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73-491: Mukachevo lies close to the borders of four neighbouring countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. Today, the population is 85,569 (2022 estimate). The city is a traditional stronghold of the Rusyn language , and the population of Mukachevo is officially reported as 77.1% ethnic Ukrainian . There are also significant minorities of: Russians (9.0%); Hungarians (8.5%); Germans (1.9%); and Roma (1.4%). While Uzhhorod

146-834: A distinct language (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian . In the English language , the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO . Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene ( UK : / r ʊ ˈ θ iː n / RUUTH -een , US : / r uː ˈ θ iː n / ROO -theen ), that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene. Within

219-743: A factory in Mukachevo. The firm benefits from provisional application on January 1, 2016 of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area provisions of the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . There are documents in the Berehove (Beregszász) State Archives which indicate that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Munkács and the surrounding villages as early as the second half of the seventeenth century. The Jewish community of Munkács

292-541: A heavy share of taxes and had difficulty getting high civil service positions. In 1939, the Hungarians seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus—including Munkács—taking advantage of the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Though antisemitic legislation was introduced by the Hungarian authorities, Subcarpathian Rus, like the rest of Hungary, remained a relative haven for Jews until Nazi Germany occupied Hungary in 1944. In

365-418: A line along the towns and villages of Osadne , Hostovice , Parihuzovce , Čukalovce , Pcoline , Pichne , Nechvalova Polianka , Zubne , Nizna Jablonka , Vysna Jablonka , Svetlice , and Zbojne ). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide

438-461: A little over 11,000 Jews. The Jews of Munkács constituted 11 percent of the Jewry of Subcarpathian Rus' . Interwar Munkács had a very large Jewish population, which was most visible on Shabbat . On that day most stores were closed and, after services, the streets filled with Hasidic Jews in their traditional garb. The first movie house in the town was established by a Hasidic Jew, and it too closed on

511-493: A lot! - Nonsense, I never left Mukachevo. Most probably, the name derives from the Hungarian surname "Muncas"—munkás (worker)—which later transformed into Munkács. Another version points that the name contains the proto-Slavic root word "Muka" meaning "flour". On 23 May 2017, the Ukrainian parliament officially renamed Mukacheve ( Мукачеве ) into Mukachevo ( Мукачево ), a year after the city council had decided to rename

584-442: A more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc. S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009 The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758,

657-498: A new synagogue was dedicated on the site of a pre-war hasidic synagogue. The main soccer team is MFA Mukachevo , which play in Ukrainian Second League . Mukachevo is twinned with: Rusyn language Rusyn ( / ˈ r uː s ɪ n / ROO -sin ; Carpathian Rusyn : русиньскый язык , romanized:  rusîn'skyj jazyk ; Pannonian Rusyn : руски язик , romanized:  ruski jazik )

730-429: A result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as сирота , orphan . In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is maintained . Royal free city A royal free city , or free royal city ( Latin : libera regia civitas ),

803-631: A second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language. Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize

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876-494: A separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Slovak : východoslovenský , Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски , lit.   'East Slovak' ], ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])." The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from

949-427: A seven-case system of nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental , and vocative cases. One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates , the form of the accusative case copies that of

1022-592: A structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive. Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka , a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet. In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego , 'Grammar of the Lemko Language'; ( Rusyn : Ґраматыка лемківского языка , romanized:  Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka ),

1095-615: Is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns . After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at

1168-402: Is Ukrainian itself ... It was not recognized by ... the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment ... leading to a continued perception ... that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian ... Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars ... to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian ... The desire to see

1241-571: Is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko , and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with

1314-531: Is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe , and written in the Cyrillic script . The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia , westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland. There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina , Serbia , as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout

1387-1366: Is currently under the sovereignty of Ukraine . Since 2002, Mukachevo has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo . The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces has been based in Mukachevo since World War II . Mukachevo has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). In 1910, the Hungarian Statistical Report recorded 17,275 inhabitants in Mukachevo. Of those, 12,686 persons, (73,44%) declared themselves Hungarian, 3078 (17,82%), German, and 1394 (8,07%) Rusyn. In terms of religious affiliations, 7675 persons (44,43%) were Israelites/Jewish, 4081 persons (23,62%) were Greek-Catholic, 3526 persons (20,41%) were Roman-Catholic, 1771 persons (10,25%) were Reformed Protestants /Calvinists and 190 persons (1,1%) were Evangelical Protestants/Lutherans. In 1921, 21,000 people lived in Mukachevo. Of these, 48% were Jewish, 24% were Rusyn, and 22% were Hungarian. In 1966, 50,500 people lived in Mukachevo. Of these, 60% were Ukrainian, 18% were Hungarian, 10% were Russian, and 6% were Jewish. According to

1460-423: Is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century. By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion". The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under

1533-556: Is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic furvor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod , Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard. In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995 when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová. Its namesakes are both

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1606-518: Is the main administrative city in the region, Mukachevo is a historic spiritual center of the region and center of the former Eastern Orthodox eparchy of Kyivan Metropolis. In 17th century it united with Catholic church by the Union of Uzhhorod , similar to the Union of Brest . Up until World War II and the Holocaust , Mukachevo was primarily a Jewish town, and half the population was Jewish (see below),

1679-704: The Auschwitz concentration camp by Adolf Eichmann . At the end of 1944, the Red Army stormed Carpathian Ruthenia. At first the territory was given to the re-established Czechoslovakia, which then became part of the Soviet Union later in 1945 by a treaty between the two countries. The Soviet Union began a policy of expulsion of the Hungarian population. In 1945, the city was ceded to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , and

1752-471: The Budapest University . By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters. In March 1939,

1825-559: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002). It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned

1898-416: The ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn. On January 20, 2022, the ISO 639-3 identifier, rsk , and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian , were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO . The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including Aleksandr Dulichenko ) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it

1971-628: The Middle Ages . For example, a Celtic oppidum and metal works center that existed in the 3rd-1st century BC were found between the Halish and Lovachka mountains. A Thracian fort of the Iron Age (10th century BC) was found on the mountain of Tupcha. Around the 1st century the area was occupied by the Carpi people who displaced the local Celts from the area. The Slavs settled the territory in

2044-530: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language. Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now

2117-421: The 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj 's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena , of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on

2190-475: The 2001 census, 82,200 people live in Mukachevo. The population in 1989 was 91,000, in 2004, 77,300 and in 2008, 93,738. Its population includes: Residents in seven villages of the Mukachevo Raion have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment. Fischer Sports , an Austrian company that produces Nordic skiing , Alpine skiing , and ice hockey equipment, has

2263-655: The 6th century. In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin through the Veretskyi Pass , about 60 km (37 mi) north of present-day Mukachevo. In 1397, the town and its surrounding was granted by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , to his distant cousin, the exiled prince of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Fyodor Koriatovych , who used to administer the Ruthenian Podolia region of

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2336-748: The Czechoslovak Parliament, gave a speech during a parliamentary debate: "…It is completely impossible to adequately describe the poverty in the area. The Jews… are affected equally along with the rest…. I strongly wish to protest any attempt to blame the poverty of the Subcarpathian Ruthenian peasantry on the Jews" (Kugel later got to Mandatory Palestine and eventually became mayor of the Israeli city of Holon ). Government policies were covertly directed against Jews, who bore

2409-518: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, until was exiled for disobedience by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great in 1392. Theodor therefore became a vassal of Hungary and settled many Ruthenians in the territory. Other sources, however, state that Theodor bought the town and the surrounding area in 1396. During the 15th century, the city prospered and became a prominent craft and trade center for the region. In 1445,

2482-605: The Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language. These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia , enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of

2555-443: The Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as руснацькый язык , rusnac'kyj jazyk , 'Rusnak language', or simply referred to as speaking our way ( Carpathian Rusyn : по-нашому , romanized:  po-nashomu ). The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding

2628-492: The Shabbat and Jewish holidays. The Chief Rabbi of Munkács, Chaim Elazar Spira (who led the community from 1913 until his death in 1937) was the most outspoken voice of religious anti-Zionism . He had succeeded his father, Rabbi Zvi Hirsh Spira , who had earlier inherited the mantle of leadership from his father Rabbi Shlomo Spira . He was also a Hasidic rebbe with a significant number of followers. Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira

2701-553: The above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar. It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik. The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary. One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity ... A good example

2774-422: The beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in

2847-521: The city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia. Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically:

2920-838: The city. Previously, it was usually spelled in Standard Literary Ukrainian as Mukacheve while Мукачів ( Mukachiv ) was sometimes also used. The city's name in Russian is Мукачево ( Mukachevo ), as well as a name adopted by the local authorities and portrayed on the city's coat of arms. The name of the city in other languages include Hungarian : Munkács ; Rusyn : Мукачово ( Mukachovo ), Belarusian : Мукачава ( Mukačava ), Romanian : Muncaci, Munceag ; Polish Mukaczewo ; Slovak and Czech : Mukačevo ; German : Munkatsch ; Yiddish : מונקאַטש ( Munkatsh', local pronunciation 'Minkatsh'). Archaeological excavation suggest that early settlements existed here before

2993-645: The classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary , and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . From those questions, three main theories emerged: In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities,

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3066-443: The coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak . Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone

3139-753: The defeat of Francis II Rákóczi the city came under Austrian control in the mid-18th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary and was made a key fortress of the Habsburg monarchy . In 1726, the Palanok Castle and the town, before 1711 owned by the Rákóczi family, was given by the Habsburgs to the Schönborn family , who were responsible for an expansion of the town. They also settled many Germans in

3212-464: The direction of bishop of Mukachevo , Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students. Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa 's Urbarium

3285-648: The elected envoys of the royal free cities participated in the sessions of the Hungarian Diet and so they became part of the legislature . This list also includes cities in the Kingdom of Croatia and the Banate of Bosnia , which were part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown . The term "royal free city" in the kingdom's languages is as follows: They had a status similar to the free imperial cities in

3358-473: The entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language ( German : ruthenische Sprache , Hungarian : Rutén nyelv ), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918. In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and

3431-569: The first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners). Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society , in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue

3504-590: The genitive case. As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances. Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs ). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types". This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я ( soft ) in

3577-422: The inhabitants speak Rusyn. Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014. Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by

3650-639: The new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak ). This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue , and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language ( Carpathian Rusyn ) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected

3723-480: The nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm. It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as

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3796-582: The northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ ʃʲʃʲ ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ ʃʲ ]. Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number , gender , and case . Like English , only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural . And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses

3869-708: The now Hungarian-controlled Transcarpathian region, and also from Mukachevo, as well as the native Jews who could not prove their citizenship, were deported over the Ukrainian border where they were turned over to the German Einsatzgruppe commando led by Friedrich Jeckeln . On 27 and 28 August 1941, they were all murdered by the Germans in Kamianets-Podilskyi 's massacre . Even so, Mukachevo's population still held an important Jewish component, up until 1944 when all remaining Jews were deported to

3942-589: The pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat' ); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Misplaced Pages, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Misplaced Pages (although parts of the articles are written using other standards). Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or

4015-446: The proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis , 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio ), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published

4088-476: The region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine , but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union , and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR , which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language

4161-497: The request. As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak , also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus'). The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen. A soft consonant combination sound [ ʃʲt͡ʃʲ ] exists more among

4234-495: The rest of the population being Russians, Hungarians, Slovaks, and other minorities. Formerly in Czechoslovakia, and before that in Hungary, it was incorporated into Soviet Ukraine after World War II. A famous joke is Born? - Austro-Hungary. - Went to school? - Czechoslovakia - Married in? - Hungary - Kids born in? - The Third Reich - And your grandchildren? - USSR. - Where did you die? - Ukraine. - Man, you traveled

4307-970: The second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn . Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in: Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia ), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia ). The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia , forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia . As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology , morphology , and syntax , and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn

4380-458: The spring of 1944 there were nearly 15,000 Jewish residents of the town. This ended on May 30, 1944, when the city was pronounced Judenrein (free of Jews after ghettoization and a series of deportations to Auschwitz). Today, Mukachevo is experiencing a Jewish renaissance of sorts with the establishment of a supervised kosher kitchen, a mikveh , Jewish summer camp in addition to the prayer services which take place three times daily. In July 2006,

4453-552: The territory, thereby causing an economic boom of the region. During 1796–1897, the city's castle, until then a strong fortress, became a prison. The Greek national hero Alexander Ypsilanti was imprisoned at the Palanok Castle between 1821 and 1823. In 1919, after the Rusyn Americans agreed with Tomáš Masaryk on the incorporation of Carpathian Ruthenia into Czechoslovakia , the whole of Carpathian Ruthenia

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4526-675: The town became a Hungarian royal free city . It was also granted Magdeburg rights . During the 16th century, Munkács became part of the Principality of Transylvania . The 17th century (from 1604 to 1711) was a time of continuous struggle against the expansionist intentions of the Habsburg Empire for the Principality. In 1678 the anti-Habsburg Revolt of Emeric Thököly started out from Munkács. The region also played an important role in Rákóczi's War of Independence . After

4599-439: The town's population. The Munkács Jewish community was famous for its Hasidic activity as well as its innovations in Zionism and modern Jewish education. The Jewish population of Munkács grew from 2,131 in 1825 to 5049 in 1891 (almost 50 percent of the total population) to 7675 in 1910 (about 44 percent). By 1921, the 10,000 Jews still made up about half the residents, though by 1930, the proportion had dropped to 43 percent, with

4672-433: The world. Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Hungary , Romania , Poland (as Lemko), Serbia , and Slovakia . The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as

4745-448: Was an amalgam of Galician and Hungarian Hasidic Jewry , Orthodox Jews, and Zionists. The town is most noted for its Chief Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira who led the community until his death in 1937. By 1851, Munkács supported a large yeshiva , thereby demonstrating the community's commitment to Talmudic learning and piety. Materially impoverished, yet wealthy in ideological debate, the Jews of interwar Munkács constituted almost half of

4818-409: Was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies, using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions ( Operation Vistula ), and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school. During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia . After

4891-473: Was founded in Munkács five years after the first Hebrew speaking elementary school in Czechoslovakia was established there in 1920. It soon became the most prestigious Hebrew high school east of Warsaw . Zionist activism along with Hasidic pietism contributed to a community percolating with excitement, intrigue and at times internecine conflict. In 1935, Chaim Kugel , formerly director of the Munkács gymnasium (Jewish high school) and then Jewish Party delegate to

4964-441: Was occupied by Czechoslovak troops. On 4 June 1920, Mukachevo officially became part of Czechoslovakia through the Treaty of Trianon . In November 1938, a part of the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was re-annexed by Hungary as part of the First Vienna Award . Without delay the new authorities decreed the expulsion of all Jews without Hungarian citizenship. As a consequence, Polish and Russian Jews, long-term residents of

5037-409: Was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Henryk Fontański  [ pl ; rue ] , with a second edition issued in 2004. In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка , Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka , serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with

5110-421: Was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn. Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi 's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka 's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic . By

5183-458: Was succeeded by his son-in-law, Rabbi Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz . Along with the dominant Munkácser hasidic community there co-existed smaller yet vibrant Hasidic groups who were followers of the rebbes Belz , of Spinka , Zidichov , and Vizhnitz . By the time of the Holocaust there were nearly 30 synagogues in town, many of which were shtibelekh ("[small] house" - small [Hasidic] synagogues). The Hebrew Gymnasium (high school)

5256-529: Was the official term for the most important cities in the Kingdom of Hungary from the late 12th century to the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The cities were granted certain privileges by the King of Hungary to prevent their control by the Hungarian nobility , hence "royal", and exercised some self-government in relation to their internal affairs and so were "free". From the late 14th century,

5329-475: Was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)." Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij ( Karpatorusskij bukvar' ), Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol ; 1935), and Ivan Harajda (1941). Harajda's grammar

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