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20-489: According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Mudanya of Hüdavendigâr vilayet had a total population of 16,683, consisting of 11,792 Greeks and 4,891 Muslims. A port city , it also had a railway connection to Bursa which was completed in 1875. The railway had a pier at the seaport of Mudanya for exporting. Istanbul was often the recipient of exported goods from Mudanya. Silk

40-519: A British protectorate (as Sheikdom of Qatar , colonially under the chief political resident of the Persian Gulf, at Bahrein ). Similarly, three ruling native hakims of the later emirate of Kuwait, were also Kaymakam of a kazas in the same province, 1871 till a British protectorate, also on 3 November 1914. In Ottoman Egypt , the title of kaymakam was used in its generic sense of "lieutenant" for deputies or agents, but most notably, until

60-627: A specific meaning in Moldavian and Wallachian history, where it refers to a temporary replacement for a Domn ( Hospodar /"Prince"), in and after Phanariote rule, as well as the delegates of the Oltenia Ban in Craiova after the main office was moved to Bucharest during the same period (1761). In this context, the word may be spelled caimacam , while the Romanian term for the office

80-528: Is kaymakam , from Ottoman Turkish kaymakam ( قایمقام ), from Arabic qāʾim maqām ( قَائِم مَقَام‎‎ ), meaning "stand in" or "deputy". In the Ottoman Empire , the title of kaymakam (known either as sadâret kaymakamı or as kaymakam pasha ) was originally used for the official deputizing for the Grand Vizier during the latter's illness, absence from the capital on campaign, or in

100-420: Is căimăcămie . In the Persian Gulf, four hakims (native rulers) of the later emirate of Qatar held the additional Ottoman title of kaymakam in their administrative capacity since 1872 of district administrator since the establishment of Ottoman sovereignty (as kaza [district] of Sandjak al-Hasa , within the vilayet of Baghdad , from 1875 Basra vilayet ) till this was exchanged on 3 November 1916 with

120-508: Is sometimes used without translation for provincial or subdistrict governors in various Ottoman successor states , including the Republic of Turkey , Kuwait , Iraq , and Lebanon . The title has been romanized in English since 1645 with extremely numerous spelling variations. The most common present-day forms are kaymakam, kaimakam , and qaimaqam . The modern Turkish term

140-770: The Porte to establish uniform and rational administration across the empire. The 1871 revisions removed the kazas' responsibility for direct supervision of their villages, placing them all under nearby nahiyes instead. The subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine were known as nafa ( נָפָה‎ ) in Hebrew but as kaza, qada, etc. in Arabic. The same terms continue to be used in present-day Israel and Palestine . Syria used kazas, qadas, etc. as its second-level administrative division after independence but later renamed them mintaqahs . The Republic of Turkey continued to use kazas until

160-458: The Tanzimat reforms soon after saw the use of kaymakam for the governor of a sanjak (second-level province), while after the establishment of the vilayet system in 1864, a kaymakam became the governor of a kaza (third-level province). The system was retained by modern Turkey, where a sub-province ( ilçe after the 1920s) is still headed by a kaymakam . The term Caimacam has

180-1044: The Turkish War of Independence . After the Treaty of Lausanne and the Greco-Turkish population exchange agreement , the Greeks of the town were transferred into mainland Greece , establishing a settlement to which they gave the name of their previous town, Nea Moudania ( New Moudania , located on the Chalkidiki peninsula, in the Macedonia region of Greece). In return, a number of Cretan Turks were settled in Mudanya. There are 47 neighbourhoods in Mudanya District: Kaza A kaza ( Ottoman Turkish : قضا , "judgment" or "jurisdiction")

200-510: The kaymakam played an important role in the politics of the capital and often became involved in intrigues against the absent Grand Vizier, trying to replace him. In the last decades of the Empire, the post of kaymakam was filled by the members of the imperial cabinet, or by the Shaykh al-Islam . The modernization and Westernization reforms instituted in the 19th century added new meanings to

220-564: The Ottoman Empire, a kaza was originally equivalent to the kadiluk , the district subject to the legal and administrative jurisdiction of a kadi or judge of Islamic law . This usually corresponded to a major city of the empire with its surrounding villages. A small number of kazas made up each sanjak ("banner") under a sanjakbey . Each kaza was in turn made up of one or more nahiyes ("districts") under müdürs and mütesellims and several karyes ("villages") under muhtars . With

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240-621: The Turkish Kocaeli Army Corps under the Command of Halit (Karsıalan) Paşa on the 12th of September 1922. The Greek 11th Infantry Division (Manisa Division) and the 45th &17th Infantry regiments along with their commanders and with Major-General Nikolaos Kladas were captured. The town was the signing place of the Armistice of Mudanya between Turkey , Italy , France and Britain on October 11, 1922, following

260-473: The ascendancy of Muhammad Ali of Egypt , for the interim governors of the country , who served between the removal of one governor and the installation of the next one. In the tumultuous politics of the ruling Mamluk elite, the appointment of a kaymakam "became, particularly in the 18th century, a device by which a Mamluk faction would legitimize its ascendancy" before installing one of its own members as governor. After Muhammad Ali consolidated his control of

280-411: The country and his Westernizing reforms, the title, as in the rest of the Ottoman Empire, acquired a new technical meaning: in the army, it became a rank equivalent to lieutenant-colonel, while in the administration it signified the official in charge of a nahiye , with particular responsibility for the maintenance of the irrigation system. The rank is attested in use with a British officer commanding

300-545: The first round of Tanzimat reforms in 1839, the administrative duties of each district's kadi were transferred to a kaymakam ("governor") appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and a treasurer, with the kadis restricted to solely religious and judicial roles. Kazas were further emended and distinguished from the kadiluks under the 1864 Provincial Reform Law, implemented over the following decade as part of efforts by

320-465: The interval between the dismissal of one Grand Vizier and the arrival to the capital of a new appointee. The practice began in the 16th century, or perhaps even earlier, and continued until the end of the Empire. The kaymakam enjoyed the full plenitude of powers of the Grand Vizier, but was not allowed to intervene in the conduct of the military campaigns. Selected from the ranks of the viziers ,

340-402: The late 1920s, when it renamed them subprovinces ( ilçe ). Kaza, qada, etc. is also used to refer to the following: Kaymakam Kaymakam , also known by many other romanizations , was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire , including acting grand viziers , governors of provincial sanjaks , and administrators of district kazas . The title has been retained and

360-526: The term. With the establishment of the regular Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye troops in 1826, kaymakam became a rank in the Ottoman army , equivalent to a lieutenant colonel . It remained in use throughout the final century of the Empire, and continued in use in the Turkish Republic until the 1930s , when it was replaced by the title of yarbay . The overhaul of the administrative system in

380-790: Was a popular export. During the Turkish War of Independence , Mudanya was bombarded by the Royal Navy and thus partially burned by the British Fleet during the Greek Summer Offensive of 1920 . Sergeant Şükrü from Mudanya and 9 of his brothers-in-arms were killed during the Allied bombardment and subsequent landing by the Greek troops and the British Royal Marines . Mudanya and its environs were liberated by

400-560: Was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire . It is also discussed in English under the names district , subdistrict , and juridical district . Kazas continued to be used by some of the empire's successor states. At present, they are used by Iraq , Lebanon , Jordan , and in Arabic discussion of Israel . In these contexts, they are also known by the Arabic name qada , qadā , or qadaa ( Arabic : قضاء , qaḍāʾ ). In

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