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65-649: Mukaiyama studied chemistry at the Tokyo Institute of Technology , earning his BSc in synthetic organic chemistry in 1948. He became assistant professor at Gakushuin University in 1953, where he stayed until he received his Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1957. Mukaiyama became an assistant professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1958 and earned his full professorship in 1963. During this time, his main focus

130-421: A dehydration condensation between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol or similar functional groups to form an ester linkage. In the initial stage of the process, the carboxyl displaces the halogen atom on the reagent in the presence of a base . The resulting pyridyl ester is an activated electrophile and also serves as a good leaving group in a subsequent nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction with

195-714: A pinacol coupling of carbonyls in THF which formed an alkene after reflux with 1,4-dioxane . This is what is now known as the McMurry reaction - McMurry published a year later and cited both Mukaiyama and the group of Tyrlik in Poland in his paper, but Japan's position in the international organic chemistry community was not yet fully developed and the naming persists. Mukaiyama again turned to titanium(IV) chloride while seeking an appropriate Lewis acid to activate aldehydes for reaction with silyl enol ethers in what became known as

260-423: A silyl enol ether , joining it with benzaldehyde with a Mukaiyama aldol addition , and creating the amide from the alcohol via a Mitsunobu reaction followed by benzoylation. The synthesis also made use of three Swern oxidations during the synthesis of the C ring. This reaction is typically performed at very low temperatures (< -50 °C) to stabilize its activated DMSO intermediate and constantly evolves

325-399: A Lewis acid is an atomic or molecular species with a localized empty atomic or molecular orbital of low energy. This lowest-energy molecular orbital ( LUMO ) can accommodate a pair of electrons. A Lewis base is often a Brønsted–Lowry base as it can donate a pair of electrons to H ; the proton is a Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons. The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid

390-518: A belief that "the results of one's chemistry should be published in journals of one's country." The combination of the high quality of his work and the over 600 papers that he published in Chemistry Letters played an important role in its spread to other nations. A total of 145 people earned their doctorates under Mukaiyama, with 54 eventually becoming professors in various institutions. Mukaiyama has been recognized for his achievements in

455-407: A chloride ion lone-pair, forming AlCl − 4 and creating the strongly acidic, that is, electrophilic , carbonium ion. A Lewis base is an atomic or molecular species where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is highly localized. Typical Lewis bases are conventional amines such as ammonia and alkyl amines. Other common Lewis bases include pyridine and its derivatives. Some of

520-657: A large application of Lewis bases is to modify the activity and selectivity of metal catalysts . Chiral Lewis bases, generally multidentate , confer chirality on a catalyst, enabling asymmetric catalysis , which is useful for the production of pharmaceuticals . The industrial synthesis of the anti-hypertension drug mibefradil uses a chiral Lewis base ( R -MeOBIPHEP), for example. Lewis acids and bases are commonly classified according to their hardness or softness. In this context hard implies small and nonpolarizable and soft indicates larger atoms that are more polarizable. For example, an amine will displace phosphine from

585-555: A number of departments and Institute for Liberal Arts. The main library was the Tokyo Institute of Technology Library in Ookayama. It was the home of Japan's largest science and technology library. The library was founded in 1882, and it lost nearly 28,000 books during the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. Moved to Ookayama in 1936, it has been the national science and technology library of Japan. 1,200 students and staff visit

650-485: A number of different dehydration reactions, including a macrolactonization . In 1994, Isamu Shiina developed his namesake macrolactonization in the Mukaiyama lab, making use of an aromatic carboxylic acid anhydride in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. In the early 1990s, at least thirty separate groups were working on the total synthesis of the chemotherapy medicine paclitaxel (Taxol), culminating with

715-446: A primary research focus for Mukaiyama for much of his career. In the original reaction, the phosphine served as the reducing agent by accepting oxygen, while the mercury(II) was the oxidation agent that accepted hydrogens, resulting in the condensation of carboxylic acids with the loss of a molecule of water. This framework was expanded to include the formation of a variety of other functional groups, including esters and amides , but

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780-624: A step further by having multiple empty orbitals, allowing it to coordinate chiral ligands and induce enantioselectivity . In 1982 Mukaiyama showed that tin(II) enolates formed from tin(II) triflate could produce aldol products that were over 95% stereospecific . In a time when asymmetric reactions largely relied on chiral auxiliaries to be covalently bound to the reactants, tin(II) enolates formed from chiral diamine ligands derived from L-proline could achieve over 90% ee . In 1975, Mukaiyama reported that N -methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide (also called 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide) allowed for

845-521: Is The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis acid strengths. and that single property scales are limited to a smaller range of acids or bases. The concept originated with Gilbert N. Lewis who studied chemical bonding . In 1923, Lewis wrote An acid substance

910-467: Is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane [(CH 3 ) 3 B] is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond. In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH 3 and Me 3 B, a lone pair from NH 3 will form a dative bond with

975-516: Is also a Lewis base as loss of H from the acid leaves those electrons which were used for the A—H bond as a lone pair on the conjugate base. However, a Lewis base can be very difficult to protonate , yet still react with a Lewis acid. For example, carbon monoxide is a very weak Brønsted–Lowry base but it forms a strong adduct with BF 3 . In another comparison of Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry acidity by Brown and Kanner, 2,6-di- t -butylpyridine reacts to form

1040-407: Is not very clear-cut. For example, in the formation of an ammonium ion from ammonia and hydrogen the ammonia molecule donates a pair of electrons to the proton ; the identity of the electrons is lost in the ammonium ion that is formed. Nevertheless, Lewis suggested that an electron-pair donor be classified as a base and an electron-pair acceptor be classified as acid. A more modern definition of

1105-461: Is one of the strongest but is also one of the most complicated Lewis acids. It is convention to ignore the fact that a proton is heavily solvated (bound to solvent). With this simplification in mind, acid-base reactions can be viewed as the formation of adducts: A typical example of a Lewis acid in action is in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. The key step is the acceptance by AlCl 3 of

1170-498: Is one which can employ an electron lone pair from another molecule in completing the stable group of one of its own atoms. The Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory was published in the same year. The two theories are distinct but complementary. A Lewis base is also a Brønsted–Lowry base, but a Lewis acid does not need to be a Brønsted–Lowry acid. The classification into hard and soft acids and bases ( HSAB theory ) followed in 1963. The strength of Lewis acid-base interactions, as measured by

1235-612: The Institute of Science Tokyo on 1 October 2024. The Tokyo Institute of Technology was a Designated National University and a Top Type university of Top Global University Project designated by the Japanese government . Tokyo Tech's main campus was located at Ōokayama on the boundary of Meguro and Ota , with its main entrance facing the Ōokayama Station . Other campuses are located in Suzukakedai and Tamachi . Tokyo Tech

1300-700: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. Tokyo Tech has been ranked 2nd among the Japanese universities according to The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021. Tokyo Tech has also ranked 3rd among the best Japanese universities according to QS World University Rankings 2021. Tokyo Tech has also been ranked 2nd (national) in 2011 in the field of Engineering "Entrance score ranking of Japanese universities-Department of Engineering" by Score-navi. In another ranking, Japanese prep school Kawaijuku ranked Tokyo Tech as

1365-769: The Mukaiyama aldol reaction . Published in 1973 as Mukaiyama was in the process of migrating to the University of Tokyo , it is a cross-aldol reaction between a silyl enol ether (typically derived from a carbonyl of choice using the method of Stork ) and an aldehyde of choice in the presence of a Lewis acid like titanium(IV) chloride. The reaction is a landmark case on how activating aldehydes can allow even electronically neutral and weakly nucleophilic compounds like silyl enol ethers to be used as reagents. A Lewis acid must be added to use silyl enol ethers but not boron enolates because boron has an empty orbital but silicon does not, allowing boron to act as an electron acceptor. Tin(II) goes

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1430-480: The 2nd best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the average graduate salary was the 9th best in Japan. École des Mines de Paris ranks Tokyo Tech as 92nd in the world in 2011 in terms of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies. Also, according to the article of The New York Times - Universities with the most employable students ranking 2012, Tokyo Tech ranked 14th place in

1495-563: The 2nd place at the number of patents accepted (284) during 2009 among Japanese Universities. Alumni of Tokyo Tech enjoy their good success in Japanese industries. According to ( Truly Strong Universities -TSU ), the alumni's of Tokyo Tech has been acquiring the highest (1st) employment rate within Japan. According to the Weekly Economist 's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT 's article on 2006/10/16, graduates from Tokyo Tech have

1560-538: The 4th best (overall), 2-3rd best in former semester and 1st in latter semester (Department of Engineering) university in Japan (2012). According to QS World University Rankings , Tokyo Tech was ranked 3rd in Japan and internationally ranked 20th in the field of Engineering and Technology, and 51st in Natural science in 2011. The university was ranked 31st worldwide according to Global University ranking and 57th in 2011 according to QS World University Rankings , It

1625-473: The American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis ) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct . A Lewis base , then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH 3

1690-428: The Lewis acid I 2 . Some Lewis acids bind with two Lewis bases, a famous example being the formation of hexafluorosilicate : Most compounds considered to be Lewis acids require an activation step prior to formation of the adduct with the Lewis base. Complex compounds such as Et 3 Al 2 Cl 3 and AlCl 3 are treated as trigonal planar Lewis acids but exist as aggregates and polymers that must be degraded by

1755-401: The Lewis base. A simpler case is the formation of adducts of borane. Monomeric BH 3 does not exist appreciably, so the adducts of borane are generated by degradation of diborane: In this case, an intermediate B 2 H − 7 can be isolated. Many metal complexes serve as Lewis acids, but usually only after dissociating a more weakly bound Lewis base, often water. The proton (H )

1820-494: The Lewis basicity and Lewis acidity emphasize the thermodynamic aspect of Lewis adduct formation. In many cases, the interaction between the Lewis base and Lewis acid in a complex is indicated by an arrow indicating the Lewis base donating electrons toward the Lewis acid using the notation of a dative bond — for example, Me 3 B ← NH 3 . Some sources indicate the Lewis base with a pair of dots (the explicit electrons being donated), which allows consistent representation of

1885-535: The National University Incorporation of Tokyo Institute of Technology under a new law which applied to all national universities. Operating the world-class supercomputer Tsubame 2.0 , and making a breakthrough in high-temperature superconductivity , Tokyo Tech was a major centre for supercomputing technology and condensed matter research in the world. In 2011, it celebrated the 130th anniversary of its founding. In 2014, it joined

1950-725: The Precision and Intelligence Laboratory and the Research Laboratory of Ceramic Industry, and the School of Engineering was renamed the School of Science and Engineering. Throughout the post-war reconstruction of the 1950s, the high economic growth era of the 1960s, and the aggressive economic era marching to the Bubble Economy of the 1980s, TIT kept providing Japan its leading engineers, researchers, and business persons. Since April 2004, it has been semi-privatized into

2015-505: The Research Laboratory of Precision Machinery were constructed. The Research Laboratory of Ceramic Industry was made in 1943, and one year before World War Two ended, the Research Laboratory of Fuel Science and the Research Laboratory of Electronics were founded. After World War II , the new education system was promulgated in 1949 with the National School Establishment Law , and Tokyo Institute of Technology

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2080-501: The adduct with the acid BF 3 . In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid—hard base and soft acid—soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid—soft base or soft acid—hard base interactions. Later investigation of

2145-430: The alcohol reactant as nucleophile . Thus, the family of 2-halo- N -alkylpyridinium salts are named the Mukaiyama reagents . The reaction gives low yields if there are sterically large groups adjacent to the site of the reaction, such as tertiary carbons , but can be improved by using bromine as the halogen. In the years since its discovery, a number of different onium salts of aza- arenes have been used to catalyze

2210-418: The aldol reaction involves two carbonyl compounds which join, forming a carbon-carbon bond. Depending on whether it is performed in acidic or basic conditions, the reaction proceeds by one of the carbonyls attacking the other, which has tautomerized into either an enol or enolate. However, when both carbonyls are similar in pKa they may both function as either the nucleophile or the electrophile , meaning

2275-425: The bond between carbon and iodine (S N 2 reaction). Textbooks disagree on this point: some asserting that alkyl halides are electrophiles but not Lewis acids, while others describe alkyl halides (e.g. CH 3 Br) as a type of Lewis acid. The IUPAC states that Lewis acids and Lewis bases react to form Lewis adducts, and defines electrophile as Lewis acids. Some of the most studied examples of such Lewis acids are

2340-407: The boron trihalides and organoboranes : In this adduct, all four fluoride centres (or more accurately, ligands ) are equivalent. Both BF 4 and BF 3 OMe 2 are Lewis base adducts of boron trifluoride. Many adducts violate the octet rule , such as the triiodide anion: The variability of the colors of iodine solutions reflects the variable abilities of the solvent to form adducts with

2405-540: The desired ketones using DBBT , which has a more electron-withdrawing triflate group in place of the sulfur. Boron enolates provide an alternative to metal enolates for performing cross-aldol reactions. As an extension of his earlier research with trivalent phosphorus as an oxygen acceptor, Mukaiyama began to examine the role of metallic catalysts for the dehydrative Friedel-Crafts alkylation and in particular titanium(IV) tetrachloride . In 1973, he reported that titanium(IV) chloride treated with zinc powder catalyzed

2470-785: The edX consortium and formed the Online Education Development Office (OEDO) to create MOOCS, which are hosted on the edX website. In its 130 years, Tokyo Tech has provided scientific researchers, engineers and many social leaders, including Naoto Kan who was a former prime minister . Tokyo Tech has three campuses, Ōokayama campus in Ōokayama Meguro as the main campus, Tamachi campus in Shibaura and Suzukakedai campus, located in Nagatsuta , Midori-ku in Yokohama . Tokyo Tech comprises 6 schools,

2535-402: The empty orbital of Me 3 B to form an adduct NH 3 •BMe 3 . The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis . The terms nucleophile and electrophile are sometimes interchangeable with Lewis base and Lewis acid, respectively. These terms, especially their abstract noun forms nucleophilicity and electrophilicity , emphasize the kinetic aspect of reactivity, while

2600-616: The form of seven honorary degrees and membership in the national academies of four nations. He is the namesake of the Mukaiyama Award, awarded by the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan since 2005. His major awards include: Tokyo Institute of Technology The Tokyo Institute of Technology ( 東京工業大学 ) was a public university in Meguro , Tokyo , Japan . It merged with Tokyo Medical and Dental University to form

2665-469: The groups of Robert A. Holton and K. C. Nicolaou publishing nearly simultaneously in 1994. By then, Mukaiyama had retired from the University of Tokyo after reaching the mandatory age of 60 and set up an academic lab at the Tokyo University of Science . The Mukaiyama taxol total synthesis was published between the years of 1997 and 1999 after five years of research, making the Mukaiyama lab

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2730-439: The library each day. It has 674,000 books and 2,500 journals, including 1,600 foreign academic journals; the number of international research collections was the largest in Japan. It provides around 7,000 registered electronic journals each year. The library was therefore recognised for the outstanding national and international importance and awarded 'Centre of foreign journals' by the government of Japan . Renewal construction of

2795-709: The library was completed in July 2011. Tokyo Tech runs intensive programmes for obtaining master degree or PhD. Named the Tokyo Tech's International Graduate Program, the programmes are targeted at international students of high academic potential who are not Japanese speakers. Lectures and seminars are given in English mainly by Tokyo Tech's faculty members. Programme starting dates are October or April. Public fundings for these courses are also available; those students who have academic excellence may apply for scholarships from

2860-504: The main classes of Lewis bases are The most common Lewis bases are anions. The strength of Lewis basicity correlates with the pK a of the parent acid: acids with high pK a 's give good Lewis bases. As usual, a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base . The strength of Lewis bases have been evaluated for various Lewis acids, such as I 2 , SbCl 5 , and BF 3 . Nearly all electron pair donors that form compounds by binding transition elements can be viewed ligands . Thus,

2925-510: The most significant was the synthesis of phosphoric esters using DEAD and an alcohol in 1967. The same year that paper was published, Mukaiyama's co-author and former student Oyo Mitsunobu attacked the products of the reaction with a carboxylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine to yield an ester , creating what is now known as the Mitsunobu reaction . The aldol reaction is an essential tool for synthetic chemists. At its simplest,

2990-399: The pentahalides of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. In the same vein, CH + 3 can be considered to be the Lewis acid in methylation reactions. However, the methyl cation never occurs as a free species in the condensed phase, and methylation reactions by reagents like CH 3 I take place through the simultaneous formation of a bond from the nucleophile to the carbon and cleavage of

3055-500: The present site in Ōokayama, a south suburb of the Greater Tokyo Area. In 1929, the school became Tokyo University of Engineering, later renamed to Tokyo Institute of Technology around 1946, gaining a status of national university , which allowed the university to award degrees. The university had the Research Laboratory of Building Materials in 1934, and five years later, the Research Laboratory of Resources Utilisation and

3120-422: The reaction may form either cross-products or self-products. While investigating sulfur-boron compounds in 1971, Mukaiyama reported that the reaction of ketene with thioboronite produced a beta-hydroxyalkanethioate via a vinyloxyborane intermediate that would perform an aldol reaction with formaldehyde leftover from the synthesis of ketene. These vinyloxyboranes proved straightforward to synthesize directly from

3185-465: The sixth group to report results. This total synthesis is largely a linear synthesis which forms the four rings of taxol in the order C, B, A, D. It is differentiated from the others from its use of L-serine as a starting material and for being the only total synthesis not to use the Ojima lactam to create the amide tail. Instead, the tail is created from scratch by converting benzyloxyacetic acid into

3250-476: The stability of the intermediate relative to that formed from the sulfur-carbon bond of DMSO and was inspired by his earlier work with sulfenamides while still at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Mukaiyama had a scientific career spanning over sixty years, during which he published over 900 papers. After its founding in 1972, Mukaiyama only published in the Japanese journal Chemistry Letters , citing

3315-493: The standard enthalpy of formation of an adduct can be predicted by the Drago–Wayland two-parameter equation. Lewis had suggested in 1916 that two atoms are held together in a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons. When each atom contributed one electron to the bond, it was called a covalent bond . When both electrons come from one of the atoms, it was called a dative covalent bond or coordinate bond . The distinction

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3380-407: The strength of Lewis acid base interactions, −ΔH. The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an E A and a C A . Each base is likewise characterized by its own E B and C B . The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation

3445-421: The strong-smelling DMS , making it very difficult to work with at large scales. The difficulties encountered during their total synthesis prompted Mukaiyama to pursue an alternative method, and in 2001 a room-temperature oxidation involving N-chlorosuccinimide and a catalytic amount of N-t-butylbenzenesulfenamide was developed. The more electronegative nitrogen adjacent to the sulfur in the sulfenamide increased

3510-540: The thermodynamics of the interaction suggested that hard—hard interactions are enthalpy favored, whereas soft—soft are entropy favored. Many methods have been devised to evaluate and predict Lewis acidity. Many are based on spectroscopic signatures such as shifts NMR signals or IR bands e.g. the Gutmann-Beckett method and the Childs method. The ECW model is a quantitative model that describes and predicts

3575-501: The transition from the base itself to the complex with the acid: A center dot may also be used to represent a Lewis adduct, such as Me 3 B·NH 3 . Another example is boron trifluoride diethyl etherate , BF 3 ·Et 2 O . In a slightly different usage, the center dot is also used to represent hydrate coordination in various crystals, as in MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O for hydrated magnesium sulfate , irrespective of whether

3640-406: The use of the dative bond arrow is just a notational convenience for avoiding the drawing of formal charges. In general, however, the donor–acceptor bond is viewed as simply somewhere along a continuum between idealized covalent bonding and ionic bonding . Lewis acids are diverse and the term is used loosely. Simplest are those that react directly with the Lewis base, such as boron trihalides and

3705-520: The water forms a dative bond with the metal. Although there have been attempts to use computational and experimental energetic criteria to distinguish dative bonding from non-dative covalent bonds, for the most part, the distinction merely makes note of the source of the electron pair, and dative bonds, once formed, behave simply as other covalent bonds do, though they typically have considerable polar character. Moreover, in some cases (e.g., sulfoxides and amine oxides as R 2 S → O and R 3 N → O ),

3770-609: The world (2nd in Asia, 1st in Japan). Tokyo Tech was one of the most selective universities in Japan. Its entrance examinations are usually considered one of the most difficult in Japan. As of 2009, there was a large population of rose-ringed parakeets residing at the main campus of the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Ookayama. 35°36′18″N 139°41′2″E  /  35.60500°N 139.68389°E  / 35.60500; 139.68389 Lewis acid A Lewis acid (named for

3835-615: The world). Weekly Diamond also reported that Tokyo Tech has the highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program . In the same article, it's also ranked 8th in terms of the quality of education by GP funds per student. In addition, according to the September 2012 survey by QS World University Rankings about the general standards in Engineering and Technology field, Tokyo Tech

3900-590: Was also ranked 31st worldwide according to the Global University Ranking in 2009. Tokyo Tech was one of the top research institutions in natural sciences and technology in Japan. According to Thomson Reuters , its research excellence (Pure science only for this information) was especially distinctive in Materials Science (5th in Japan, 24th in the world), Physics (5th in Japan, 31st in the world), and Chemistry (5th in Japan, 22nd in

3965-437: Was on organophosphorus chemistry. While examining deoxygenation reactions involving phosphines , Mukaiyama found that the mercury(II) acetate employed as a catalyst would react with phosphorus(III) compounds to produce acetic anhydride . This initial example expanded into the concept of the redox condensation reaction, in which a weak acid and weak base catalyze a condensation by means of a redox reaction – this would become

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4030-683: Was organised into 6 schools, within which there are over 40 departments and research centres. Tokyo Tech enrolled 4,734 undergraduates and 1,464 graduate students for 2015–2016. Tokyo Institute of Technology was founded by the government of Japan as the Tokyo Vocational School on May 26, 1881, 14 years after the Meiji Restoration . To accomplish the quick catch-up to the West, the government expected this school to cultivate new modernized craftsmen and engineers. In 1890, it

4095-419: Was placed 19th (world), 2nd (national). The Tsubame 2.0 , which was a large-scale supercomputer in Tokyo Tech, was ranked 5th of the world best-performed computer. 1st in the world as university's owned one, this supercomputer was used for simulation related to the complex systems such as the dynamics of planets or financial systems. As Tokyo Tech has been emphasizing on 'practical' research, Tokyo Tech got

4160-570: Was renamed "Tokyo Technical School". In 1901, it changed name to "Tokyo Higher Technical School". In early days, the school was located in Kuramae, the eastern area of the Greater Tokyo Area, where many craftsmens' workshops had been since the old Shōgun's era. The buildings in Kuramae campus were destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. In the following year, the Tokyo Higher Technical School moved from Kuramae to

4225-400: Was reorganized. Many three-year courses were turned into four-year courses with the start of the School of Engineering this year. The university started graduate programmes in engineering in 1953. In the following year, the six research laboratories were integrated and reorganised into four new labs: the Research Laboratory of Building Materials, the Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization,

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