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53-510: The city of Mungyeong was created after Jeomchon City and rural Mungyeong County were combined in 1995. It is now an urban-rural complex similar to 53 other small and medium-sized cities with a population under 300,000 people in South Korea. The Mungyeong area is believed to have been controlled by a mixture of Jinhan and Byeonhan states during the Samhan period in the first centuries of

106-420: A bicycle path . In April 2020 a 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) cable-driven people mover - called the "Mungyeong Dansan Tourist Monorail" - opened to take people to the peak of Mount Dan (959 meters above sea level) near Mungyeongsaejae Pass. Ten 8-passenger vehicles take visitors to the summit, with a round trip time of 35 minutes. (Although the system is called a 'monorail' it runs on two rails). The summit has

159-587: A ceramics museum nearby, and the Coal Museum in Gaeun-eup. Additional local tourist attractions include spas , a shooting range, a paragliding area, and the Gyeongcheon Lake reservoir in the east. Parkland takes up a significant portion of Mungyeong's total area. The Songnisan National Park covers part of Gaeun-eup in the southwest. Mungyeong Saejae is itself a provincial park, covering

212-406: A few traces have vanished, was constructed near Haneuljae in present-day Mungyeong-eup. In the early Goryeo period, in 983, King Seongjong reorganized local government yet again. Most of Mungyeong remained divided into assorted hyeon, under the central jurisdiction of Sangju. In 1390, Mungyeong-gun (Mungyeong County) begins to appear in the records, although not with its current boundaries. In

265-450: A flat rock. This practice is thought to have lasted up to the Gaya confederacy . The language of Jinhan is thought to be the predecessor of the language of Silla , which in turn was the supposed ancestor of the modern Korean language . However, due to multiple evidence stating that Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo spoke similar languages without a need of a translator, it can be deduced that

318-515: A general restructuring. The Gyeongbuk Line carries three to five passenger trains a day in each direction, in addition to significant freight traffic. No airports are located within Mungyeong, but a small airport with passenger service operates in neighboring Yecheon. The culture of Mungyeong is generally speaking similar to that of other rural areas in Gyeongsang province. It is marked by

371-743: A large segment of the population professes no religious belief. Churches can be found in any sizeable community within Mungyeong. The area around Joryeong Mountain contains numerous places of importance for shamanic practitioners, or musogin . Mungyeong is home to the Sangmu Phoenix baseball team and the Mungyeong Sangmu women's football team, and athletics remain highly popular in the city. The city stadium in Jeomchon hosts public athletic competitions, and in addition, numerous private establishments such as batting cages can be found in

424-575: A man from Gaeun-eup (then Gaseon-hyeon) named Ajagae fomented a local peasant rebellion which seized the fortress of Sangju. His son, Kyŏn Hwŏn , who was also probably born in Gaeun, ruled the kingdom of Later Baekje during the Later Three Kingdoms period . Various literary figures of the Joseon period hailed from Mungyeong, as did heroes of the resistance against Japanese attacks in

477-552: A number of attractions including camping sites and mountain bike trails. 2015 Mungyeong Military World Games ( 세계 군인 체육 대회 ; 世界軍人體育大會 ) In October 2015, competitions were held in various parts of North Gyeongsang Province. It was held in Mungyeong, and the match was held in Mungyeong at the stadium of the Korean Armed Forces Athletic Corps . The automobile is the preferred means of transportation for most Mungyeong residents. Auto ownership

530-485: A relatively strong persistence of Korean Confucian values. The city retains ties to traditional arts. Various Korean folksongs, including the Mungyeong Saejae arirang , are distinctive to the district. However, the most intensely promoted art form in the district is Mungyeong's traditional ceramic craft, which dates to the Joseon period and is still practiced by many master potters in the area. The city

583-437: A substantial area of Mungyeong-eup. Also covering part of Mungyeong-eup and a considerable chunk of Dongno-myeon is Woraksan National Park . The municipal government has striven to convert the coal-mining tradition into a tourist attraction as much as possible. For example, a Coal Museum has been set up in Gaeun, which was once the heart of the mining district. Likewise, the former Gaeun Line railroad has been converted into

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636-674: Is also served by passenger rail, through the Gyeongbuk Line , which runs from Yeongju to Gimcheon (where it joins the Gyeongbu Line , and stops at Jeomchon Station. In the past, the Mungyeong Line and Gaeun Line , spurs which run from Jeomchon Station to Mungyeong-eup and Gaeun-eup, also carried passenger traffic. However, this was discontinued by the Korean National Railroad in 1995, as part of

689-419: Is also well known for its traditional tea bowl festival since 1999. Local cuisine, although broadly similar to South Korean cuisine in general, does contain some local flourishes. The North Gyeongsang specialty jjim dalk , a spicy chicken and noodle dish, and Chuncheon-style chicken galbi are widely available. As elsewhere in South Korea, Christianity coexists with Korean Buddhism and shamanism , and

742-431: Is exported to major urban centers on South Korea. Orchard farming, particularly apple growing plays an important role, with 4.4 km (1.7 sq mi) of land devoted to orcharding. The local government has set up various institutions to promote agricultural and industrial development, including "agro-industrial complexes" located around the rural districts. These efforts have met with some success, as for example

795-488: Is not clear, although the contemporary Chinese chronicle San Guo Zhi alleges that Jinhan was identical with Jin (while another record describes Jin as the predecessor of the Samhan as a whole). Jinhan and Byeonhan shared essentially the same culture, with varying religious customs, and apparently were not separated by a clear boundary. Many of the archeological evidence found in the area lack distinguishable differences with

848-569: Is quite high, with a total of 21,687 cars owned, according to local statistics. However, because of the city's low population density, traffic congestion is rare. National highways connect Jeomchon with Sangju, Chungju and Yeongju. Before the end of 2004, the portion of the Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway running through Mungyeong was completed. Interchanges with the expressway are located at Jeomchon and Mungyeong-eup. This has led to significant changes in local transit patterns and

901-538: Is very rugged, except in some of the urban areas and villages that can be found in the valleys and hills. The main water system ranges from the upper stream of the 23.7 km (14.7 mi) long Namhan River , which flows through the county. Pyeongchang River , one of the streams flowing from Odaesan , joins several streams at Jungnyeong, Danyang, and Geumgok, originating from Sobaeksan . Danyang Stream, which has its source in Hakseongsan , Gyeongsangbuk-do , joins

954-585: The Saejae Sinmun . These weeklies are dominated by classified advertising , but also carry a selection of local news and commentary. In recent years, cable television and high-speed internet service has become widespread in Mungyeong. Mungyeong is divided into 2 eup, 7 myeon and 5 dongs. These are the primary divisions of the city; each is divided in turn into a large number of ri. (For more information on these terms, see Administrative divisions of South Korea ) . The dongs are all clustered around

1007-537: The Common Era . The Jinhan state of Geungi-guk may have been located near Sanyang-myeon. Byeonhan states such as Sabeol-guk and Gosunsi-guk, which probably controlled the Hamchang area of Sangju, may also have extended their control over adjacent areas that are now part of Mungyeong. However, this stage of local history is almost entirely hypothetical, since very little evidence of any kind remains. At any rate,

1060-672: The Gyeongsang region. The three gates which controlled traffic on that road are now maintained as tourist attractions. Various other places around Mungyeong are renowned for their scenery. Among these is the Jinnam Bridge area, which a regional newspaper called the Yeongnam Ilbo once called "one of the eight wonders of Gyeongsangbuk-do." There are three museums in Mungyeong: the historical museum at Mungyeong Saejae,

1113-640: The Hata clan who were wrongfully labeled as descendants of the Qin Dynasty simply for being associated with Silla. Book of Wei - Volume 30 's some part are record left by Wei envoy who visited Okjeo and Jinhan after the victory of the Goguryeo–Wei War and the Battle of Giryeong at the late 3rd century. Thus, Jinhan's 12 countries are records of quasi-independent countries that have weakened since

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1166-556: The Joseon period, the Eight Provinces were laid out and thus Mungyeong became part of Gyeongsang Province , which it remains. During later Joseon times, the road from Seoul to Busan was established running over Mungyeong Saejae. Beginning in the 18th century, gates were erected on the road to control traffic and protect travelers from brigandage. These gates are still preserved today. The first railroads were constructed in

1219-586: The Korean War (the line was completed in 1955). Local self-governance was established in the early years of the Republic of Korea, but abruptly cancelled following the military coup of 1961. After the end of military dictatorship, local representative government was reinstituted in 1991. At that time, the present-day territory of Mungyeong was divided between Jeomchon City and Mungyeong County. The city acquired its present-day borders on January 1, 1995, when

1272-453: The Qin dynasty at the end of the 3rd century BCE and carried over the name "Qin/秦". However, due to the dates overlapping with Jin state (4th~2nd century BCE) and no Korean historical documents backing this claim, it is mostly regarded as a false rumor as the Samhan kingdoms (including Jinhan) specifically claimed successorship over Jin (辰國) and not the Qin Dynasty (秦朝) (it is also noted that

1325-543: The monsoonal rainy season in July and August. The seat of government is located in Jeomchon 4-dong. Local government is ruled by representative democracy in a parliamentary system. However, many aspects of local governance are actually under centralized provincial or national control. For example, educational affairs are overseen by the Mungyeong Office of Education, which reports not to the city government but to

1378-402: The 1980s, and since then the municipal government has focused on developing tourism, agriculture and light industry in the region. Because of its mountainous condition, most of Mungyeong's land (roughly 75%) is unsuitable for farming. Nonetheless, the agricultural sector continues to play an important role in the local economy as well. Some local produce is sold directly in the area, but most

1431-611: The Chinese commanderies and the small coastal state of Dongye . However, some scholars place Jinhan in the Han River valley, bounded by Mahan on the north and Byeonhan on the south. Danyang County Danyang County ( Korean :  단양군 ; RR :  Danyang-gun ) is in North Chungcheong Province , South Korea. The geographical terrain is 83.7% mountainous and 11.2% cultivable. It

1484-638: The East". As part of the Samhan, Mahan meant "Big Nation of the South" and Byeonhan meant "Big Nation of Shimmer". Jinhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, arose out of the confusion and migration following the fall of Wiman Joseon in 108 BC. A claim found in the Chinese annals, History of the Northern Dynasties state that refugees from the Lelang area found Jinhan after political turmoil of

1537-757: The Mungyeong city council is Lee Jeonggeol ( 이정걸 ), who was elected from Ra constituency (Hogye, Jeomchon 1 and 3 dong). There are a total of thirteen members altogether. The city court of Mungyeong is located near the city hall. Along with the Yecheon city court, it is one of two courts overseen by the Sangju circuit, which in turn reports to the Daegu District Court in the provincial capital. It consists of 2 eup, 7 myeon and 5 dong. The population of Mungyeong continues to fall, as more people move away to major urban centers such as Daegu and Seoul. Although

1590-638: The Namhan River at Habang-ri, Danseong-myeon, together with Jungnyeong Stream flowing from Jungnyeong and Dosolsan to Hyeoncholli, Danyang-eup, Maepo Stream from Geumsusan to Dodam, and Geumgok Stream from Biro Peak to Gosu-ri, Danyang-eup. Danyang has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. The county, which is situated in an inland mountainous area, epitomizes an inland climate with severe variations in temperatures. The annual average temperature reaches 11.7 °C (53.1 °F), with

1643-574: The North Gyeongsang provincial Office of Education. A similar situation applies to the local police. The mayors of Mungyeong have been elected by popular vote since 1995. Under current South Korean law, elections are held every four years. The current mayor of Mungyeong is Shin Hyun-Kook ( 신현국 ), who prevailing in the local elections of July 1, 2022. The vice mayor is Baek Seungmo ( 백승모 ), who began serving on January 1, 2023. The head of

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1696-686: The Sobaek peaks toward the valleys of the Nakdong River and its tributary, the Yeong . At their meeting-point in Yeongsun-myeon, the rivers are barely 200 m above sea level . Above the valleys, the soil is thin and outcroppings of igneous or sedimentary bedrock are common. Millions of years of erosion have created spectacular cliffs and escarpments in many areas, some of which have become major attractions for local tourism . Located in

1749-476: The area during the period of Japanese occupation. Jeomchon Station was opened on December 25, 1924. However, the pace of resource extraction did not accelerate greatly until the post-war period, under the first South Korean government led by Syngman Rhee . Construction on the Gaeun Line, with the goal of improving access to the coal deposits around Gaeun, began on January 18, 1953, before the official end of

1802-536: The area under orchard cultivation expanded significantly in the late 1990s. In terms of media it may be considered largely identical with the rest of northern North Gyeongsang. Broadcast is dominated by network outlets in Daegu or Andong , and most available newspapers are printed in Seoul, although provincial newspapers also circulate. Local journalism, therefore, is primarily limited to local weekly newspapers such as

1855-445: The area. In 2015, Mungyeong hosted the 6th International Military Sports Council (CISM) Military World Games . Jinhan confederacy Jinhan ( Korean :  진한 ; Korean pronunciation: [tɕin.ɦan] ) was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD in the southern Korean Peninsula , to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province. Jinhan

1908-530: The city can also be found in Dongno-myeon, at 128°22'42'' E longitude . On the west, Mungyeong comes to an end in Gaeun-eup, at 127°52'48'' E. Mungyeong stands on the border between North Gyeongsang and North Chungcheong Provinces . On its northern and western borders, it adjoins the North Chungcheong districts of Danyang County , Jecheon , and Chungju on the north and Goesan County on

1961-418: The city overall is losing population, there continues to be a considerable expansion in construction in the urban center of Jeomchon. The overwhelming majority of Mungyeong's people (approximately 99.7%) are ethnic Korean . Many of them are from families with long and deep roots in the area. The Mungyeong economy during much of the 20th century was based on coal mining . However, these mines were closed in

2014-401: The claim found in the annals allude to a mention made by an elderly passerby of no social importance). The claim is further discredited as Korea's Samguk Sagi states that the first king of Silla (the kingdom that succeeded Jinhan) built the kingdom alongside the indigenous Koreans from Gojoseon . Such misconception had ultimately affected immigrants who hailed from Silla to Japan known as

2067-518: The defeat of Silla during the Cheomhae Isageum era. Before the 3rd century, it was presumed that there was no distinction between the Jinhan (辰韓) and Byeonhan (弁韓 or 弁辰). It is said that the people of Jinhan and Byeonhan intermingled and immigrated quite frequently (雜居), ultimately making it difficult to differentiate the two states culturally. Its relation to the earlier state of Jin

2120-549: The evidence found in the neighboring kingdoms, suggesting that the cultures were mostly similar across the southern part of the peninsula. Little is known about the daily lives of the Jinhan people. The religion appears to have been shamanistic which played an important role in politics as well. Agriculture was heavily dominated by rice , but also included substantial rearing of livestock including horses , cattle , and chickens . Similar to Byeonhan, infants born in Jinhan were made flat headed by pushing their skulls onto

2173-599: The languages spoken in Jinhan bore close resemblance to languages spoken in countries such as Byeonhan and Mahan at the time. According to the San Guo Zhi , Jinhan consisted of 12 statelets of 600 to 5000 families each divided from 6 statelets: According to Samguk Sagi , the Silla Kingdom (around present-day Gyeongju ), was founded by Bak Hyeokgeose in 57 BC, who united the six clans of Jinhan under his rule. The records are sparse and conflicting regarding

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2226-476: The late 16th century (the local commander Sin Gil-won , 1548–1592) and of the righteous army movement in the early 20th (the leader I Gang-nyeon , 1858–1908). Numerous tourist attractions have been promoted throughout the city of Mungyeong. By far the best-known of these around the country is Mungyeong Saejae , the mountain pass where the old road from Busan to Seoul passed over the Sobaek mountains and out of

2279-468: The local economy. The city's public transit needs are primarily served by buses: city buses which operate locally and to neighboring Sangju and Yecheon, and intercity buses which carry passengers to more distant destinations. Bus terminals are located in Mungyeong-eup and Jeomchon. Because of low passenger traffic, most intercity buses which pass through Mungyeong also stop in Sangju. Mungyeong

2332-463: The myeon, or townships, form an L, with its bottom in the southeast near the confluence of the Yeong and Nakdong rivers: Yeongsun-myeon , Sanyang-myeon , Maseong-myeon , Hogye-myeon , Sanbuk-myeon and Dongno-myeon . Nongam-myeon lies south of Gaeun, at Mungyeong's southern limit. Gaeun-eup was once an important town in its own right, but has now become largely marginalized. Mungyeong-eup ,

2385-439: The northwest. Within North Gyeongsang province, Mungyeong adjoins Yecheon County to the east and Sangju to the south. The topography of Mungyeong is dominated by the Sobaek mountains, which form the line between North Gyeongsang and North Chungcheong provinces. The city's highest point lies on this line, at 1161-meter Munsu peak of Worak Mountain in Dongno-myeon. The city's terrain, cut by numerous valleys, slopes down from

2438-422: The principal center of the city apart from Jeomchon, is found in the northern area of the county. It was the seat of Mungyeong County before that entity was merged with Jeomchon City to form the modern boundaries of Mungyeong. It still retains a relatively high profile in the county, with its own library and intercity bus terminal. In the late 9th century, when Mungyeong was a part of the Sangju district of Silla,

2491-586: The relationship of the names Jinhan, Saro, Seorabeol, and the later Silla kingdom. Most theories indicate that Jinhan was located in the area later occupied by the Silla kingdom: the Gyeongju Basin and adjacent Sea of Japan coast. It would have been neighbored by the Byeonhan confederacy on the southwest, and by the much larger Mahan confederacy on the west. On the north it would have been bounded by

2544-441: The rising power of Silla controlled the area by 505. Capitalizing on the territory's strategic potential, Silla set up various mountain fortresses in the area to control movement in and out of western Korea . Control of transit through the area would have gained even greater importance after Silla's 553 seizure of the Han River valley on the western side of the mountains. At this time the low Haneuljae pass near Poam Mountain

2597-629: The shadow of the Sobaek mountains and west of the Taebaek Mountains , Mungyeong has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm. The number of frost-free days is significantly lower than it is in more coastal areas of South Korea. Annual temperature fluctuates around 11 °C (52 °F), and annual rainfall around 1,300 mm (51.2 in). There are roughly 90 days of heavy rain per year, of which about 30 fall during

2650-425: The town of Jeomchon. The smallest is Jeomchon 1-dong, which covers only 0.98 square kilometers and covers the traditional city center of Jeomchon. The largest is Jeomchon 4-dong northwest of town, which at 29.62 km (11.44 sq mi) is bigger than all the others put together. Prior to January 1, 2004, the dongs were known by individual names; for example, Jeomchon 4-dong was known as "Mojeon-dong." Six of

2703-556: The two former units were merged to form Mungyeong City. Mungyeong extends a total of 40 km (25 mi) from west to east, and 37 from north to south. Its shape very roughly approximates a right triangle , with the hypotenuse corresponding to the peaks of the Sobaek mountains . The northern tip is in Dongno-myeon, at 36°52'10'' N latitude . The southern extremity lies in Nongam-myeon, at 36°41'40'' N. The easternmost edge of

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2756-520: Was one of the Samhan (or "Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan and Mahan . Apparently descending from the Jin state of southern Korea, Jinhan was absorbed by the later Silla , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . "Jinhan (辰韓)" is believed to be a combination of Old Korean words. "Jin (진)" in native Korean meant "East" while "Han (한)" meant "big", giving the meaning of Jinhan, the "Big Nation of

2809-404: Was probably the favored crossing, in contrast to the higher Mungyeong Saejae pass which came into favor in the Joseon period . As Silla reorganized its administrative structure under King Seongdeok in 757, the Mungyeong area was placed under the province of Sangju, and divided among various hyeon , or local districts. During this Unified Silla period the temple of Gwaneumsa, of which all but

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