The Multnomah County Justice Center , or simply Justice Center , is a building located at 1120 Southwest 3rd Avenue in downtown Portland, Oregon . The building was designed by ZGF Architects . It is adjacent to Lownsdale Square .
98-604: It houses Portland Police Bureau 's Central Precinct on the bottom floors, followed by the Multnomah County Detention Center (one of the two county jails ) and PPB's headquarters on the top floors. It also contains four court rooms of the Multnomah County Circuit Court , used mainly for arraignments . It was partially built with highway funds when Rocky Butte Jail was demolished to make way for Interstate 205 . Many of
196-437: A Remington 870 shotgun (fitted with a tactical flashlight in the foregrip). After completion of bureau courses, officers are also authorized to carry Colt AR-15 rifles and FN 40mm single shot less-lethal launchers. Special Emergency Reaction Team (SERT) officers are armed with a variety of additional weapons, including H&K MP5A3 submachine guns , and M4A1 rifles with EOTech holographic sights . The .45 Glock 21
294-469: A loudspeaker , the LRAD has an "alert" feature, which emits loud chirping or beeping sounds, which can be used at the top of the decibel range of the device. These sounds have been reported to cause pain and hearing damage. The use of the alert function for crowd control has been described as a "sound cannon" or sonic weapon , although this has been denied by the manufacturer. The sound can be targeted within
392-513: A wrongful death lawsuit with the city for $ 1.2 million in February 2012. The Portland Police Association fought Frashour's termination, and he was ultimately reinstated after an arbitrator overturned the city's termination in March 2012. Frashour also received his lost wages. PPA president Daryl Turner said the firing had been politically motivated, and said 25 officers had stated the deadly force
490-413: A 30–60° audio beam. This shaping is accomplished through the design of the transducers as well as various reflective horns. The focus of an AHD is typically measured at the frequency of peak directionality. This is typically in the 1–2 kHz range. Not all frequencies of sound are able to be directed equally. Lower frequencies in the bass range are difficult to form. As such, their directionality may be
588-541: A 40 degree radius or more depending on the design of the AHD. LRAD devices are made by Genasys. As of 2022 , the company claims its LRAD products meet the following specifications: LRAD devices include hand-held devices, as well as those mounted on helicopters , motor vehicles and ships. The parameter "ka", which is the wave number multiplied by the speaker radius, is often used to characterize sound source directivity. For this source, ka=19 at 2.5 kHz, and according to
686-406: A GPD captain, said that it could be used for alerts for everything from riots to missing children to weather disasters, and that it could save lives in some cases. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina Police Department Crisis Intervention Team and SWAT negotiators used a long-range acoustic device to talk a man down from an energized electrical tower. The Phoenix, Arizona city council approved
784-513: A Nazi, then I'm Saddam Hussein". The city attorney's office tried to quash the Nazi details in a lawsuit, stating it violated Kruger's free-speech and privacy rights. In 2000, Kruger placed a shrine to Nazi soldiers on public park property at Rocky Butte . When Kruger's past was discovered during the 2003 lawsuits, Kruger removed the shrine. The shrine was stored in the city attorney's office by then-deputy Tracy Reeve, preventing their discovery during
882-516: A competent and valuable member of the Portland Police Bureau. Your skills and talents as a Critical Incident Commander and ability to connect with the community are outstanding. Kruger sued the city in 2013. The resulting 2014 settlement expunged his past disciplinary records and provided him a complimentary letter from police chief Mike Reese. Charlie Hales , (then the mayor and police commissioner), claimed to be unaware of terms of
980-465: A looped warning message about staying off the streets and not blocking the sidewalks. Rochester NY police used verbal warnings and an LRAD to help disperse disorderly crowds during the August 2019 Puerto Rican Festival. Rochester, NY police used a Long Range Acoustic Device to make announcements to protesters that they were unlawfully in the roadway and obstructing traffic on September 12, 2020. The device
1078-533: A narrow and specific range that does not impact those operating the device or standing next to it. Civil liberties organizations are concerned about its use by police forces, and its use has been contested in law courts in the United States. One concern is that police officers are not receiving enough training in its use. Law enforcement organizations and the manufacturer claim that LRAD systems are primarily designed for long-range communications; however,
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#17327804325811176-486: A new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls. From 1851 to 1870 Portland was policed by a marshal, sometimes elected and sometimes appointed, who usually served a two-year term. After 1861, the marshal was empowered to hire deputies, but they did not have permanent jobs until late in
1274-536: A pioneer in the field, served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967. PPB's "Red Squad" was formed in the 1910s to fight a rise of communism, the labor movement, and other left-wing efforts. Its membership was documented to overlap with Oregon's branch of Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s and the pro-Nazi antisemitic Silver Shirts in the 1930s; Red Squad Captain Walter Odale was part of American Defenders,
1372-565: A policy to not use less-lethal force to disperse crowds. He also formed the Rapid Response Team designed for crowd control. During protests against a Bush visit in August 2002, police escalated the force used to disperse protesters, indiscriminately using batons, rubber bullets, and pepper spray. Children (including a 10 month old baby), independent police observers and a TV cameraperson (Beth English, KPTV) were deliberately sprayed from as little as one foot away from their face. This
1470-645: A public address system that allows you to reach thousands of people." Municipal police in Gdańsk, Poznań, Kołobrzeg and other cities in Poland used LRAD systems to deliver COVID-19 notifications. LRAD is used by the Singapore Changi Airport to disperse birds and wildlife from runways. Local police in Leganés, Spain used a vehicle-mounted LRAD to deliver alerts and notifications to residents during
1568-492: A range of settings, including civil disturbances and protests. Acoustic hailing devices differ from conventional speaker systems in three key ways: volume, clarity, and directionality. AHD manufacturers use different methods to measure their products, but a common standard has emerged. Since sound attenuates with distance, extremely high outputs are required to achieve the required range. Acoustic hailing devices have an output of 135 decibels (dB) or greater. The acoustic level of
1666-514: A reality in Portland in the absence of a fundamental change in the philosophy of the officials who formulate policy for the police bureau. In a 1968 City Club of Portland Report on Law Enforcement , PPB were described as having "the right to stop and frisk someone because his skin is black and he is in the black part of town." Albina , the majority-Black area of Portland, was deliberately neglected, as police and Mayor Terry Schrunk confirmed. This
1764-629: A resident wrote Mayor Neil Goldschmidt stating "It seems as if any time a police gets the urge to punch something, they snatch the first available black man they see, and use him to satisfy their savage egos." Four Black men were killed by the police in a six-month period of 1974–1975. In March 1981, PPB officers (Craig Ward, Jim Galloway) dropped dead possums in front of Burger Barn, a Black soul food restaurant owned by George Powe on MLK. Witnesses said there were seven officers and four patrol cars involved. Ward and Galloway said they did it to relieve stress, not out of racial motivation. After pressure from
1862-667: A similar unit of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1983. Individuals tracked in the files included Bev Stein , Ron Herndon , Neil Goldschmidt , Vera Katz , Harl H. Haas Jr. , and Elizabeth Furse . When Harrington became chief in 1985, Falk shared intelligence files on city commissioners Mike Lindberg and Margaret Strachan. She said "I just blew up at [Falk]" and broke up the intelligence and vice divisions. She resigned as chief in June 1986. The files were analyzed by Portland Tribune in 2002 and given to
1960-465: A sound pressure level of 120 dB before feeling pain. AHDs are capable of 135 dB or more of acoustic energy. OSHA states that any sound pressure level over 90 dB requires hearing protection. As volume increases so does the chance of hearing loss. The effective non-lethal range of an AHD depends on the total acoustic output of the unit. Typically, this range is 50 metres (160 ft) or less. In addition to its "voice" feature, which acts as
2058-589: A spinoff of the Silver Shirts. In one of Red Squad's "Weekly Report of Communist Activities", Odale stated Portland was the third-largest center of Nazi activity in the country. The Squad interrogated a student leader at Lincoln High School , and within days of this becoming public in 1937, the Red Squad was disbanded. Still, by 1940, the Silver Shirts were confident that police would side with their organization "if any trouble starts in Portland". By 1923 it
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#17327804325812156-548: A splinter group of black bloc rushed motorcycle police on the Steel Bridge. Police responded, pepperspraying the bloc and innocent bystanders. In 2011, three Portland police officers beat and tazed a citizen during a traffic stop. While denied by the officers, the episode was caught on a nearby security camera, showing him being repeatedly punched in the head and tazed four times in 30 seconds. A medic report stated "police on scene very reluctant to give any info how patient
2254-471: A time that PPB's officers focused on enforcement and patrol of people who could pay them under the table. Unattached women had arrived en masse for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . In 1915, the "Metropolitan Police Force" changed its name to the Bureau of Police. Four years later, the bureau became the first, in the United States, to use a police radio . Sybil Plumlee , also considered to be
2352-626: A type of acoustic hailing device , in 2003. Using this new technology, it became possible for naval personnel to contact approaching vessels which did not respond to radio calls from a distance of over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), enabling them to respond appropriately in a timely manner and avert danger. Since then the technology has developed and expanded. Genasys launched its voice-based mass notification systems in 2012, and in 2019 its unified multichannel Critical Communications and Enterprise Safety system. LRAD devices have become widely used for communications, and increasingly for crowd control in
2450-453: A way to utilize the LRADs purchased to their full potential sparked an investigation suspecting corruption behind their acquisition. National Police Headquarters spokesman Mariusz Sokolowski defended the purchase of LRAD. He also stressed that the police decided to make this investment because, "We needed good sound reinforcement equipment. With numerous demonstrations and gatherings, police need
2548-486: Is intelligible at distance. Clarity is difficult to measure, since it is a subjective reference. However, different scales have been created to compare devices. A common measurement is the Speech Transmission Index (STI). STI ratings range from 0–1.0, with 1.0 being perfect clarity. AHDs are lastly characterized by directionality. To ensure messages are broadcast to the target, AHDs shape sound into
2646-474: Is louder than standing behind a jet engine taking off, or a nearby gunshot . Following the impetus for its initial development, 25 navies have adopted the use of LRADs as of 2022 , to provide protection for their vessels. Navy personnel can contact approaching vessels from over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and respond defensively if necessary. They are also used by coast guards , naval bases , commercial vessels, and in ports. Genasys offers its products for
2744-568: Is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Since 1992, there have been several cases of suspects having died while in custody at the Multnomah County Detention Center. Oregon passed Prohibition laws in 1915. These were enacted in 1916, well ahead of the 18th Amendment . Mayor H. Russell Albee , embroiled in several unrelated controversies, ordered chief John Clark to visibly enforce
2842-619: Is still in use is the Chevrolet Tahoe . Traffic officers use BMW R1200RT motorcycles. All Portland police officers are armed with a 9mm Glock handgun, either the Glock 17 , or the Glock 19 . Plainclothes officers carry a Glock 26 . Most uniformed officers' handguns are equipped with SureFire or Streamlight tactical lights. Officers often carry a backup firearm that must conform to regulations regarding caliber and type. All Portland Police Bureau officers are authorized to carry
2940-405: Is their clarity. Their horns and cones create sound that is distorted or out of phase. This results in the common " Charlie Brown " effect, where the message is muffled and misunderstood, analogous to the muted brass squawks representing the unintelligible voices of adults in animated Peanuts specials. AHDs create sound that is in phase. Because of this, sound emitted from acoustic hailing devices
3038-696: The 2012 Summer Olympic Games . It was spotted fixed to a landing craft on the River Thames . An LRAD was present, but not used, during protests of the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City . LRAD was present and used when the New York City Police department raided and destroyed the Occupy Wall Street encampment from Zuccotti Park to disrupt and disperse the crowd before arresting or ejecting them on
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3136-801: The Active Denial System ; one activist claimed that " supersonic weapons" had been used. On June 26, 2015, Czech Special Forces Police may have deployed an LRAD 500X during anti-immigration and anti-Islam protests in Brno , the second largest city in the Czech Republic . Police in Prague used a vehicle-mounted LRAD on November 17, 2020, to repeatedly alert protesters on Wenceslas Square to follow COVID restrictions and wear masks. On that day, police supervised several rallies, meetings and demonstrations. Thousands of participants gathered at
3234-661: The Black United Front and protests, Ward and Galloway were fired, though no other officers were punished. Stan Peters and the PPA protested the firings, organizing a "Cops Have Rights Too" rally, and demanding Charles Jordan, Portland's first Black city councilor and police commissioner. PPA hired Ward and Galloway to work for the union in the meantime; months later, the firing of the two was overturned in binding arbitration, which found Jordan failed to follow procedures. Marches and rallies were held, and Rev. C. T. Vivian came to
3332-593: The George Floyd and police brutality protests in Portland have been centered near the building. This Oregon -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Portland Police Bureau The Portland Police Bureau ( PPB ), officially the Portland Bureau of Police , is the law enforcement agency of the city of Portland , the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon . While oversight of Portland's bureaus shifts among
3430-754: The Hellenic Armed Forces . Japan's Coast Guard used Long Range Acoustic Devices and other methods to expel a North Korean fishing flotilla from its waters in September 2017. In February 2009, the Japanese whaling fleet operating in Antarctic waters near Australia installed LRADs on their vessels. The device was used against activists of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society . The Japanese fleet later escalated
3528-504: The Probasco Decree . It required the police to stop using "insulting, degrading or ethnically derogatory terms" towards citizens, banned the use of SAP gloves and leaded batons, and required a search warrant to enter a home. The Internal Affairs Division was created, though it was substantially ineffective, tossing out 90% of complaints in the first year, and nearly 93% of complaints in 1979. Police behavior did not change; in 1974,
3626-415: The nearfield which produces peaks 6 dB higher than the output pressure and nulls where the pressure is essentially zero. The larger the speaker, and the higher the frequency, the longer the effective nearfield. The nearfield for this device is approximately 8 metres (26 ft). An LRAD can thus emit a targeted "beam" of sound at very high volume, up to 160 dB at one meter from the device. This
3724-662: The suicide attack on the USS ; Cole while it was at a port in Yemen in 2000. Following this attack, the United States Navy established a requirement for an acoustic hailing device. The intent of this AHD was to provide the Navy with a means to establish the intent of an approaching vessel at a distance such that defensive measures could be taken should the vessel not heed a warning. One unique aspect of this requirement
3822-582: The 1860s. Thomas O'Connor, a deputy, became the first Portland officer to die while on duty in a shooting on August 21, 1867. The bureau, originally named the Portland Metropolitan Police Force, was established in 1870 by the Portland City Council. The Council appointed James Lappeus as its first chief of police, in charge of a force with six patrolmen and one lieutenant, at a time when the population of Portland
3920-620: The 2015 settlement requirement. In September 2020, it was revealed that federal officials had explored the use of the device and the Active Denial System ("heat ray") to disperse civilians protesting outside the White House in June of that year , but had been advised that the National Guard was not currently in possession of either device. LRAD was reportedly used by the Oakland Police Department during
4018-556: The ACLU, Black United Front, Bicycle Repair Collective, and the People's Food co-op. The Intelligence Division had approximately six officers who would gather intelligence and news clippings on organizations and individuals related to them. The paperwork was against city policy, and in 1981 it became against state law (181.575). Some reports were filed even after 1981. Most of the reports focused on left-leaning organizations. Winfield Falk took
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4116-483: The City of Portland Archives (PARC) in 2004. During an ethnographic study using document theory , researcher Kathy Carbone created an object biography on the files as a whole, noting the concept of "imagined-but-unavailable records" led many to experience strong emotions. Further, the files became recontextualized over time. In 2000, a large protest occurred on May Day. Following that, police chief Mark Kroeker issued
4214-407: The LRAD data sheet, the beam angle of about 30 degrees total is what is predicted for a regular loudspeaker. Small spherical "point-source" acoustic devices follow the known inverse square law , which predicts the loss of 6 decibels (dB) per doubling of distance from the source, solely due to geometric spreading . Large speakers (or large arrays), such as these, have an interference pattern in
4312-732: The Marine Corps, and was buried with military honors at Willamette National Cemetery . After scrutiny over Officer Gary Barbour's chokehold, on the day of his funeral, officers sold "don't choke 'em, smoke 'em" t-shirts from a police precinct (Kelly Penumbra building, 47th and E Burnside) and the Portland Police Association 's bar, the Portland Police Athletic Association . Two officers, Richard Montee and Paul Wickersham, were fired by Mayor Bud Clark , but later reinstated. A month after
4410-491: The Portland Police Association union. The union also represents 911 call takers and dispatchers, who work for the Bureau of Emergency Communication. On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty , for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on
4508-794: The Princess Anne Police Department deployed its LRAD system at the request of the Maryland State Police to disperse an unruly concert crowd on the campus of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. The Columbus, Ohio Police Department (CPD) demonstrated a Long Range Acoustic Device to the local media on November 21, 2016. CPD expects to use the device for crowd control, barricaded suspect operations, and to communicate to residents during emergencies and natural disasters. The Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Department purchased Long Range Acoustic Devices to improve
4606-499: The attack. The ship was badly damaged, with 17 U.S. Navy sailors killed and 37 injured. Following this attack, navies around the world made several policy changes, while the American Technology Corporation (which was rebranded to LRAD Corporation in 2010 and to Genasys in late October 2019 ) created and developed the AHD market, which included the launch of its proprietary Long Range Acoustic Device,
4704-419: The attention of the wider public when it was used at the 2022 anti-vaccine mandate Canberra protests in "loud hailer" mode for voice messages to be announced to the protesters, and there was speculation among protesters regarding purported harms from its use. However, there was no evidence that it was used as a siren. In addition, some reports appeared to confuse the LRAD with other crowd control devices, such as
4802-472: The city to organize anti-Klan efforts, believing the possums represented a "Klan mentality" in the department and the ruling would lead to further attacks. In 1985, Penny Harrington became Portland's first female chief of police, and the first to head a major U.S. police department. Also in 1985, PPB killed a Black veteran, Lloyd Stevenson, by placing him in a chokehold. Stevenson had served in Vietnam for
4900-688: The clearance of the Occupy Oakland encampment on the morning of 25 October 2011. Police in San Diego, California, used an LRAD on May 27, 2016, to order anti-Trump protesters to disperse. The Mendocino County (California) Board of Supervisors approved the purchase of a Long Range Acoustic Device for the Mendocino County Sheriff's Office on April 18, 2017. Sheriff Tom Allman said the device would aid in searches for missing persons, most often hunters and mushroom pickers, which cost
4998-638: The country-wide COVID-19 lockdown. According to Citizen Security, Communication and local government spokesman, Oscar Oliveira, "Because the acoustic device can be heard inside of houses, we can inform older residents with mobility issues that all municipal resources are available through the Citizen Attention Service by calling 010." It was confirmed by the Ministry of Defence on May 11, 2012, that an LRAD would be deployed in London during
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#17327804325815096-537: The county tens of thousands of dollars. He said the LRAD might have made the intense 2011 manhunt for Aaron Bassler a little easier, and that it could be used to warn of a tsunami. MCSO found LRAD useful out of a low-flying plane, and it could help in a barricaded-person situation to communicate from the outside of the building. The Greensboro, North Carolina Police Department (GPD) purchased an LRAD 300X and demonstrated it for reporters in November 2015. Jonathan Franks,
5194-501: The delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19. This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing George Floyd protests , some of them at PPA headquarters. On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2026. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $ 7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains
5292-514: The department's ability to issue dispersal orders clearly over long distances. The purchases resulted from the department's after-action report of the May 30, 2020 riot in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. The Seattle Police Department in Washington purchased an LRAD in response to claims that it did not adequately communicate orders to demonstrators during the summer 2020 protests. SPD's use of its LRAD
5390-407: The device has an extremely high decibel capacity and has been controversially used as a less-lethal weapon for crowd control. Police usually use models that are not quite as powerful as the military-grade version; however, generating levels ranging from 137 dB to 154 dB, they are capable of causing pain, disorientation, nausea , migraines , and permanent damage. The NYPD 's LRAD use
5488-441: The device). Other uses have included for negotiations in siege situations; to deal with piracy at sea; for mass notification during natural disasters or other emergencies; and by defense forces, including several navies . Acoustic hailing devices are acoustic devices capable of outputting intelligible sound at very high volumes. The distance at which acoustic hailing can be effective varies based on several factors including
5586-575: The first half of 2020, Bad Homburg's fire brigade and city police used an LRAD 100X system more than 60 times to deliver COVID-19 information. Hellenic Police acquired two LRAD systems to be used at the Evros border. These were tested after the March 2020 migrant crisis at the border, triggered by the Turkish government. They are to be used as a deterrent against illegal border entry, as a notification system, as well as to handle aggressive actions against
5684-650: The five City Commissioners , the mayor has historically been assigned to the Police Bureau as the police commissioner . The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of September 2024, the Bureau has around 800 sworn members, 35 cadets , and over 300 professional staff. The Portland Police Bureau divides Portland into three precincts , with each precinct divided into as many as 20 districts. The divisions are generally based on neighborhood association boundaries , but also take into account
5782-1060: The following categories of use on its U.S. website: defense, law enforcement , fire and rescue services, border security , protection of critical infrastructure , and maritime safety. As of 2022 its products are in use in 100 countries. The Asia-Pacific website is focused on emergency management during natural disasters such as bushfires . It is not categorized as a defense item, and does not require an export license. The technology can also be used to deter wildlife from airport runways , as at Changi Airport in Singapore , and to protect gas and oil platforms from fishing boats , birds and security threats. There are two basic ways of using LRAD devices: for voice amplification and as an alert. The technology used in " siren mode" (called an "alert tone" by Genasys ), primarily for usage in emergency situations, has also been used for crowd control. In this mode, it allows sound transmission at around 2,000–4,000 Hertz , which causes maximum discomfort for
5880-572: The investigation. The accusations have prompted a Copwatch program in Portland. In neither the Chasse nor the James interactions were the Portland Police Bureau, nor any sworn officer, found guilty of criminal wrongdoing. In January 2010, PPB shot and killed Aaron Campbell, a black man, in what Jesse Jackson called an execution. Campbell was suicidal and was known to own a gun. During a welfare check , Campbell had been responding to officer commands and
5978-579: The killing, when a grand jury decided to not prosecute the officers, PPA president Stan Peters said people shouldn't "dwell on the past", stating community relations would improve once those angry with the police moved on. He had previously called Black leaders "opportunists" and "vultures" over the Stevenson killing reaction. The headquarters of the Portland Police Bureau was in the Portland Police Block until 1984. The 1912 building
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#17327804325816076-545: The largest protests in the Old Town Square. The police and a Prague City Hall representative used an LRAD to repeatedly call upon demonstrators to follow COVID public safety protocols and to comply with security measures. During a November 25, 2021 march from the center of Prague to the local soccer stadium for a Europa Conference League match, Prague police and regional Czech law enforcement officers utilized vehicle mounted LRADs to broadcast frequent warnings against
6174-409: The lawsuits. Kruger remained on the force and was promoted to captain in 2009. Kruger admitted to wearing Nazi uniforms, explaining that he was a history buff, but denied ever engaging in racist activities or holding Nazi beliefs. In 2010, the shrine's existence was discovered in an internal affairs investigation ordered by commissioner Dan Saltzman. Kruger was disciplined and suspended for two weeks, but
6272-649: The morning of 15 November 2011. On December 5, 2014, the NYPD utilized an LRAD, notifying approximately 100 protestors to disperse, during the protest of the police killing of Eric Garner in Midtown Manhattan. The NYPD used a Long Range Acoustic Device during the Baltimore solidarity rally in Union Square on April 29, 2015. An NYPD pickup truck equipped with an LRAD parked near protesters and broadcast
6370-563: The number of police calls generated in each district. The district serves as the basic unit of territory within the bureau, and most districts are assigned between one and two patrol officers . As such, busier districts are geographically smaller and slower districts are larger. The infrastructure of each precinct is essentially the same, though the number of officers in each precinct is adjusted continually through transfers, new hires and attrition. The PPB primarily uses Ford Explorers for their marked vehicles. An older marked vehicle that
6468-662: The pattern for prohibition enforcement in Portland: with the priority being enforcement of the dry laws against minorities and immigrants. Portland's liquor from Prohibition through the 1950s was supplied through a loose ring of Pullman porters . A 1917 raid on Portland's Golden West Hotel , the a hotspot for Portland's Black population and the porters, was a very public event even if no charges were successful. George Luis Baker became mayor in June 1917; he and PPB chief Leon Jenkins took control of liquor distribution (through bootlegging ) and kept speakeasies open. Confiscated liquor
6566-430: The people targeted, as this is the frequency range at human hearing is most sensitive. Although sometimes referred to as an Active Denial System , the latter is based on a different technology, in which millimetre-wave radiation causes nerve receptors in the skin to feel heat, via dielectric heating . Acoustic hailing devices have the potential to be used as non-lethal weapons . The human ear can typically stand
6664-616: The process; Hendricks announced his retirement when the review was opened. In July 2013, Kruger received a "We Are Portland" award from the Portland Office of Equity and Human Rights (EHR). The director of EHR asked Kruger to not attend the public ceremony and to instead receive the award later; the director apologized for this, recognizing Kruger's "current work and dedication to our city's immigrant and refugee community". The EHR said they weren't aware of investigations into Kruger. I am writing to affirm that I consider you to be
6762-440: The prohibition laws. Clark created a "morals squad" in 1916 with Lt. Leo A. Harms as its leader. The raids and arrests focused on the consumers and low-level suppliers, making little impact. Even when an individual appeared in front of a jury trial, the jury would decline to find the person guilty. In at least two cases the jury drank the evidence (liquor) then acquitted the accused for lack of evidence. The Golden West raid... set
6860-537: The protesters. A document released under the Official Information Act (OIA), revealed two long range acoustic devices (LRADs) were deployed at the Parliament protest on March 2. LRAD was present, but not used because of current legal regulations during protests in Poland, including Million Marijuana March 2011 and Marsz Niepodległości (National Independence Day March) 2011 and 2012. Lacking
6958-611: The purchase of two LRAD 500X systems in November 2018 "to give clear and concise messages to groups of people whenever we find it necessary". Police utilized a Long Range Acoustic device to declare an unlawful assembly in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, on May 28, 2020, during the George Floyd protests . Multiple announcements were made in English and Spanish. The Salisbury, Maryland Police Department acquired an LRAD in October 2013 with proceeds from their speed cameras. On February 17, 2017,
7056-498: The records home sometime between 1981 and 1985, then moved them to a barn in eastern Washington. Falk died in 1987, and Portland Tribune 's Phil Stanford chased leads until he found and acquired the files in 2002 or prior. Stanford "was devastated" because they weren't of use to him, so he gave them to the Tribune. Winfield Falk was a member of the right-wing John Birch Society , which had been involved with intelligence gathering in
7154-483: The settlement, despite signing it. Amid outrage, Hales apologized when the details were made public. Commissioner Novick called it outrageous and "an insult to anyone of Jewish or Russian or Polish descent." In several high-profile cases, including the James Chasse, Jr. and Kendra James incidents, the Portland Police Bureau has been accused of engaging in the abuse of force and then covering up
7252-413: The sound level, directionality, and frequency of the acoustic source, the sensitivity and directionality of the receiver, and the transmission channel environment. The sound level diminishes or attenuates with distance. Consequently, as a general rule, higher source levels have greater range. Acoustic hailing devices can come in two forms; The term acoustic hailing device came into common use following
7350-445: The source is commonly expressed in terms of Sound Pressure Level or SPL. SPL is a logarithmic measure of the rms sound pressure of a sound relative to a reference value. It is measured in decibels (dB) above a standard reference level. For reference, at a distance of 1 meter, a normal talking voice is approximately 50 dB and a jet engine at 30 meters is 150 dB. A principal weakness of common speaker systems and bullhorns
7448-493: The time", calling the police "plantation overseers". These frustrations caused a peaceful rally to turn into an unprompted riot at Irving Park in 1967. After this, the Intelligence Unit collected information on any vocal activists and their friends, then harassed individuals "until they found a charge that would stick". A 1969 class action lawsuit on behalf of 20,000 Black Portlanders led to the 1971 settlement called
7546-524: The use of LRAD, deploying it against a Sea Shepherd helicopter carrying a camera crew. Sea Shepherd noted that they had an LRAD of their own, but as of early 2010, had not put it into use other than to play a recording of " Ride of the Valkyries " in the manner of attacking U.S. Army helicopters depicted in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now . During the dispersion of New Zealand's parliament protest in March 2022, LRAD were used by New Zealand police against
7644-529: The use of pyrotechnics by the large crowds. Prague police officers utilized a vehicle-mounted LRAD to issue more than 500 warnings to revelers not to set off pyrotechnics during downtown December 31, 2021 - January 1, 2022 New Year's Eve celebrations. A vehicle-mounted LRAD was deployed by police in Prague on March 11, 2023, to communicate to and warn away demonstrators from the National Museum. In
7742-399: The world by various commercial, law enforcement, and military groups. In October 2000 the USS Cole , an American guided missile destroyer , was bombed in an attack by al-Qaeda operatives, using a small boat packed with explosives. The naval personnel on Cole were unable to be sure that their messages could be heard by the approaching boat at a sufficient distance to possibly avert
7840-640: Was also used at the September 16, 2020 protest in front of Rochester city hall. The Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department used a LRAD at the January 21, 2017 Women's March . Protesters at the June 1, 2020 Washington, D.C. George Floyd protests said police gave little or no warning before employing aggressive tactics against them. A 2015 settlement requires federal police to give large crowds several loud dispersal orders before deploying chemical irritants and other dispersion tools. Using an LRAD to issue loud protest dispersal orders would have complied with
7938-520: Was counter to the RRT training and the Kroeker policy. The assistant chief, Greg Clark, put responsibility of the children being pepper sprayed on the parents; complaints were filed with the Bureau but they said no inappropriate behavior had occurred. Mayor Vera Katz , however, began to make changes on how crowd dispersal is handled. Protesters and police both escalated tactics in 2002–2003; in March 2003,
8036-434: Was disappointed by the reinstatement. LRAD A long-range acoustic device ( LRAD ), acoustic hailing device (AHD) or sound cannon is a specialized loudspeaker that produces sound at high power for communicating at a distance. It has been used as a method of crowd control , which has caused permanent hearing damage, having an extremely high decibel capacity (up to 160 dB measured at one meter from
8134-704: Was estimated over half of the PPB were also members of the Klan. In 1964, Black Albina resident Cleotis Rhodes was shot during a traffic stop, which led to his death. The use-of-force guidelines were amended by the new police chief to note firearms should only be used related to felonies. The Mayor and the Chief of Police have indicated that in their opinions the Kerner Report is not applicable to Portland. Satisfactory police-citizen relations are not likely to be achieved as
8232-412: Was facing away from them with his hands on his head. When officers felt he was not responding to their commands, an officer (Lewton) shot him with a beanbag round; Campbell then lowered his hands and began to run away. Lewton then shot him with five more beanbag rounds and a K-9 unit released their German Shepherd. Officer Ronald Frashour then shot Campbell in the back with his AR-15, as Frashour believed he
8330-427: Was injured". In 2014 his civil suit by jury trial concluded, with the jury awarding him $ 562,000. Greg Kafoury, a lawyer for the citizen, stated "The Portland police are a law unto themselves. These officers will not be disciplined. ...In the past 50 years, no Portland police officer has ever lost their job for physically abusing a citizen." The officers were cleared through an internal investigation. Sgt. Mark Kruger
8428-493: Was intensified by the ghettoization (through redlining and other means), concentrating Portland's Black population in Albina. Portland police were disproportionately white (1% were Black) even compared to the low percentage of Blacks in Portland (7%). Attitudes were reflected in a 1966 survey, where 86% of officers thought the civil rights movement was happening "moving too fast". Youth in the Albina neighborhood felt "watched all
8526-606: Was less than 9,000. The first member of the Metropolitan Police Force to die in the line of duty was Officer Charles F. Schoppe, who was shot to death on June 13, 1874, while trying to disarm a drunken saloon patron. On April 1, 1908, the bureau became the first in the United States to hire a female police officer, Lola Baldwin , who became the Superintendent of its newly established Women's Protective Division, especially noted for helping women during
8624-665: Was no use of the LRAD in public situations; most usage had been by the various police forces for communications during natural disasters or for negotiations with hostage -takers in a siege , where it was too dangerous to approach a suspect. In June 2020, during the Black Lives Matter protests in New South Wales , NSW Police used LRADs in a different way for the first time, and it has been used at other anti-racism protests in Australia. The device came to
8722-588: Was not demoted or fired. Kruger continued to state that he was a history buff, not a Nazi. He remained on the force until his retirement. In a May 2013 investigation of Kruger, assistant police chief Eric Hendricks discouraged Kruger from appearing before the Performance Review Board to defend himself in a retaliation case. Hendricks was also in charge of internal affairs and police professional standards. A review found that Hendricks didn't violate any rule, but that his actions were contrary to
8820-521: Was not reasonably necessary, that Frashour's rigid thought process saw all of Campbell's reactions in the worst light, and that Frashour evaluated the situation as a sniper. Lewton and two other officers received an 80-hour (two week) suspension. A grand jury was convened by the Multnomah County District Attorney (a standard practice); the grand jury declined to indict any of the officers. Campbell's family settled
8918-532: Was once included in the list of handguns that could be used as a service pistol. However, after two incidents in which Glock 21s exploded in the hands of officers at a shooting range, the Bureau abandoned the Glock 21. All uniformed officers carry pepper spray , the ASP expandable baton and a Taser . Portland Police Bureau has a LRAD "sound cannon". Most of the bureau's rank-and-file employees are represented by
9016-407: Was reaching for a gun and would be behind cover. After several internal reviews, Police Chief Michael Reese terminated Frashour in November 2010, indicating he had acted in poor judgement, that Campbell was instinctively responding to pain from the beanbag, was only displaying passive resistance, and had not put officers or the community in immediate threat. Based on that Reese believed the use of force
9114-409: Was reasonable during Frashour's arbitration. William Lewinski , an expert witness and police shooting advocate, also defended Frashour, stating Campbell could have grabbed his gun, turned around, and fired at an officer faster than Frashour could have reacted with his AR-15 at the ready. This action-reaction theory was called the "Superman theory" by Portland Copwatch 's Dan Handelman. Mayor Sam Adams
9212-500: Was revealed to have pepper sprayed Beth English, the KPTV cameraperson, in the 2002 protest. After documented aggression against English and another woman the following year, friends began to speak out against him, stating he had been collecting Nazi memorabilia in the early 1980s and that they would drive through the city, yelling racist and homophobic statements at people. The PPB defended Kruger. PPB spokesperson Brian Schmautz said "If he's
9310-461: Was stored in PPB's Central Precinct basement. Several officers on the morals and motorcycle squads were involved in the smuggling. The motorcycle squad operated under Captain Frank Ervin, handling chief Jenkins' "dirty work" such as anti-union work and alcohol distribution. Jim Purcell, later chief detective and police chief, was clearly linked with mobster Jim Elkins and described later as "He
9408-463: Was that the sound needed to be focused so that it could be clearly directed at the approaching vessel. Since their inception in 2002, acoustic hailing devices have grown into a variety of applications. AHD uses include checkpoints, crowd control , maritime shipping , mass notification, early warning systems , critical infrastructure protection , military applications and wildlife protection and control. Acoustic hailing devices are now fielded all over
9506-599: Was to be challenged in US federal court in 2020. Due to potential risks and a lack of studies on the health impact of sonic weapons, the American Civil Liberties Union recommended in a fact sheet that their use in protests be suspended. By mid-2016, most Australian police forces had acquired LRADs ( Queensland Police said that they had been using it since 2009), and concerns were raised about their use for crowd control. However, before 2020, there
9604-480: Was very good at derailing investigations and covering up murders. Jim Elkins... paid Purcell well for his services." A wild Oregon Auto Dealers convention at the Multnomah Hotel led to a raid in 1918, yet no arrests for drinking were made. In the 1950s through the 1980s, PPB's Intelligence Division, the effective successor to the Red Squad, kept files on hundreds of Portland organizations, ranging from
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