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61-558: " The Muffin Man " is a traditional nursery rhyme , children's song, or children's game of English origin. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7922. The rhyme was first recorded in a British manuscript circa 1820, that is preserved in the Bodleian Library with lyrics very similar to those used today: Do you know the muffin man? The muffin man, the muffin man. Do you know the muffin man Who lives in Drury Lane? Victorian households had many of their fresh foods delivered, such as muffins, which were delivered door-to-door by

122-566: A plea filed by Heard's lawyers for having the defamation suit dismissed on the basis of the verdict in Depp's lawsuit against the publishers of The Sun , with Azcarate citing that: Heard had been a witness in the UK case (as opposed to a defendant), the facts alleged were different (Heard's allegedly defamatory statements were made after the English case commenced), and the parties had not been subject to

183-416: A 2016 incident in Depp and Heard's Hollywood penthouse: "Quite simply this was an ambush, a hoax. They set Mr. Depp up by calling the cops but the first attempt didn't do the trick. The officers came to the penthouses, thoroughly searched and interviewed, and left after seeing no damage to face or property. So, Amber and her friends spilled a little wine and roughed the place up, got their stories straight under

244-617: A bruised face on May 27, 2016, accusing her of staging the injury, citing that Depp had not met her since May 21, 2016, and that his witnesses had seen her without the injury in the days between May 21, 2016, and May 27, 2016. They also discussed several instances in which Depp alleges Heard instigated physical violence against him. Heard's lawyers claimed that Depp had physically and sexually abused Heard on multiple occasions throughout their relationship, usually triggered by his addiction to both alcohol and drugs. They accused Depp of seeking to "humiliate [Heard], haunt her, wreck her career" with

305-436: A child fall asleep. Lullabies can be found in every human culture. The English term lullaby is thought to come from "lu, lu" or "la la" sounds made by mothers or nurses to calm children, and "by by" or "bye bye", either another lulling sound or a term for a good night. Until the modern era, lullabies were usually recorded only incidentally in written sources. The Roman nurses' lullaby, "Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacta",

366-561: A complaint of defamation against defendant Heard claiming $ 50 million in damages ; Heard filed counterclaims against Depp claiming $ 100 million in damages. Depp and Heard first met in 2009 and got married in February 2015. Heard filed for divorce in May 2016, claiming that Depp had abused her physically, which he denied. The couple's divorce was finalized in January 2017. In

427-410: A dark alley by tying baked goods such as English muffins onto a string in order to murder them. There are no historical records of Lynwood. The most widely known lyrics are: Do [or "Oh, do"] you know the muffin man, The muffin man, the muffin man. Do you know the muffin man, Who lives on Drury Lane? Yes [or "Oh, yes"], I know the muffin man, The muffin man, the muffin man, Yes, I know

488-582: A doodle doo ", which date from at least the late 16th century. Nursery rhymes with 17th-century origins include, " Jack Sprat " (1639), " The Grand Old Duke of York " (1642), " Lavender's Blue " (1672) and " Rain Rain Go Away " (1687). The first English collection, Tommy Thumb's Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book , were published by Mary Cooper in London in 1744, with such songs becoming known as "Tommy Thumb's songs". A copy of

549-588: A nursery rhyme in the form of a riddle is " As I was going to St Ives ", which dates to 1730. About half of the currently recognised "traditional" English rhymes were known by the mid-18th century. More English rhymes were collected by Joseph Ritson in Gammer Gurton's Garland or The Nursery Parnassus (1784), published in London by Joseph Johnson . In the early 19th century, printed collections of rhymes began to spread to other countries, including Robert Chambers ' Popular Rhymes of Scotland (1826) and in

610-459: A sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book , were published by Mary Cooper in 1744. Publisher John Newbery 's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, Mother Goose's Melody, or Sonnets for the Cradle (London, 1780). The oldest children's songs for which records exist are lullabies , intended to help

671-442: A temporary restraining order against Depp. She also requested $ 50,000 a month in spousal support , which was denied. In response, Depp alleged that she was "attempting to secure a premature financial resolution by alleging abuse". Heard testified about the alleged abuse in a deposition during their divorce litigation, alleging that Depp had been "verbally and physically abusive" throughout their relationship, usually while under

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732-696: A vendor known as a muffin man. The "muffin" in question was the bread item also known as an English muffin , not the typically sweeter U.S. variety of muffin . Drury Lane is a thoroughfare bordering Covent Garden in London . The rhyme and game appear to have spread to other countries in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly the US and the Netherlands. As with many traditional songs, there are regional variations in wording; for example, another popular English version substitutes "Dorset Lane" for Drury Lane, while in

793-816: Is now known as) nursery rhymes, including in Scotland Sir Walter Scott and in Germany Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim in Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1806–1808). The first, and possibly the most important academic collection to focus in this area was James Halliwell-Phillipps ' The Nursery Rhymes of England (1842) and Popular Rhymes and Tales in 1849, in which he divided rhymes into antiquities (historical), fireside stories, game-rhymes, alphabet-rhymes, riddles, nature-rhymes, places and families, proverbs, superstitions, customs, and nursery songs (lullabies). By

854-435: Is recorded in a scholium on Persius and may be the oldest to survive. Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus take the form of a lullaby, including "Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting" and may be versions of contemporary lullabies. However, most of those used today date from the 17th century. For example, a well-known lullaby such as " Rock-a-bye Baby ", could not be found in records until

915-585: Is revealed to be Gingy's "father", being the creator of Gingy; Mungo in Shrek 2 ; and Sugar in "The Bride of Gingy", the latter of which is a short spoofing Bride of Frankenstein (1935) with the Muffin Man analogous to Dr. Frankenstein. Nursery rhyme From the mid-16th century nursery rhymes began to be recorded in English plays, and most popular rhymes date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first English collections, Tommy Thumb's Song Book and

976-532: The High Court of Justice in London, Depp sued News Group Newspapers Ltd for libel over an article published in The Sun that claimed he had assaulted Heard. In November 2020, the presiding judge ruled against Depp, stating, "[T]he great majority of alleged assaults of Ms. Heard by Mr. Depp have been proved to the civil standard ." Several legal experts suggested that Depp had a smaller chance of winning in

1037-595: The ACLU from her divorce settlement over five years prior. Much of what she had paid to that point was thought by the ACLU to have actually come from Elon Musk and Depp himself instead of Heard. In April 2018, UK tabloid The Sun published an article with an online title that described Depp as a "wife beater", and, in June 2018, Depp sued News Group Newspapers , the publisher of The Sun , and then executive editor Dan Wootton for libel . Both Depp and Heard testified in

1098-626: The Dutch version (entitled Zeg ken jij de mosselman ), mussels are substituted for muffins, and Scheveningen , the fishermans harbour near the Hague, for Drury Lane. In Volume 5 of his contemporary account of the London Prize Ring, Boxiana , published in 1829, Pierce Egan writes of an attempted fix (or "cross") of a match scheduled for 18 October 1825, between Reuben Marten and Jonathan Bissel ("Young Gas"). Young Gas refused to take

1159-504: The German Kniereitvers , the child is put in mock peril, but the experience is a pleasurable one of care and support, which over time the child comes to command for itself. Research also supports the assertion that music and rhyme increase a child's ability in spatial reasoning , which aids mathematics skills. Sources Depp v. Heard Heard was found liable in all three matters of defamation raised. Depp

1220-650: The Gingerbread Man . This scene was recreated in Shrek the Musical (2008–2018) and the fan film Shrek Retold (2018), and was shared on social media in 2022 to mock Amber Heard and her lawyers for a fifteen-minute discussion about muffins during the court case Depp v. Heard . The Muffin Man appears as a character in the 2004 sequel Shrek 2 and the 2010 Halloween television special Scared Shrekless . He

1281-552: The July 2020 trial, which focused on evaluating 14 alleged incidents of abuse. In November 2020, Judge Andrew Nicol ruled in favor of the publisher, finding that the great majority of Depp's alleged assaults had been proven to a civil standard and, therefore, the paper's characterization of Depp was " substantially true ". The verdict found that Depp had assaulted Heard in 12 of the 14 alleged incidents and put her in fear of her life. Judge Nicol rejected Depp's contention that Heard

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1342-538: The US trial compared to the UK trial. In the Virginia trial, Depp's claims related to a December 2018 op-ed by Heard, published in The Washington Post . Depp claimed Heard caused new damage to his reputation and career by stating that she had spoken up against " sexual violence " and "faced our culture's wrath"; that "two years ago, [she] became a public figure representing domestic abuse" and "felt

1403-467: The United States, Mother Goose's Melodies (1833). From this period, the origins and authors of rhymes are sometimes known—for instance, in " Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star " which combines the melody of an 18th-century French tune " Ah vous dirai-je, Maman " with a 19th-century English poem by Jane Taylor entitled "The Star" used as lyrics. Early folk song collectors also often collected (what

1464-488: The Virginia lawsuit and to turn the case into a "soap opera". They further argued that the First Amendment protected Heard's right to express her views in the op-ed, which was mostly focused on a broad discussion of domestic violence and did not explicitly mention Depp's name. Finally, Heard's lawyers stated that the allegations had not changed Depp's reputation, as they had become public knowledge two years prior to

1525-445: The actual abuser in the relationship. They argued that, while Heard's 2018 op-ed did not mention Depp, it was clear by implication that it referred to him, and that Heard's writing in the piece ("Then two years ago, I became a public figure representing domestic abuse") was a reference to her May 2016 restraining order request, in which she alleged that Depp had physically abused her. Depp's lawyers discussed Heard appearing in public with

1586-525: The addition of one more number each time. Verses beyond those described in the book have been sung. For example, the song may be concluded, "We all know the Muffin Man ;..." "The Muffin Man" is referenced several times in the Shrek series . First mentioned in Shrek (2001), a variant of the lyrics are used in a scene where the villain Lord Farquaad tortures and interrogates Gingy

1647-529: The bribe and one week later identified the person who offered him £200 to throw the fight as a "Mr. Smith, a muffin-baker in Gray's Inn Lane ". Young Gas also identified the "gentlemen" who employed the muffin-baker to act as go between, but those gentlemen denied involvement claiming they did not have "the slightest knowledge of the muffin-man". Urban legend claims that a local baker named Frederick Thomas Lynwood who lived on Drury Lane in London lured children into

1708-533: The court reduced the punitive damages to $ 350,000 due to a limit imposed by Virginia state law. It also ruled that Depp had defamed Heard through Waldman, who had falsely alleged that Heard and her friends "roughed up" Depp's penthouse as part of an "ambush, a hoax". It awarded Heard $ 2 million in compensatory damages and $ 0 in punitive damages from Depp. Separately, the jury ruled that Waldman's other allegations of Heard's "sexual violence hoax" and "abuse hoax" against Depp had not been proven defamatory. After

1769-491: The direction of a lawyer and publicist, and then placed a second call to 911." Third, Waldman stated: "We have reached the beginning of the end of Ms. Heard's abuse hoax against Johnny Depp." In February 2019, Depp sued Heard over her December 2018 op-ed in The Washington Post . Depp claimed that Heard's allegations were part of an elaborate hoax against him and repeated his allegation that Heard had been

1830-477: The divorce settlement sum, arguing that the Judge in deciding the case, gave great weight to Heard's testimony that she donated all her $ 7 million divorce settlement to charity. But the appeals judges concluded he had a "full and fair" trial, and that "the judge based his conclusions on each of the incidents on his extremely detailed review of the evidence specific to each incident [...] in an approach of that kind there

1891-537: The early and mid-20th centuries, this was a form of bowdlerisation , concerned with some of the more violent elements of nursery rhymes and led to the formation of organisations like the British "Society for Nursery Rhyme Reform". Psychoanalysts such as Bruno Bettelheim strongly criticised this revisionism, because it weakened their usefulness to both children and adults as ways of symbolically resolving issues and it has been argued that revised versions may not perform

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1952-557: The full force of our culture's wrath for women who speak out. [...] I had the rare vantage point of seeing, in real time, how institutions protect men accused of abuse." She further stated that, as a result of this, she had lost a film role and an advertising campaign for a global fashion brand. The op-ed called for Congress to re-authorize the Violence Against Women Act and did not explicitly mention Depp by name. Matters from Heard's counterclaims pursued through

2013-520: The full force of our culture’s wrath for women who speak out"; and that she "had the rare vantage point of seeing, in real time, how institutions protect men accused of abuse". Heard's counterclaims included allegations that Adam Waldman, Depp's former lawyer, had defamed her in statements published in the Daily Mail in 2020. Throughout the trial, Depp's legal team sought to disprove Heard's domestic abuse allegations and to demonstrate that she had been

2074-452: The functions of catharsis for children, or allow them to imaginatively deal with violence and danger. In the late 20th century, revisionism of nursery rhymes became associated with the idea of political correctness . Most attempts to reform nursery rhymes on this basis appear to be either very small scale, light-hearted updating, like Felix Dennis's When Jack Sued Jill – Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times (2006), or satires written as if from

2135-580: The general manager of the Eastern Columbia Building . Kate James , Heard's former personal assistant. Laurel Anderson , Depp and Heard's therapist in 2015. David Kipper , Depp's private physician. Debbie Lloyd , who worked with Kipper as a nurse. Sean Bett , Depp's security guard. Keenan Wyatt , Depp's on-set audio technician since the 1990s. Johnny Depp , plaintiff and counterclaim defendant. Ben King , Depp's former house manager. Tara Roberts , who had been

2196-490: The ideas about the links between rhymes and historical persons, or events, can be traced back to Katherine Elwes' book The Real Personages of Mother Goose (1930), in which she linked famous nursery rhyme characters with real people, on little or no evidence. She posited that children's songs were a peculiar form of coded historical narrative, propaganda or covert protest, and did not believe that they were written simply for entertainment. There have been several attempts across

2257-542: The influence of alcohol or drugs. The divorce received much publicity, with images of Heard's alleged injuries published by the media. A settlement was reached in August 2016, and the divorce was finalized in January 2017. Heard withdrew the restraining order, and she and Depp released a joint statement stating that their relationship was "intensely passionate and periodically volatile, but always bound by love. Neither party has made false accusations for financial gain. There

2318-434: The instigator, rather than the victim, of intimate partner violence . Heard's lawyers defended the op-ed, claiming it to be factual and protected by the First Amendment . The jury ruled that Heard's op-ed references to "sexual violence" and "domestic abuse" were false and defamed Depp with actual malice . It awarded Depp $ 10 million in compensatory damages and $ 5 million in punitive damages from Heard, although

2379-572: The judge ruling on early pre-trial motions revoked permission for lawyer Adam Waldman to represent Depp in Virginia after Waldman leaked confidential information covered by a protective order to the media. In August 2021, a New York judge ruled that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) had to disclose documents related to Heard's charity pledge to the organization for which the ACLU would later demand payment. Also in August 2021, Judge Penney S. Azcarate overruled

2440-399: The late-18th century when it was printed by John Newbery (c. 1765). A French poem, similar to "Thirty days hath September", numbering the days of the month, was recorded in the 13th century. From the later Middle Ages, there are records of short children's rhyming songs, often as marginalia . From the mid-16th century, they began to be recorded in English plays. " Pat-a-cake " is one of

2501-578: The latter is held in the British Library . John Newbery 's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, Mother Goose 's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle (London, 1780). These rhymes seem to have come from a variety of sources, including traditional riddles , proverbs , ballads , lines of Mummers ' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals. One example of

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2562-656: The manager of Depp's island in the Bahamas at the time of the relationship. Shannon Curry , a forensic psychologist hired by Depp's team. Testimony of police officers , who had responded to a May 2016 incident between the couple. Alejandro Romero , who works at the front desk of the Eastern Columbia Building in Downtown Los Angeles. Christian Carino , who had previously been an agent for both Depp and Heard. Laura Wasser ,

2623-403: The muffin man, Who lives on Drury Lane. It then repeats on and on. Iona and Peter Opie observed that, although the rhyme had remained fairly consistent, the game associated with it has changed at least three times including: as a forfeit game, a guessing game, and a dancing ring. In The Young Lady's Book (1888), Matilda Anne Mackarness described the game as: The first player turns to

2684-478: The oldest surviving English nursery rhymes. The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in Thomas d'Urfey 's play The Campaigners from 1698. Most nursery rhymes were not written down until the 18th century when the publishing of children's books began to move from polemic and education towards entertainment, but there is evidence for many rhymes existing before this, including " To market, to market " and " Cock

2745-414: The one next her, [ sic ] and to some sing-song tune exclaims: The person addressed replies to the same tune: Upon this they both exclaim: No. 2 then turns to No. 3, repeating the same words, who replies in the same way, only saying, "Three of us know the muffin man,". No. 3 then turns to No. 4, and so on round the room, the same question and answer being repeated, the chorus only varied by

2806-582: The one who violently abused him. In August 2020, Heard countersued Depp over the three statements made by his attorney Adam Waldman. The trial was held at the Fairfax County Circuit Court . The location was chosen on the basis that the online edition and the print edition of The Washington Post ' op-ed are published in the county. In June 2020, several lawyers withdrew from Heard's legal team with her endorsement, including Time's Up founder, Roberta Kaplan . In October 2020,

2867-447: The op-ed, and that Depp had instead ruined his Hollywood career himself with his drinking and drug use; this made him "unreliable" in the eyes of major film studios. Witness lists were submitted by both parties, prior to trial. Witness testimony began on April 12, following the parties' presentation of their opening statements, and ended on May 26. Isaac Baruch , Depp's neighbor during his marriage to Heard. Brandon Patterson ,

2928-480: The point of view of political correctness to condemn reform. The controversy in Britain in 1986 over changing the language of " Baa, Baa, Black Sheep " because it was alleged in the popular press, that it was seen as racially dubious, was based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one private nursery, as an exercise for the children. It has been argued that nursery rhymes set to music aid in a child's development. In

2989-530: The same discovery procedures as in the United States. In February 2022, over objections from Heard, Azcarate ordered to permit the broadcast of courtroom proceedings. Depp's lawyer Benjamin Chew welcomed the cameras and stated that "Mr. Depp believes in transparency." Judge Azcarate, who worried that reporters might otherwise have come to the courthouse and potentially create hazardous conditions, said, "I don't see any good cause not to do it." On April 11, 2022,

3050-492: The time of Sabine Baring-Gould 's A Book of Nursery Songs (1895), folklore was an academic study full of comments and footnotes. A professional anthropologist, Andrew Lang (1844–1912) produced The Nursery Rhyme Book in 1897. The early years of the 20th century are notable for the illustrations of children's books, including Randolph Caldecott 's Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book (1909) and Arthur Rackham 's Mother Goose (1913). The definitive study of English rhymes remains

3111-469: The trial began in Fairfax County, Virginia , with a day to finalize jury selection ; the trial ended in June 2022. Opening statements were made on April 12, 2022. Lawyers representing Depp accused Heard of fabricating domestic abuse accusations against Depp to further her career, saying that Heard made such allegations because Depp had asked for a divorce, and they further accused Heard of being

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3172-465: The trial ended, Heard put forth motions to set aside the verdict, but was unsuccessful. Then, both Depp and Heard appealed against the respective verdicts. In December 2022, both parties reached a settlement and dropped their appeals, with Depp's lawyers Benjamin Chew and Camille Vasquez stating that Depp would receive $ 1 million from Heard. The livestreamed trial attracted large numbers of viewers and considerable social media response , most of which

3233-508: The trial related to three statements made by Depp's lawyer, Adam Waldman, and published by the Daily Mail in April and June 2020. First, Waldman stated that "Amber Heard and her friends in the media used fake sexual violence allegations as both sword and shield, depending on their needs. They have selected some of her sexual violence hoax 'facts' as the sword, inflicting them on the public and Mr. Depp." Waldman's second statement regarded

3294-592: The verdict, Depp resigned from the Fantastic Beasts film series at the request of Warner Bros. , the film's production company. In March 2021, the Court of Appeal rejected Depp's request to appeal the verdict, concluding that the appeal had "no real prospect of success". Lawyers for Depp had argued that he had not received a fair hearing, that Heard was an unreliable witness and that recently discovered evidence contradicts Heard's assertion about her donation of

3355-405: The work of Iona and Peter Opie . Many nursery rhymes have been argued to have hidden meanings and origins. John Bellenden Ker Gawler (1764–1842), for example, wrote four volumes arguing that English nursery rhymes were written in "Low Saxon", a hypothetical early form of Dutch. He then "translated" them back into English, revealing in particular a strong tendency to anti-clericalism . Many of

3416-479: The world to revise nursery rhymes (along with fairy tales and popular songs). As recently as the late 18th century, rhymes like " Little Robin Redbreast " were occasionally cleaned up for a young audience. In the late 19th century, the major concern seems to have been violence and crime, which led some children's publishers in the United States like Jacob Abbot and Samuel Goodrich to change Mother Goose rhymes. In

3477-425: Was a " gold-digger ", saying in his ruling: "Her donation of the seven million US dollars to charity is hardly the act one would expect of a gold-digger." Heard later confirmed in the 2022 Virginia trial, with the support of the organizations she donated to, that she was scheduled to pay the entire pledged donation within 10 years and that she was behind her payment schedule because of Depp's suits against her. After

3538-457: Was awarded $ 10 million (of the $ 50 million claim) in compensatory damages and $ 5 million in punitive damages (reduced to $ 350,000 per state limit). Heard's counterclaims: John C. Depp, II v. Amber Laura Heard was a trial held in Fairfax County, Virginia , from April 11 to June 1, 2022, that ruled on allegations of defamation between formerly married American actors Johnny Depp and Amber Heard . Depp, as plaintiff , filed

3599-423: Was little need or room for the judge to give weight to any general assessment of Ms. Heard's credibility." In December 2018, The Washington Post published an op-ed written by Heard and titled "Amber Heard: I spoke up against sexual violence—and faced our culture's wrath. That has to change." In the article, Heard stated: "Then two years ago, I became a public figure representing domestic abuse, and I felt

3660-481: Was never any intent of physical or emotional harm." Depp paid Heard a divorce settlement of $ 7 million, which she pledged to donate to the American Civil Liberties Union and the Children's Hospital Los Angeles . The settlement included a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) preventing either party from discussing their relationship publicly. As of April 2022, Heard had paid less than half of what she promised to

3721-652: Was sympathetic to Depp and critical of Heard. The trial renewed debates around topics relating to domestic violence , the #MeToo movement , and women's rights , although some commentators were skeptical of the trial's long-term implications. The two actors met in 2009 while filming The Rum Diary ; according to Heard, their relationship began "around the end of 2011 or early 2012". They were engaged in January 2014, and, in February 2015, they married on Depp's private island in The Bahamas, Little Hall's Pond Cay. Heard filed for divorce on May 23, 2016, and obtained

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