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29-490: "Mudon" derives from the Mon language term " Mudeung " ( Mon : မိုဟ်ပ္ဍုၚ် ; /mùh dɜŋ/ ), which means "salty peak." The Win Sein reclining Buddha, the world's largest reclining Buddha, is a major attraction in Mudon. The Win Sein reclining Buddha is approached by a roadway with 500 life-size statues of Arahant disciples of Buddha. The reclining Buddha is 180 metres (590 ft) in length, and 30 metres (98 ft) in height. Inside there are numerous rooms with dioramas of

58-593: A prestige language even after the fall of the Mon kingdom of Thaton to Pagan in 1057. King Kyansittha of Pagan (r. 1084–1113) admired Mon culture and the Mon language was patronized. Kyansittha left many inscriptions in Mon. During this period, the Myazedi inscription , which contains identical inscriptions of a story in Pali , Pyu , Mon and Burmese on the four sides, was carved. However, after Kyansittha's death, usage of

87-478: A Mon dialect in Thailand found that in some syllabic environments, words with a breathy voice vowel are significantly lower in pitch than similar words with a clear vowel counterpart. While difference in pitch in certain environments was found to be significant, there are no minimal pairs that are distinguished solely by pitch. The contrastive mechanism is the vowel phonation. In the examples below, breathy voice

116-739: A language closely related to Mon, called Nyah Kur . They are descendants of the Mon-speaking Dvaravati kingdom. Mon has three primary dialects in Burma, coming from the various regions the Mon inhabit. They are the Central (areas surrounding Mottama and Mawlamyine ), Bago , and Ye dialects. All are mutually intelligible. Ethnologue lists Mon dialects as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon), and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon), with high mutual intelligibility among them. Thai Mon has some differences from

145-570: A small proportion (estimated to range between 60,000 and 80,000) speak Mon, due to Thaification and the assimilation of Mons into mainstream Thai society. Mon speakers in Thailand are largely concentrated in Ko Kret . The remaining contingent of Thai Mon speakers are located in the provinces of Samut Sakhon , Samut Songkhram , Nakhon Pathom , as well the western provinces bordering Myanmar ( Kanchanaburi , Phetchaburi , Prachuap Khiri Khan , and Ratchaburi ). A small ethnic group in Thailand speak

174-454: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mon language The Mon language ( / ˈ m oʊ n / , listen ; Mon: ဘာသာမန် [pʰesa mɑn] ; Mon-Thai: ဘာသာမည် [ pʰiəsa moʊn ]; Burmese : မွန်ဘာသာစကား listen ; Thai : ภาษามอญ listen ; formerly known as Peguan and Talaing ) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon people . Mon, like

203-550: Is marked with under-diaeresis. Mon verbs do not inflect for person. Tense is shown through particles. Some verbs have a morphological causative, which is most frequently a /pə-/ prefix (Pan Hla 1989:29): Mon nouns do not inflect for number. That is, they do not have separate forms for singular and plural: sɔt pakaw apple mo̤a one me̤a CL {sɔt pakaw} mo̤a me̤a apple one CL 'one apple' sɔt pakaw apple ba two me̤a CL {sɔt pakaw} ba me̤a apple two CL 'two apples' Adjectives follow

232-587: The Burmese language . "Myazedi" means "emerald stupa" ("zedi" being akin to the Pali " cetiya " and Thai " chedi "), and the name of the inscription comes from a pagoda located nearby. The inscriptions were made in four languages: Burmese, Pyu , Mon , and Pali , which all tell the story of Prince Yazakumar and King Kyansittha . The primary importance of the Myazedi inscription is that the inscriptions allowed for

261-558: The Sittaung River in the north to Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung in the south, remains a traditional stronghold of the Mon language. However, in this region, Burmese is favored in urban areas, such as Mawlamyine , the capital of Mon State. In recent years, usage of Mon has declined in Myanmar, especially among the younger generation. While Thailand is home to a sizable Mon population due to historical waves of migration, only

290-601: The 19th century, in addition to concomitant economic and political instability in Upper Burma (e.g., increased tax burdens to the Burmese crown, British rice production incentives, etc.) also accelerated the migration of Burmese speakers from Upper Burma into Lower Burma. The Mon language has influenced subtle grammatical differences between the varieties of Burmese spoken in Lower and Upper Burma. In Lower Burmese varieties,

319-491: The Burmese dialects of Mon, but they are mutually intelligible. The Thai varieties of Mon are considered "severely endangered." Unlike the surrounding Burmese and Thai languages, Mon is not a tonal language . As in many Mon–Khmer languages, Mon uses a vowel-phonation or vowel- register system in which the quality of voice in pronouncing the vowel is phonemic. There are two registers in Mon: One study involving speakers of

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348-514: The Mon language declined among the Bamar and the Burmese language began to replace Mon and Pyu as a lingua franca . Mon inscriptions from Dvaravati 's ruins also litter Thailand . However it is not clear if the inhabitants were Mon, a mix of Mon and Malay or Khmer. Later inscriptions and kingdoms like Lavo were subservient to the Khmer Empire . After the fall of Pagan, Mon again became

377-467: The Pagan Empire as Arimaddanāpura Empire (Meaning: The place where they can successfully outnumber enemies), respectively. The purpose of the donation category is to let people appreciate their deeds. The wishing category is part of the tradition of Buddhism. The main intention of writing curse to preserve the donations and to prevent donated structures from being damaged. From this inscription,

406-631: The World Register by UNESCO . The inscription has 39 lines in Burmese language, 41 lines in Pali, 33 lines in Mon Language and 26 lines in Pyu language. It can be generally divided into three categories, donation, wish and curse. The nearest translation is as follows: Sīri [May everything happen successfully], Namobuddhāya [I say my prayers to Lord Buddha ]. It had been over 1628 Sāsanā years. In this Arimaddamapura Empire [Bagan empire], there

435-473: The beloved wife" ( ထိုပယ်မယားသား ) and "it" was "this" ( ဤ/ထို ). Some words had archaic meanings (e.g., ပယ် , which has modern meaning of "abandon", meant "Lovely ,or beloved" and နှပ် , meaning "relax" or "mix thoroughly",meant "donate"). Yazakumar referred to his father as Śrī Tribhuvanāditya Dhammarāja , meaning "The king who can enlighten all three worlds like the sun", his mother as Trilokavaṭansakā devi (The queen who could lead all three worlds) and

464-630: The deciphering of the written Pyu language. There are two main inscriptions in Burma today. One exists on the platform of the Myazedi Pagoda, in the village of Myinkaba (south of Bagan ), in Mandalay Division . The other was discovered by German Pali scholar Dr. Emanuel Forchhammer in 1886–1887 and is currently in display at the Bagan Archaeological Museum. The Myazedi inscription is recognised as Memory of

493-716: The elementary level. This system has been recognized as a model for mother-tongue education in the Burmese national education system, because it enables children taught in the Mon language to integrate into the mainstream Burmese education system at higher education levels. In 2013, it was announced that the Mawlamyine -based Thanlwin Times would begin to carry news in the Mon language, becoming Myanmar's first Mon language publication since 1962. Southern Myanmar (comprising Mon State , Kayin State , and Tanintharyi Region ), from

522-443: The handwriting resembles Tamarind seeds. Being the beginning of Myanmar Literature, some words were not written systematically, that is, the consonants and vowels were separated (e.g., "သာသနာအနှစ် တစ်ထောင်ခြောက်ရာ" was written as "သာသနာ အနှစ်တ" on a line, and "စ်ထောင်ခြောက်ရာ" was written on the next line). There were only words for the first person . "I" and "my". Instead of "he", Yazakumar referred to himself as "The son of

551-421: The king, made a golden Buddha statue and gave to the king. Then he said: "This golden statue is dedicated to my king. As he gave the three servant villages, I, in return, give this golden statue. After the donation, the king has died. Sādu,Sādu. "In front of the monks, Mahahtae, Mogaliputtatithahtae, Tan, Tiɲgha tanavarapaṇṭai, he poured water. After that he built a place to put his golden statue. He then gave away

580-681: The lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1539) in present-day Lower Myanmar , which remained a predominantly Mon-speaking region until the 1800s, by which point, the Burmese language had expanded its reach from its traditional heartland in Upper Burma into Lower Burma . The region's language shift from Mon to Burmese has been ascribed to a combination of population displacement, intermarriage, and voluntary changes in self-identification among increasingly Mon–Burmese bilingual populations in throughout Lower Burma. The shift

609-593: The majority of Mon speakers live in Southern Myanmar, especially Mon State , followed by Tanintharyi Region and Kayin State . Mon is an important language in Burmese history. Until the 12th century, it was the lingua franca of the Irrawaddy valley —not only in the Mon kingdoms of the lower Irrawaddy but also of the upriver Pagan Kingdom of the Bamar people . Mon, especially written Mon, continued to be

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638-492: The noun (Pan Hla p. 24): prɛ̤a woman ce beautiful prɛ̤a ce woman beautiful 'beautiful woman' Demonstratives follow the noun: ŋoa day nɔʔ Myazedi inscription Myazedi inscription ( Burmese : မြစေတီ ကျောက်စာ [mja̰ zèdì tɕaʊʔ sà] ; also Yazakumar Inscription or the Gubyaukgyi Inscription ), inscribed in 1113, is the oldest surviving stone inscription of

667-519: The pagoda. He reigned over three villages, Tinmunalun ( သင်မုနလွန် ), Yapal ( ရပါယ် ) and Hanvho ( ဟန်ဗိုဝ် ). After pouring water over his pagoda, he said "For those deeds, may I obtain the Sabbañuta Ñan( သဗ္ဗညုတဥာဏ် ). If my son, my grandson, my relative or others abuse the servants I donated for my pagoda, they shall not be able to see Maitreya Buddha . Typical Bagan handwriting was either rectangular or circular in shape, but in this inscription,

696-765: The related Khmer language , but unlike most languages in mainland Southeast Asia , is not tonal. The Mon language is a recognised indigenous language in Myanmar as well as a recognised indigenous language of Thailand . Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO 's 2010 Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger . The Mon language has faced assimilative pressures in both Myanmar and Thailand, where many individuals of Mon descent are now monolingual in Burmese or Thai respectively. In 2007, Mon speakers were estimated to number between 1800,000 and 2 million. In Myanmar,

725-628: The teachings of Buddhism, similar to Haw Par Villa of Singapore. As of 2020 a 2nd reclining Buddha of comparable size to Win Sein Taw Ya is under construction. Other attraction sites are Kangyi Pagoda , Kangyi Lake, Jon Jon Ja Forest Monastery, Mon culture at Kamawet village and the Kyauktalon Taung and Yadana Taung limestone formations. Local women are famous for weaving red-checked pattern Mon traditional longyis at traditional wooden loom. This Mon State location article

754-572: The verb ပေး ("to give") is colloquially used as a permissive causative marker, like in other Southeast Asian languages, but unlike in other Tibeto-Burman languages. This usage is hardly employed in Upper Burmese varieties, and is considered a sub-standard construct. In 1972, the New Mon State Party (NMSP) established a Mon national school system, which uses Mon as a medium of instruction , in rebel-controlled areas. The system

783-400: Was a king named Śrī Tribhuvanāditya Dhammarāja [Kyansittha]. His beloved wife was Trilokavaṭansakā devi [ Thanbula ]. Her son was named Yazakumar. The king gave three servant villages to his beloved wife. After the wife died, the king gave her possessions and the three villages to her son, Yazakumar. As the king was becoming ill after reigning for 28 years, Yazakumar, acknowledging the love for

812-837: Was certainly accelerated by the fall of the Mon-speaking Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom in 1757. Following the fall of Pegu (now Bago), many Mon-speaking refugees fled and resettled in what is now modern-day Thailand. By 1830, an estimated 90% of the population in the Lower Burma self-identified as Burmese-speaking Bamars; huge swaths of former Mon-speaking areas, from the Irrawaddy Delta upriver, spanning Bassein (now Pathein) and Rangoon (now Yangon) to Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Prome (now Pyay) and Henzada (now Hinthada), were now Burmese-speaking. Great Britain's gradual annexation of Burma throughout

841-408: Was expanded throughout Mon State following a ceasefire with the central government in 1995. Mon State now operates a multi-track education system, with schools either using Mon as the primary medium of instruction (called Mon national schools) offering modules on the Mon language in addition to the government curriculum (called "mixed schools"). In 2015, Mon language courses were launched state-wide at

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