The Mutual Security Agency (1951–1953) was a US agency to strengthen European allies of World War II through military assistance and economic recovery.
20-590: The Mutual Security Agency was established by the passing of the Mutual Security Act by the United States Congress on October 10, 1951. The purpose of the agency was, in the words of the Act, to organize "military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly countries to strengthen the mutual security and individual and collective defenses of the free world, to develop their resources in
40-652: A GDP of $ 340bn in 1951, for military, economic, and technical foreign aid to American allies. The aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western Europe, as the Cold War developed. In 1961 it was replaced by a new foreign aid program, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, which created the Agency for International Development (AID), and focused more on Latin America. The Mutual Security Act also abolished
60-502: A standing NATO force further antagonized congressional conservatives and exacerbated their fears that European nations were not doing enough for their own defense. Congress thus reduced the administration's request for Mutual Security funds by 15 percent and authorized $ 5.998 billion and $ 1.486 billion, respectively, for military and economic assistance. The deepest cuts were in economic aid, thus ensuring its subordination to military assistance as "defense support." The Mutual Security Act
80-709: The Technical Cooperation Administration . Reorganization Plan No. 7 1953 (67 Stat. 641) abolished the Mutual Security Agency on August 1, 1953. The federal organization functions were transferred to the new Foreign Operations Administration . The Directorship of the Mutual Security Agency was a Presidential appointment, approved by the United States Senate . [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from Directors of
100-666: The British Foreign Office described Vorys as The real leader of the Opposition Bloc on the committee. He voted against all major foreign policy measures and was the author of the amendment in June 1939 which provided for a mandatory embargo on the export of arms to belligerent nations. A shrewd and active member likely to prove the most stubborn member of the committee. He constantly presses (and for obvious reasons) for some sort of dollar and cent estimate of
120-570: The Economic Cooperation Administration, which had managed the Marshall Plan and transferred its functions to the newly established Mutual Security Agency (MSA). The Agency was established and continued by acts of October 10, 1951 (65 Stat. 373) and June 20, 1952 (66 Stat. 141) to provide military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security, but
140-960: The Foreign Affairs Committee, noted that the Mutual Security Act was intended "not to fight a war" but "to prevent a war." The Mutual Security Act of 1951 was the successor to the Mutual Defense Assistance Act and the Economic Cooperation Act of 1949, which administered the Marshall plan. It became law on 10 October 1951, and created a new, independent agency, the Mutual Security Administration, to supervise all foreign aid programs including military assistance and economic programs that bolstered
160-519: The House, meeting resistance from fiscal conservatives along the way. Republicans were divided about the cost of the expenditures; nevertheless nearly half (80) joined the overwhelming majority of Democrats to pass the measure 260 to 101 on August 17. John M. Vorys of Ohio summed up GOP support for the measure, noting that military aid to "nations who will fight on our side" is "sound economy." Representative James P. Richards of South Carolina, chairman of
180-524: The Mutual Security Agency . United States Department of State . Mutual Security Act The Mutual Security Act of 1951 launched a major American foreign aid program, 1951–61, of grants to numerous countries. It largely replaced the Marshall Plan . The main goal was to help underdeveloped US-allied countries develop and to contain the spread of communism . It was signed on October 10, 1951, by President Harry S. Truman . Annual authorizations were about $ 7.5 billion ($ 88,038,461,538 today), out of
200-694: The Ohio Senate in 1925 and 1926. He served as director of aeronautics of Ohio in 1929 and 1930. Vorys was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth and to the nine succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1959). He did not seek reelection in 1958. Vorys voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . A confidential 1943 analysis of the House Foreign Affairs Committee by Isaiah Berlin for
220-653: The current balance as between Lend-Lease and Reciprocal Aid and proposed the amendments which were later defeated, whereby Congress alone could authorise the final settlement. A Methodist; age 47; a formidable nationalist. In 1947–8, he served on the Herter Committee . Vorys served as delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1951, and as Regent of the Smithsonian Institution 1949–1959, before resuming
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#1732772858700240-540: The defense capability of U.S. allies globally. Submitted on 24 May 1951, President Harry S. Truman 's omnibus foreign aid bill got a hostile reception on Capitol Hill. Rapid expansion of national security expenditures during the Korean War had produced alarm over high taxes, large deficits, government controls, and a possible "garrison state" among such prominent conservatives as Senator Robert A. Taft (R‐Ohio). Truman's decision to send U.S. troops to Europe as part of
260-678: The interest of their security and independence and the national interest of the United States and to facilitate the effective participation of those countries in the United Nations system for collective security". The agency superseded the Economic Cooperation Administration , which had only oversight over economic aid. The new agency was responsible for development and administration of those military and economic assistance programs not administered by
280-627: The practice of law. He died in Columbus, Ohio , August 25, 1968, and was interred in Green Lawn Cemetery . On April 11, 1945, US forces liberated the Buchenwald Concentration Camp which was established in 1937 and caused the death of a least 56,545 people. General Eisenhower left rotting corpses unburied so a visiting group of US legislators could truly understand the horror of the atrocities. This group
300-532: The words of Secretary of State Dean Acheson , who testified before Congress, Western Europe needed assistance against Soviet "encroachment." The measure was intended to signal Washington's resolve to allies and to the Kremlin that the United States was capable of and committed to containing communism globally, even while it fought a protracted land war in Korea. The measure took about two months to work its way through
320-745: Was a U.S. Representative from Ohio . Born in Lancaster, Ohio , Vorys attended the public schools in Lancaster and Columbus, Ohio. During the First World War served overseas as a pilot in the famous "Yale Unit" of the United States Naval Air Service, retiring to inactive service in 1919 with rank of lieutenant. He graduated from Yale University in 1918, where he was a member of Skull and Bones , and from Ohio State University Law School at Columbus in 1923. He
340-564: Was a teacher in the College of Yale, Changsha , China , in 1919 and 1920. He served as assistant secretary, American delegation, Conference on Limitation of Armaments, Washington, D.C. , in 1921 and 1922. He was admitted to the bar in 1923 and commenced practice in Columbus, Ohio , at the firm founded by his grandfather, Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease . He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1923 and 1924, and in
360-587: Was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, effective August 1, 1953, and its functions were transferred to the Foreign Operations Administration . The act however, was extended by appropriators each fiscal year until the early 1960s. As the Marshall Plan was ending, Congress was in the process of piecing together a new foreign aid proposal designed to unite military and economic programs with technical assistance. In
380-714: Was renewed each year until 1961, and it annually produced struggles over the size of the foreign aid budget, and the balance between military and economic aid. The US foreign aid program was then reorganized under new Kennedy Administration legislation, with signing of the Foreign Assistance Act and Executive Order 10973 on 3 November 1961, which established the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). John M. Vorys John Martin Vorys (June 16, 1896 – August 25, 1968)
400-611: Was visiting Buchenwald to inspect the camp and learn firsthand about the enormity of the Nazi Final Solution and treatment of other prisoners. The legislators who visited included Alben W. Barkley, Ed Izac , John M. Vorys, Dewey Short , C. Wayland Brooks , and Kenneth S. Wherry along with General Omar N. Bradley and journalists Joseph Pulitzer , Norman Chandler , William I. Nichols and Julius Ochs Adler . [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of
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