Mukkuvar is a maritime ethnic group found in the Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu and the Eastern and North Western coastal regions of Sri Lanka . They are mostly found on the Malabar Coast, and Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, who have traditionally been involved in fishing and other maritime activities.
21-538: The caste name proposes several etymology theories. The Peoples in the coastal region of Malabar in Chera dynasty is used to sunk the enemy ships and pirate ships of those days. Hence they got the name Mukkuvar. Mukku or mukkuka in Malayalam means dip. Patitrupattu describes the attack on the enemy ship by Cheran Chenkuttuvan, which refers the skills used by mukkuvars to sunk and attack the enemy ships.Other titles used by
42-534: A crown prince for 38 years who never became king, is the hero of the sixth ten. A patron of commerce, letters and the arts, he is described as giving a village in Kuttanad to Brahmins . The poet Kapilar composed these poems about Cheran Celvakkadungo Vazhi Aathan. The Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai is the subject of these ten poems. These poems were written about the Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai, possibly
63-626: A scholarly role in ancient South India . The poems praise rulers and heroes in Hagiographical form, with a core seemingly rooted in history. They mention the Hindu deities Vishnu , Shiva , Murugan and Korravai (Uma, Durga), and their worship by warriors and the king. The poems, epilogues, and colophons are significant in studies of ancient culture and sociology. The poetry probably relies on older oral traditions shared by post-Sangam Tamil epics. Czech scholar Kamil Zvelebil wrote that
84-563: A series of victories, but was generous to those he defeated. In the battle of Vakaiperumturai, He defeated and killed Nannan of Ezhimalai , and annexed Puzhinadu. Paranar composed these ten poems about the Chera king Cenkuttuvan . According to Kamil Zvelebil, the Paranar poems are probably the Patiṟṟuppattu 's best examples of the heroic genre. This section is notable for dating
105-425: Is rarely found in other classical Tamil literature. An epilogue ( patikams )is at the end of each ten. The theme, rhythm, metre, name and epilogues were added by the authors of the patikams at a later date, before the commentaries were written; the patikams , as well as the verses, have been annotated. The Patirruppattu is about ten decades of Chera kings. Its second, third, fourth and fifth ten describe
126-434: Is the hero of the Patiṟṟuppattu 's third ten. Palyanai helped his brother conquer the northern Malabar Coast , at least part of which came under Chera rule. In later life, Palyanai retired from the military life and devoted himself to the arts, letters, philanthropy and helping Brahmins . Poet Kappiyatru Kaapiyanaar composed these poems about Chera prince Narmudi Cheral, receiving four million gold coins. Narmudi had
147-643: The Sri Lankan Moor ethnicity. Pati%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppattu The Patiṟṟuppattu (lit. Ten Tens , sometimes spelled Pathitrupathu , ) is a classical Tamil poetic work and one of the Eight Anthologies ( Ettuthokai ) in Sangam literature . A panegyric collection, it contains puram (war and public life) poems. The Chera kings , known as the Cheramal, are the centre of
168-541: The Patirruppattu 's extant eight tens ends with a patikam , supplementary information about the decade. These patikams were added to the tens at a later date, before the medieval commentator Atiyarkkunallar, who wrote a commentary on Silappatikaram quoting the patikams . These poems have been lost. These ten poems were written by Kumattur Kannan about the Cheral king Nedum Cheralathan . Palyanai Sel Kelu Kuttuvan , Nedum Cheralathan's brother,
189-401: The Patirruppattu was probably composed over a period of time: the first layer sometime between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE, and the second layer between the 3rd and 5th centuries. Its poems and patikams are of significant historical importance. According to T. P. Meenakshisundaram , the Patiṟṟuppattu is the "only available book of ancient Chera history". The ten verses in each of
210-796: The Sri Lankan Mukkuvars , under Kalinga Magha were made chieftains known as Vanniar in the Batticaloa region, where they also formed matrilinear landlords known as Podiyar and exhibited significant political domination. Mukkuvars in alliance with Arabs encamped at the Puttalam region where in an campaign initiated by Parakramabahu VI of Kotte , battled and chased away by Karaiyar mercenaries, mentioned in Mukkara Hatana (meaning Mukkuvar war). Mukkuvar women intermarried with their allied Arabs, whose descendants reside in
231-632: The 8th century made mercantile Arabs appearances in Kerala, where they among other married natives such as those from the Mukkuvar community, and formed social groups such as the Mappilas . The Mukkuvars were in addition to fishing and seafaring, involved in warfare . Later rulers such as the Zamorin of Calicut promoted Mukkuvars in conversion to Islam in order to man their navies . Up to 1000 AD were
SECTION 10
#1732772035922252-600: The Chera and Venad Kings to attack Raja Raja Cholan's navy ships during the 10th century when the Cholas conquered Vizhinjam and Kollam. Thus the Mukkuvars from present day Malappuram, Kozhikode and Kochi migrated to Venad region of present-day Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Kanyakumari districts and few settled over there. Mukkuvars had trade relation in Sri Lanka from 12th century and few settled there from then. According to
273-693: The Imayavaraman dynasty, and the sixth, seventh and eighth ten deal with the Irumporai dynasty. These are called the Ceral (plural Ceralar). Each decade has 10 poems; each poem has an average length of 21 lines, and the entire decade averages 211 lines. The shortest verse (verse 87) is five lines long, and the longest (verse 90) is 57 lines in length. The supplemental patikams at the end of each decade vary in length from 10 to 21 lines. The poems include graphic details of war and violence. Each verse of
294-587: The Mukkuvars recruited to the naval fleets of the Chera dynasty . South Indian communities were often invited to Sri Lanka as mercenaries. The Sinhala text known as Dambadeni Asna refers to Mukkuvar warriors serving in the army of Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya . As mentioned in Mattakallappu Manmiyam , they also served in the 13th century in the army of the invader Kalinga Magha , who seized control of northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka . The Kerala-derived Mukkuvars, whose descendants are
315-646: The absence of Ponillam, and are therefore known as Munillakar (meaning "of the three illams"). The Mukkuvars historically were inhabitants of the Neithal (coastal) lands of Malabar coast in Chera kingdom. As suggested by their name they were involved in diving to sunk the enemy ships during the Chera dynasty. They were maritime inhabitants of the Present day Malabar Coast , who were involved in naval activities, boatbuilding, fishing, among other maritime activities. Mukkuvars were brought into Vizhinjam region by
336-442: The community are Kukankulam, Murkukan and Mukkiyar . The Mukkuvars are divided into exogamous clans known as llam meaning "house". The Mukkuvars of Northern Malabar are known as Nalillakkar (meaning "of the four illams") consisted of the clans known as Ponillam (from pon meaning "gold"), Chembillam (from chembu meaning "copper"), Karillam and Kachillam . The Mukkuvars of Southern Malabar have only three clans, with
357-411: The earliest Tamil epic, Silappatikaram . Although it includes details about Ceṅkuṭṭuvan's family and rule, it does not mention that he had a brother who became an ascetic and wrote a cherished epics. This has been a reason to consider legendary author Ilango Adikal a mythological figure later extrapolated into the epic, ruling out the epic as part of Sangam literature. Adu Kottu Pattu Cheralathan ,
378-503: The eight tens now available have a common structure. Each verse has a title or caption, a catchy phrase found in the text of the verse. The text of the verse follows the caption or title. At the end of each verse is information about the poetic theme referred to with the Tamil term துறை ( turai ), rhythm with the Tamil word வண்ணம் (Vannam), metre (தூக்கு, Thookku) and the name of the verse, known as பெயர் ( peyar ). This type of information
399-475: The legend of the Mukkuvar from Kerala, they emigrated to and from Sri Lanka. The Mattakallappu Manmiyam text and other local palm-leaf manuscripts in Sri Lanka attribute the emigration of the Sri Lankan Mukkuvar from South India under the rule of Kalinga Magha in 12th century AD, who delegates the power to local petty kings whose successors are identified as belonging to Kukankulam . In
420-501: The three generations of rulers from the Irumporai dynasty. In the Patirruppattu 's palm-leaf manuscripts, each decade ends with a patikam (a verse epilogue followed by a prose colophon . According to U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (who rediscovered the Sangam manuscripts), a commentary was written in or after the 13th century. The Patiṟṟuppattu was written by several male poets and one female poet, indicating that women could play
441-507: The work. Its invocatory poem is about Mayon , or Perumal ( Vishnu ). The Patiṟṟuppattu originally contained ten sections of ten poems, each section dedicated to a decade of rule in ancient Kerala (Cerals, Chera ); the first and last sections have been lost. Of the surviving poems, the second-to-sixth-decade-related poems are about the three generations of rulers from the Imayavaramban dynasty . The remaining poems are about
SECTION 20
#1732772035922#921078