The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.
79-720: The Mūl Mantar ( Punjabi : ਮੂਲ ਮੰਤਰ , IPA: [muːlᵊ mən̪t̪əɾᵊ] ) is the opening verse of the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib . It consists of twelve words in the Punjabi language , written in Gurmukhi script, and are the most widely known among the Sikhs. They summarize the essential teaching of Guru Nanak , thus constituting a succinct doctrinal statement of Sikhism . It has been variously translated, with
158-417: A future not immediate, as if it were an action to come, but earlier in relation to another that will also happen in the future. However, this type of imperative is peculiar to French which has only one purpose: to order that something be done before the date or time, therefore, this will always be accompanied by a circumstantial complement of time. However, this imperative is formed with the auxiliary verb of
237-601: A masculine quality to the Mūl Mantar which does not appear in the original Gurmukhi . These sacred words of Sikhism do not presume a particular gender. the Mūl Mantar serves as a "succinct statement which set the Sikh doctrine apart from the philosophical systems of both Indic and Semitic religious traditions." Some Sikh institutions, like the SGPC , consider the Mūl Mantar proper to end at gura prasādi , arguing that what follows
316-416: A mūrat i , and the term mūl u mantar u itself. Most of these cases still exist in the modern language in slightly different forms; features in the archaic language like the masculine singular direct suffix -u and feminine singular direct suffix -a parallel nominal declensions in other related languages. The included grave accent included in the above transliterations illustrates tones and guide
395-438: A conversational partner in their needs of self-determination and territory: the partner's negative face should not appear threatened. As well as the replacement of imperatives with other sentence types as discussed above, there also often exist methods of phrasing an imperative in a more polite manner, such as the addition of a word like please ; or a phrase like if you could ; or substituting one directive for another, as in
474-539: A liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like dukān , ġazal and more, as well as Turkic words like qēncī , sōġāt , etc. After the fall of the Sikh empire , Urdu was made the official language of Punjab under the British (in Pakistani Punjab , it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well. In the second millennium , Punjabi
553-682: A mild or polite imperative, in order to avoid directly addressing the person or to simplify the sentence's construction. Although sometimes used in spoken language, this form is most commonly used in general instructions and recipes. Examples include: Like English, German features many constructions that express commands, wishes, etc. They are thus semantically related to imperatives without being imperatives grammatically: Examples of regular imperatives in French are manges ( 2SG ), mangez ( 2PL ) and mangeons ( 1PL , "let's eat"), from manger (to eat) – these are similar or identical to
632-481: A verb's conjugation pattern. Examples can be found in the specific language sections below. In languages that make a T–V distinction ( tu vs. vous , du vs. Sie , tu vs. você , tú vs. usted , etc.) the use of particular forms of the second person imperative may also be dependent on the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the addressee, as with other verb forms. The second person singular imperative often consists of just
711-468: A verb, as in jap u . The suffixed - a can indicate the masculine vocative case , as in Nānak a , the masculine singular oblique case in compounds as in gur a prasādi , and a feminine singular direct adjective as in akal a , as well as the masculine plural direct case and the feminine singular direct case. The suffixed - i can indicate the possessive case in compounds (as in sat i nāmu ), and
790-706: A word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification. Sequences with the consonant h have some additional gimmicks: The consonant h on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially. However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and Dogri , pronounce h as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. hatth > àtth . The Jhangvi and Shahpuri dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into Saraiki ) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties, and do not induce
869-482: Is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised. Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone. The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals [ŋ, ɲ] most commonly occur as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as
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#1732765362945948-436: Is always written as نگ . Like Hindustani , the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects. Phonotactically , long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like ai and au get monophthongised into /eː/ and /oː/, and āi and āu into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively. The phoneme /j/
1027-521: Is canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to "absolute monotheistic unity of God". The varying capitalization of "God", "Reality", or "Being" affects the meaning in English . A number of translations erroneously change the Mūl Mantar from a list of qualities to a statement of facts and possessive adjectives . For example, they may change Satnam from "truth by name" to "His name is truth", which adds
1106-764: Is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries . One of the five, the Beas River , is a tributary of another, the Sutlej . Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश , 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत , prākṛta ) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit
1185-420: Is formed by adding –a to the verbal-stem ( gwel- → gwela 'see!') while the plural/polite form takes –wch : gwelwch 'see!'. In informal writing, the plural/polite form is often used to translate 'please' as in talwch yma '(please) pay here' ( talwch is the plural/polite imperative form of talu 'to pay'). In literary Welsh there are imperatives for all persons and numbers, except for
1264-412: Is formed with the infinitive of the verb, preceded by the imperative of nōlle (to not want): For third-person imperatives, the subjunctive mood is used instead. In Latin there is a peculiar tense in the imperative, which is the future tense that is used when you want the mandate to be fulfilled in the future. This time is used mainly in laws, wills, precepts, etc. However, it is conjugated only with
1343-570: Is identical to the Urdu alphabet , however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology , not already found in the Urdu alphabet . In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic , just like Urdu does. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan ,
1422-514: Is in line with the stand taken by the nihangs and other groups who stress the recitation of the complete Mūl Mantar , arguing that this tradition has come directly from the time of the Gurus, and there is reliable evidence to support this contention; like the kamar kassā , or waist-belt body armor of Guru Gobind Singh , preserved at Moti Bagh Palace Museum in Patiala , bearing an inscription of
1501-469: Is privately acquainted, which holds true for the corresponding imperatives. (For details see German grammar .) Otherwise, the social-distance pronoun Sie (you) is used for both singular and plural. Since there exists no actual imperative corresponding to Sie , the form is paraphrased with the third-person plural of the present subjunctive followed by the pronoun: Occasionally, the infinitive ( Infinitiv or Infinitiv als Imperativ ) may be used as
1580-404: Is rather "Guru Nanak's mystical awareness of the one that is expressed through the many." The remaining ten words after the first two are literally translated as true name, the creator, without fear, without hate, timeless in form, beyond birth, self-existent, (known by) the grace of Guru. The verse is repeated in the Sikh scripture before numerous Shabad , or hymns. It existed in many versions in
1659-455: Is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'. The Arabic and Modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent . Since then, many Persian words have been incorporated into Punjabi (such as zamīn , śahir etc.) and are used with
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#17327653629451738-582: Is the name and first line of the Japji Sahib composition, citing the number of times that the verse appears as such preceding Gurbani compositions. On the other hand, other historic institutions, like some taksals (traditional Sikh religious educational institutions) and gurmat schools, hold the Mūl Mantar to be the full following verse, contending that this form has been used in the Amrit Sanchar baptizing ceremony since its inception. This
1817-471: Is the same as the second-person plural of the present tense. In order to emphasize their addressee, German imperatives can be followed by the nominative personal pronouns du ("thou; you SG ") or ihr ("you PL "), respectively. For example: " Geh weg! " – " Geh du doch weg! " ("Go away!" – "Why, you go away!"). German has T/V distinction , which means that the pronouns du and ihr are used chiefly towards persons with whom one
1896-508: Is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person. They are sometimes called directives , as they include a feature that encodes directive force, and another feature that encodes modality of unrealized interpretation. An example of a verb used in the imperative mood is the English phrase "Go." Such imperatives imply a second-person subject ( you ), but some other languages also have first- and third-person imperatives, with
1975-420: Is usually omitted, although it can be included for emphasis), with no explicit indication of singular or plural. First and third person imperatives are expressed periphrastically , using a construction with the imperative of the verb let : Other languages such as Latin , French and German have a greater variety of inflected imperative forms, marked for person and number, their formation often depending on
2054-507: Is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/. Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones . Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle). The transcriptions and tone annotations in
2133-681: Is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in Lahore . The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan have slight differences. In India, it discludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore. "Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in Pakistani Punjab (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of Indian Punjab ,
2212-517: Is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet , based on the Indic scripts . Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone . The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi ) has been derived from the word Panj-āb , Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River . The name of
2291-457: The avoir compound tenses and with the auxiliary verb être that is also used to form the tenses composed of the pronominal verbs and some of the intransitive verbs, this means that the structure of the verb imperative in its entirety is composed. In English there is no equivalent grammatical structure to form this tense of the imperative mood; it is translated in imperative mood of present with previous value. In Spanish, imperatives for
2370-754: The 2023 Pakistani census , and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the 2011 census . It is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora , particularly in Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , and the Gulf states . In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet , based on the Perso-Arabic script ; in India, it
2449-465: The Hazara region , most of Azad Kashmir and small parts of Indian Punjab such as Fazilka . These include groups of dialects like Saraiki , Pahari-Pothwari , Hindko and the extinct Inku ; common dialects like Jhangvi , Shahpuri , Dhanni and Thali which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the mixed variety of Punjabi and Sindhi called Khetrani . Depending on context,
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2528-601: The Jap verse is: ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ ॥ ਜਪੁ॥ ਆਦਿ ਸਚੁ ਜੁਗਾਦਿ ਸਚੁ॥ ਹੈ ਭੀ ਸਚੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਹੋਸੀ ਭੀ ਸਚੁ॥੧॥ karatā purakh (u) nirapà'u niravair (u) akāl (a) mūrat (i) ajūnī saipàṅ gur(a)-prasād (i) ॥ ॥ jap (u) ॥ ād (i) sacch (u) jugād (i) sacch (u) ॥ hai pī̀ sacch (u) ॥ nānak (a) hosī pī̀ sacch (u) ॥1॥ agentive (doer) being, without fear, without hatred, timeless form, unbegotten, self-existent, known by
2607-758: The Majha region of the Punjab. In India , Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English , one of India's two primary official languages at the Union -level. In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards,
2686-462: The Nath Yogi -era from 9th to 14th century. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa , though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. Writing in 1317–1318, Amir Khusrau referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as Lahauri . The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries
2765-421: The gerund form. The best known examples are "No Smoking" and "No Parking". This form does not have a positive form; that is, "Parking" by itself has no meaning unless used as a noun when it tells that parking is permitted. The following sentences demonstrate several different forms of the imperative mood. For more details on imperatives in the languages listed below, and in languages that are not listed, see
2844-413: The h consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi: ੍ਹ "perī̃ hāhā" , Shahmukhi: ھ "dō-caśmī hē" ); usually ṛh , mh , nh , rh and lh . The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. ghar > kàr "house", ḍhōl > ṭṑl "drum" etc. Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal"
2923-438: The locative (as in ād i and jugād i ) or instrumental case as in gura prāsad i ; these terms would be ād u , jugād u , and prasād u if taking the direct case. It is also another feminine singular direct case (as in mūrat i ); -a and -i are among the predominant declensions for this case. Adjectives and modifiers also agree in number and gender with their dependent element, hence ikk u oaṅkār u , akāl
3002-503: The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as [s] , in e.g. shalwār /salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/ . The phonemic status of the consonants /f, z, x, ɣ, q/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/ , /z, d͡ʒ/ , /x, kʰ/ , /ɣ, g/ , and /q, k/ systematically distinguished in educated speech, /q/ being
3081-458: The "us" component goes last. Imperative sentences sometimes use different syntax than declarative or other types of clauses. There may also be differences of syntax between affirmative and negative imperative sentences. In some cases the imperative form of the verb is itself different when negated. A distinct negative imperative form is sometimes said to be in prohibitive or vetative mood ( abbreviated PROH ). Negative imperatives tell
3160-479: The 16th-century before it was given its final form by Guru Arjan in the 17th century. The essential elements of the mantar are found in Guru Nanak's compositions, the various epithets he used for Akal Purakh (Ultimate Reality). A mantar means "formula, succinct doctrinal or sacred words with spiritual meaning". The word mūl means "root, main or "fundamental." The Mūl Mantar is thus "root formula", or
3239-726: The 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the Western Punjabi 's Saraiki and Hindko varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. Pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab , and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar , Ludhiana , Chandigarh , Jalandhar , Ambala , Patiala , Bathinda , Hoshiarpur , Firozpur and Delhi . In
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3318-475: The 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage. Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, Western Punjabi and Eastern Punjabi , which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The Majhi dialect , which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in
3397-684: The 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021, 300,000 in
3476-452: The French and Greek languages as a point of reference. See Latin conjugation . Sentence examples of the future imperative: A peculiar feature of Dutch is that it can form an imperative mood in the pluperfect tense . Its use is fairly common: German verbs have a singular and a plural imperative. The singular imperative is equivalent to the bare stem or the bare stem + -e . (In most verbs, both ways are correct.) The plural imperative
3555-706: The Guru's grace. Recite: True at the beginning, true through the ages, is yet true, O Nanak , and will be true. The archaic language of the Guru Granth Sahib is highly inflected ; the suffixed short vowels parenthesized above indicate various declensions . In the Mūl Mantar, the suffixed - u indicates nouns and adjectives in the masculine singular direct case , though some words ending with - ā (like karat ā ) can also indicate this case. This suffix can also indicate an imperative when attached to
3634-463: The United Kingdom in 2011, 280,000 in the United States and smaller numbers in other countries. Standard Punjabi (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in education and news broadcasting , and is based on the Majhi dialect . Such as the variety used on Google Translate , Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It
3713-570: The United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant. It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ( gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh ) lost their aspiration. In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any voiced aspirates /ʱ/ and the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/ . These include the five voiced aspirated plosives bh , dh , ḍh , jh and gh (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi),
3792-401: The articles on the grammar of the specific languages. English usually omits the subject pronoun in imperative sentences: However, it is possible to include the you in imperative sentences for emphasis. English imperatives are negated using don't (as in "Don't work!") This is a case of do -support as found in indicative clauses; however in the imperative it applies even in the case of
3871-431: The case of the verb to be , where the imperative is be while the indicative is are . (The present subjunctive always has the same form as the imperative, although it is negated differently – the imperative is negated using do not , as in "Don't touch me!"; see do -support . Occasionally do is not used: Dare not touch me! ) The imperative form is understood as being in the second person (the subject pronoun you
3950-507: The change from will to may e.g, "you will do that" becomes "you may / can do that". Imperatives are also used for speech acts whose function is not primarily to make an order or request, but to give an invitation, give permission, express a wish, make an apology, et cetera: When written, imperative sentences are often, but not always, terminated with an exclamation mark . First person plural imperatives ( cohortatives ) are used mainly for suggesting an action to be performed together by
4029-491: The corresponding present indicative forms, although there are some irregular imperatives that resemble the present subjunctives, such as sois , soyez and soyons , from être (to be). A third person imperative can be formed using a subjunctive clause with the conjunction que , as in qu'ils mangent de la brioche ( let them eat cake ). French uses different word order for affirmative and negative imperative sentences: The negative imperative (prohibitive) has
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#17327653629454108-656: The devoicing of the main five tonal consonants ( bh , dh , ḍh , jh , gh ). The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time. Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski , Gujari , Hindko , Kalami , Shina , and Torwali , though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi. Imperative mood The imperative mood
4187-466: The eleventh-most widely spoken in India , and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. Lahndic dialects ) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan , being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population. Beginning with
4266-488: The examples below are based on those provided in Punjabi University, Patiala 's Punjabi-English Dictionary . Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone. There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.) However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in
4345-420: The familiar singular second person ( tú ) are usually identical to indicative forms for the singular third person. However, there are irregular verbs for which unique imperative forms for tú exist. vos ( alternative to tú ) usually takes the same forms as tú (usually with slightly different emphasis) but unique forms exist for it as well. vosotros (plural familiar second person) also takes unique forms for
4424-418: The far-north of Rajasthan and on the northwestern border of Haryana . It includes the dialects of Majhi , Malwai , Doabi , Puadhi and the extinct Lubanki . Sometimes, Dogri and Kangri are grouped into this category. "Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" ( لہندا , lit. ' western ' ) is the name given to the diverse group of Punjabi varieties spoken in the majority of Pakistani Punjab ,
4503-488: The file, then restart your computer". They can sometimes be seen on signs giving orders or warnings "Stop", "Give way", "Do not enter". The use of the imperative mood may be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances. In polite speech, orders or requests are often phrased instead as questions or statements, rather than as imperatives: Politeness strategies (for instance, indirect speech acts ) can seem more appropriate in order not to threaten
4582-402: The grace of the Guru. This Being is one, truth by name, creator, fearless, without hatred, of timeless form, unborn, self-existent, and known by the Guru's grace. There is one supreme being, the eternal reality (true name), the creator, without fear, devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, (known by) the grace of the Guru. The extended version with
4661-769: The imperative. If an imperative takes a pronoun as an object, it is appended to the verb; for example, Dime (Tell me). Pronouns can be stacked like they can in indicative clauses: Imperatives can be formed for usted (singular formal second person), ustedes (plural second person), and nosotros (plural first person) from the respective present subjunctive form. Negative imperatives for these pronouns (as well as tú , vos , and vosotros ) are also formed this way, but are negated by no (e.g. No cantes , "Don't sing"). In Portuguese, affirmative imperatives for singular and plural second person ( tu / vós ) derive from their respective present indicative conjugations, after having their final -s dropped. On
4740-548: The interpretation of the first two words particularly contested. These are rendered as "There is one god", "One reality is", "This being is one" and others. Sometimes the disagreements include capitalizing g in god, or r in reality, which affects the implied meaning in English. Some consider it monotheistic , others monist . The general view favors the monotheistic interpretation, but not the Semitic understanding of monotheism. It
4819-574: The latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / ز , ਸ਼ / ش and ਫ਼ / ف began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / ش also used in Sanskrit borrowings . Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Sindhi , Haryanvi , Pashto and Hindustani . Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār ) may be used. Modern Punjabi emerged in
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#17327653629454898-490: The long form. Punjabi language Europe North America Oceania Punjabi , sometimes spelled Panjabi , is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India . It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to
4977-490: The meaning of "let's (do something)" or "let them (do something)" (the forms may alternatively be called cohortative and jussive ). Imperative mood can be denoted by the glossing abbreviation IMP . It is one of the irrealis moods . Imperative mood is often expressed using special conjugated verb forms. Like other finite verb forms, imperatives often inflect for person and number . Second-person imperatives (used for ordering or requesting performance directly from
5056-602: The most rarely pronounced. The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap . Some speakers soften the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively. In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from Sindhi . The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as نی or نج depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. نیاݨا /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved ñ ) as opposed to کنج /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into nj ). /ŋ/
5135-444: The other hand, their negative imperatives are formed by their respective subjunctive forms, as well as both affirmative and negative imperatives for treatment pronouns ( você(s) ) and plural first person ( nós ). If a verb takes a pronoun, it should be appended to the verb: In spoken Welsh most verbs can form two imperatives, both in the second person: one for singular and one for plural/polite singular. The singular imperative
5214-411: The other specific language sections below. In writing, imperative phrases and sentences may terminate in an exclamation mark (!). Imperatives are used principally for ordering, requesting or advising the listener to do (or not to do) something: "Put down the gun!", "Pass me the sauce", "Don't go too near the tiger." They are also often used for giving instructions as to how to perform a task: "Install
5293-401: The person being addressed) are most common, but some languages also have imperative forms for the first and third persons (alternatively called cohortative and jussive respectively). In English , the imperative is formed using the bare infinitive form of the verb (see English verbs for more details). This is usually also the same as the second-person present indicative form, except in
5372-641: The region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name, Panchanada , which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca ( पञ्च ), Greek pénte ( πέντε ), and Lithuanian Penki , all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp ( अप् ) and with the Av- of Avon . The historical Punjab region , now divided between India and Pakistan,
5451-459: The root statement of Sikhism. The Mūl Mantar is: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ ikk (u) ōaṅkār (u) sat (i) -nām (u) karatā purakh (u) nirapà'u niravair (u) akāl (a) mūrat (i) ajūnī saipàṅ gur (a) -prasād (i) ॥ There is one god, named truth, the creator, without fear, without hate, timeless in form, beyond birth, self-existent, (known by)
5530-459: The same word order as the indicative. See French personal pronouns § Clitic order for detail. Like in English, imperative sentences often end with an exclamation mark, e.g. to emphasize an order. In French there is a very distinctive imperative which is the imperative mood of preterite tense also called (past imperative or imperative of future perfect ), expresses a given order with previous future value which must be executed or fulfilled in
5609-406: The speaker and the addressee (and possibly other people): "Let's go to Barbados this year", "Let us pray". Third person imperatives ( jussives ) are used to suggest or order that a third party or parties be permitted or made to do something: "Let them eat cake", "Let him be executed". There is an additional imperative form that is used for general prohibitions, consisting of the word "no" followed by
5688-428: The stem of the verb, without any ending. For example, Te Reo Māori has the imperative me , which in addition to being put in front of sentences to command (e.g. Me horoi ō ringaringa ; "(you must) wash your hands"), is used to assert the imperative mood in sentences that would be translated as "let's (let us)" in English. An example of this is Me haere tāua , which translates to "let us (you and me) go", but
5767-461: The subject to not do something. They usually begin with the verb "don't" or the negative form of a verb. e.g., example, "Don't be like that." Many languages, even not normally null-subject languages , omit the subject pronoun in imperative sentences, as usually occurs in English (see below ). Details of the syntax of imperative sentences in certain other languages, and of differences between affirmative and negative imperatives, can be found in some of
5846-539: The terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western. While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance. The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues . There
5925-424: The third and second person singular and plural which carries as a gramme or ending -tō for the second and third person singular, -tōte for the second person plural and -ntō for the third person plural. On the other hand, in other languages of the world there is a distinctive imperative, which also has a future value, but with a previous meaning and this is the so-called past imperative that appears in
6004-408: The verb be (which does not use do -support in the indicative): It is also possible to use do -support in affirmative imperatives, for emphasis or (sometimes) politeness: "Do be quiet!", "Do help yourself!". The subject you may be included for emphasis in negated imperatives as well, following don't : "Don't you dare do that again!" Latin regular imperatives include: The negative imperative
6083-696: The verbal pronunciation of the verse. The Mūl Mantar is a widely known part of Sikh scripture, but it has posed a challenge to translators. The first two words Ik Onkar has been rendered multiple ways. It has been translated as "'There is one god', as 'One reality is', 'there is one God', 'singularity despite seeming plurality,' and 'This being is one,' and asserts the "distinctively Sikh theological emphasis" on "the ineffable quality of God" as "the Person beyond time," "the Eternal One," and "the One without form," and
6162-514: Was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like almārī ), Greek (words like dām ), Japanese (words like rikśā ), Chinese (words like cāh , līcī , lukāṭh ) and English (words like jajj , apīl , māsṭar ), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. In fact, the sounds / z / (ਜ਼ / ز ژ ذ ض ظ ), / ɣ / (ਗ਼ / غ ), / q / (ਕ਼ / ق ), / ʃ / (ਸ਼ / ش ), / x / (ਖ਼ / خ ) and / f / (ਫ਼ / ف ) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances
6241-402: Was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Apabhraṃśa , a descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to
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