institute for Occupational Medicine and Rehabilitation purchased

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