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43-679: The Muckenthaler House , renamed the Muckenthaler Cultural Center , is a large Spanish Colonial Revival style residence built in Fullerton, California , in 1925. The mission of the Muckenthaler Cultural Center is to conserve the heritage of the Muckenthaler estate while offering exhibitions, performances and stimulating educational programs. Commissioned at an original cost of $ 35,000,

86-591: A Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival. Many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles , Condesa , Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. The Pasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture. Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in

129-678: A distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution , there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato ). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal ( es ) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity. During

172-630: A registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California. Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects: Currently: In Florida notable architects include: Casa Monica Hotel The hotel

215-602: A section of the building for several months. The renovation was completed in less than two years and the property opened in December 1999 under the original name of the "Casa Monica Hotel" (the name came from Saint Monica , the North African mother of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, for whom the Ancient City is named). Richard Kessler and architect Howard Davis decided to keep the historic Moorish Revival style of

258-572: Is a term used to encompass a number of revivalist architectural styles based in both Spanish colonial architecture and Spanish architecture in general. These styles flourished throughout the Americas , especially in former Spanish colonies, from California to Argentina . In the United States , the earliest use of this style was in Florida and California . St. Augustine, Florida

301-445: Is marked by the prodigious use of smooth plaster ( stucco ) wall and chimney finishes, low- pitched clay tile , shed, or flat roofs, and terracotta or cast concrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include small porches or balconies , Roman or semi-circular arcades and fenestration , wood casement or tall, double–hung windows , canvas awnings , and decorative iron trim. Structural form: One of

344-796: The Ponce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882) and the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887). These influenced the development of the Spanish Colonial Revival style. A few years later, at the Panama–California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , Spanish Colonial Revival was given further national exposure. Embraced principally in Florida and California,

387-636: The Ponce de Leon Hotel (now Flagler College ) and the Hotel Alcazar (now City Hall and the Lightner Museum ). From 1888 to 1902, the hotel featured parties, balls, fairs and charity events. The famous travel agency "Ask Mr. Foster" had its headquarters in the hotel. It was started by Ward G. Foster of St. Augustine, became a national business, and was owned for a time in the 20th century by Peter Ueberroth , one time Commissioner of Baseball. The building once featured an historic marker as

430-875: The Santa Barbara News-Press . Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, California in 1928. The Pasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. and Arthur Brown, Jr. , the Sonoma City Hall , and the Beverly Hills City Hall by Harry G. Koerner and William J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside and many of them have been preserved. The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has

473-587: The Western United States by Fred Harvey and his Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by the American Craftsman style and Arts and Crafts Movement . Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of Spanish Baroque , Spanish Colonial , Moorish Revival and Mexican Churrigueresque architecture. The style

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516-785: The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago , and the Mission Inn , along with the Electric Tower of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900 introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated porticoes , pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well. By the early years of the 1910s, Florida was major center for Spanish Colonial Revival style in

559-543: The northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano . Modern-day tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present. The antecedents of

602-662: The Florida land boom of the 1920s. The Coral Gables Congregational Church, donated by Merrick, and the Catholic Church of the Little Flower, were classic examples of the Spanish Renaissance style. Early in the city's planning and development, Merrick shared his vision for Coral Gables as "a most extraordinary opportunity for the building of 'Castles in Spain'. Merrick's success in executing this vision for

645-736: The Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the construction of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (designed by Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887), and the Casa Monica Hotel (later the Hotel Cordova) built by Franklin W. Smith in 1888, Spanish-influenced architecture spread to several other parts of Florida. These three hotels were influenced not only by

688-762: The Muckenthaler home was built by Walter and Adella Muckenthaler in 1925 atop a hill in Fullerton. The 18-room mansion on 8.5 acres was donated to the city in 1965 by Harold Muckenthaler, who wished to see his childhood home used as a cultural center. In 1999, the Muckenthaler House / Muckenthaler Cultural Center received designation by the National Register of Historic Places. Spanish Colonial Revival architecture The Spanish Colonial Revival architecture ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ), often known simply as Spanish Revival ,

731-608: The Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. In St. Augustine, Florida, a former Spanish colony, a winter playground was developing for wealthy people from northern cities in the United States. Three architects from New York City John Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings and Bostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in

774-472: The Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931. In Mexico , the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in the arts encouraged by the post– Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain , in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by

817-566: The Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama–California Exposition , with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle , built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed

860-480: The United States. Frederick H. Trimble 's Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach , completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida , espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan and Isabel Roberts . One of

903-608: The birthplace of the agency, but it has been removed in recent years. In 1902, a short bridge was constructed over Cordova Street that connected the second floors of the Cordova Hotel and the Hotel Alcazar. At the completion of the bridge, the Cordova Hotel was again renamed, this time to Alcazar Annex. In 1903, the Alcazar and Alcazar Annex were considered one hotel and advertised as "enlarged and redecorated". In 1932,

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946-532: The centuries-old buildings remaining from the period Spanish rule in St. Augustine but also by The Old City House , constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international expositions . For example, California's Mission Revival style Pavilion in white stucco at

989-601: The city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like The Chinese Architect and The Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement. After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By

1032-692: The city would catch the attention of Spain's King, Alfonso XIII , who awarded Merrick the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his support of Spanish culture in Coral Gables. Several other cities in southern Florida showcased the Spanish Revival of the time, including Palm Beach. The Palm Beach Town Hall , built in 1925 by Harvey and Clarke , with renovations later made by several notable architects. The major location of design and construction in

1075-490: The colonial Mexico City government building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s. The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in Mexico City 's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as colonial californiano ( Californian Colonial ). That is,

1118-556: The conjoined parts of the hotel were closed due to the Great Depression. In 1945, the bridge between the Annex portion and the Alcazar Hotel was removed. In February 1962, St. Johns County Commission voted to purchase the former Casa Monica Hotel for $ 250,000 for use as the St. Johns County Courthouse. In 1964 the lobby of the then-vacant hotel was used to house police dogs that were used against civil rights demonstrators during

1161-473: The country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country. Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier Mission Revival style derived from the architecture of the California missions , and Pueblo Revival style from the traditional Puebloan peoples in New Mexico . Both precedents were popularized in

1204-533: The early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in

1247-409: The exterior was altered by covering with a modern material (stucco) in the 1960s. The architectural style was Moorish Revival and Spanish Baroque Revival, in which Smith was also a pioneer promoter. His own winter home, Villa Zorayda , just a block to the west, was the first Moorish Revival building in St. Augustine. The hotel's Sun Parlor was the most notable interior room, but it was gutted after

1290-415: The government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style. In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques , pinnacles and mixtilinear arches ( es ). Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government)

1333-573: The hotel closed. Soon after completing the hotel, Smith ran into financial difficulties and sold the hotel, including all fixtures, furnishings, linen, and all other chattel, for $ 325,000 to oil and railroad tycoon Henry Flagler . Upon purchasing the hotel, Henry Flagler renamed the Casa Monica the Cordova Hotel. Flagler, a founder, with John D. Rockefeller , of the Standard Oil Company , already owned two hotels in St. Augustine,

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1376-540: The hotel. Tina Guarano Davis painted the Moorish-style woodwork in the hotel lobby. The Casa Monica sign on the Cordova Street side of the hotel covers over an earlier sign for the St. Johns County Courthouse. State historic preservation officials told them to preserve the courthouse sign, so they covered it rather than removing it. The huge flagpole on top of the hotel is actually a lightning rod. Today

1419-524: The mass campaign led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Robert Hayling , see St. Augustine movement . The renovation took over six years to complete. It was finally dedicated as a courthouse in May 1968, and filled that role until the 1990s, housing government offices and archives as well as courtrooms. A notable feature of the courthouse were murals by the artist Hugo Ohlms, whose distinctive work

1462-635: The most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California . His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena ) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito , now

1505-416: The most significant examples of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival in the United States at the time was is the architecture of Coral Gables, Florida . A planned city established in the 1920s, the city's architecture is almost entirely Mediterranean Revival style , mandated in the original plan. The city was developed by George E. Merrick , a real estate developer from Pennsylvania , during

1548-558: The stained glass scales of justice that had been in the quatrefoil window over the main door. In February 1997, Richard Kessler , who had previously been involved with the Days Inn chain, was setting up his own Kessler Collection of lodgings. He purchased the building from St. Johns County for $ 1.2 million and began to remodel the building to once again become a hotel. The county Tax Collector's office and Property Appraiser's office were given until 1998 to relocate, so workers had to avoid

1591-735: The style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County. The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake . The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House , along with businesses Lobero Theatre and

1634-549: The time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities. The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout

1677-620: The wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang , at Elizabeth Bay . The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style. In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai , particularly in the former French Concession . Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in

1720-426: Was also featured in the nearby Catholic Cathedral and at the Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge (another civil rights landmark, where the arrest of Mrs. Peabody, the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, while trying to be served in a racially integrated group, made national headlines in 1964). The Ohlms murals were removed when the courthouse was remodeled into its second incarnation as a hotel. Also removed were

1763-404: Was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture. Traditional materials such as tezontle , cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings. The colonial-era National Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly,

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1806-435: Was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. The city had served as the capital of Florida for over 250 years when Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819. By the late 1880s, St. Augustine was being developed by Henry M. Flagler as a winter resort for wealthy northern families. He built two grand hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles:

1849-531: Was opened in 1888 by Franklin W. Smith , a notable Victorian architecture enthusiast and social reformer who earned a place in Florida history for interesting Henry Flagler in investing in the state. The construction material was poured concrete , of which Franklin Smith was a leading experimenter. The original exterior finish was natural, leaving horizontal pour marks visible, and matching other grand Flagler era structures in downtown St. Augustine. Unfortunately,

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