Munichia or Munychia ( / m j uː ˈ n ɪ k i ə / ; Greek : Μουνιχία or Μουνυχία ) is the ancient Greek name for a steep hill (86 metres (282 ft) high) in Piraeus , Greece , known today as Kastella (Καστέλλα). This is a fashionable neighborhood in Piraeus. On the top of the hill is a Greek Orthodox church named after the Prophet Elijah . The narrow streets around the church are surrounded by picturesque houses. The Veakeio Theater , known for its summer performances is located here.
38-587: In 403 BCE, Athenian democrats defeated forces of the Thirty Tyrants at the Battle of Munychia . After Athens being defeated in the Lamian war (323–322 BC), a Macedonian garrison was installed at Munichia. In Antiquity there was also a local festival to Artemis . 37°56′26″N 23°39′21″E / 37.9406°N 23.6559°E / 37.9406; 23.6559 This Attica location article
76-483: A claim); but that I gave all my attention to avoiding doing anything unjust or unholy. As powerful as it was, the government did not terrify me into doing a wrong action. When we came out of the rotunda, the other four went to Salamis and arrested Leon, but I simply went home. Later on, in his Seventh Letter , Plato describes the interaction between the Thirty and Socrates from his own point of view: They tried to send
114-556: A few gentes monopolised senior magistracies, notably thanks to their patronage network—a practice likely prevalent in Spartan politics. As the kings were by right members of the Gerousia, they usually entered the chamber well before the age of sixty and served much longer terms than the ordinary gerontes, which they could use to build their influence there. Several shrewd kings, such as Cleomenes I or Agesilaus II , developed over
152-540: A friend of mine, the aged Socrates, whom I should scarcely scruple to describe as the most upright man of that day, with some other persons to carry off one of the citizens by force to execution, in order that, whether he wished it, or not, he might share the guilt of their conduct; but he would not obey them, risking all consequences in preference to becoming a partner in their iniquitous deeds. The Italian historian Luciano Canfora has inferred that another of Socrates' students, Xenophon, might have played an important part in
190-417: A new government, with a specific group of thirty in charge of the public affairs of Athens. Ten of the fifty-one were to rule the city, and eleven were sent to rule Piraeus . Plato corroborates the general consensus found in other sources: the rule of the Thirty was "reviled as it was by many." The rule of the Thirty made the former democracy resemble a golden age in comparison. Plato also includes an account of
228-490: A number of "undesirables" within Athens. Around this time, Thirty members Aeschines and Aristoteles travelled to Sparta and met with Lysander, requesting that a Spartan garrison be stationed in Athens. Lysander dispatched a garrison to the city, with the Thirty stating that it was a temporary measure until they finished their trials against criminals, but members of the Thirty started using Spartan soldiers as personal bodyguards in
266-414: A vote for him in the Gerousia, which means that at least two gerontes besides the kings were of royal stock (one for each dynasty) and further shows the influence that the kings had on the electoral procedure, as they could engineer the elections of their relatives. The Gerousia was probably reformed by the king Cleomenes III (r.235–222), who made the gerontes elected annually. No longer elected for life,
304-701: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thirty Tyrants The Thirty Tyrants ( Ancient Greek : οἱ τριάκοντα τύραννοι , hoi triákonta týrannoi ) were an oligarchy that briefly ruled Athens from 405 BC to 404 BC. Installed into power by the Spartans after the Athenian surrender in the Peloponnesian War , the Thirty became known for their tyrannical rule, first being called "The Thirty Tyrants" by Polycrates . Although they maintained power for only eight months, their reign resulted in
342-508: Is known about these 3,000 men, for a complete record was never documented ‒ it is hypothesised that the Thirty appointed these select few as the only men the Thirty could find who were devotedly loyal to their regime. Led by Critias , the Thirty Tyrants presided over a reign of terror in which they executed, murdered, and exiled hundreds of Athenians, seizing their possessions afterward. Both Isocrates and Aristotle (the latter in
380-435: Is summoned before the group and ordered not to instruct or speak to anyone, whereupon Socrates mocks the order by asking sarcastically whether he will be allowed to ask to buy food in the marketplace. Xenophon uses the episode to illustrate both Socrates' own critique of the slaughtering of Athenian citizens by the Thirty, as well as make the case that the relationship between Critias and Socrates had significantly deteriorated by
418-539: The Athenian Constitution ) have reported that the Thirty executed 1,500 people without trial. Critias, a former pupil of Socrates , has been described as "the first Robespierre " because of his cruelty and inhumanity; he evidently aimed to end democracy, regardless of the human cost. The Thirty removed criminals as well as many ordinary citizens whom they considered "unfriendly" to the new regime for expressing support for democracy. One of their targets
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#1732765102142456-503: The Boule , a council composed of 500 members. They appointed other officials, including 10 men who would rule the port town of Piraeus on behalf of the Thirty, and hired 300 mastigophoroi, whip bearers who would act as a police force. The Thirty oversaw trials in the Boule against Athenian leaders who had opposed the peace with Sparta and sentenced them to death. They then tried and executed
494-457: The phylarchoi , the tribal council representing the eleven tribes of Athens. The Ecclesia split into different factions on what the new government should be, with some favoring an oligarchic model while Theramenes became the de facto leader of those who wanted a democratic system. The debate led to deadlock and the Spartans intervened and demanded that the Athenians appoint thirty men to oversee
532-408: The Gerousia was created by the mythical Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus in his Great Rhetra , the constitution of Sparta. The gerontes were elected through peculiar shouting elections, which were open to manipulation, especially from the kings. The Gerousia consisted of thirty members in total. Twenty-eight elected members (called gerontes) and the two kings , who were members by right, entering
570-482: The Round Chamber and instructed us to go and fetch Leon of Salamis from his home for execution. This was, of course, only one of many instances in which they issued such instructions, their object being to implicate as many people as possible in their crimes. On this occasion, however, I again made it clear, not by my words but by my actions, that the attention I paid to death was zero (if that is not too unrefined
608-577: The Spartan assembly and representatives of the Peloponnesian League, Theramenes negotiated a final surrender of Athens, ending the Peloponnesian War. While some members of the Peloponnesian League called for Athens to be completely destroyed, the Spartans refused to do so, arguing that Athens was one of the great cities of Greece. The terms agreed on called for Athens to destroy the long walls of Piraeus , allow exiles back into
646-529: The Spartans began cutting them off by occupying Decelea , the Athenians decided to surrender in March 404 BC. After initial negotiations of surrender failed, Athenian general Theramenes asked the Ecclesia for permission to speak with Lysander, believing that he could get the best possible conditions from the Spartans. His request was granted, and he met with Lysander at Samos, who then sent him to Sparta. Before
684-485: The Thirty ), and the ten who ruled in Piraeus . After the revolution that overthrew the Thirty Tyrants, Athens and its citizens struggled to reconcile and rebuild. Plato , in the opening portion of his Seventh Letter (the authenticity of which is questioned by several modern scholars), recounts the rule of the Thirty Tyrants during his youth. He explains that following the revolution, fifty-one men became rulers of
722-403: The chamber upon their accession. Unlike the kings, the 28 gerontes had to be at least 60 years old—the age when Spartan citizens were no longer required to serve in the army . Membership of the Gerousia was for life, which made the gerontes' position very prestigious within Spartan society. The electoral procedure is known thanks to Plutarch , who wrote in the 2nd century AD, but whose source
760-417: The city through this period, which caused the public to associate him with the Thirty and may have contributed to his eventual death sentence, especially since Critias had been his student. In Plato's Apology , Socrates recounts an incident in which the Thirty once ordered him (and four other men) to bring before them Leon of Salamis , a man known for his justice and upright character, for execution. While
798-403: The city, and reduce their navy to only twelve vessels, surrendering all remaining ones to the Spartans. The Athenians were also to recraft their government on one dictated by the Spartans and to submit to Sparta in both "peace and war,” recalling their ambassadors from other city states. To reform their laws as the Spartans instructed, Athens appointed five ephors to organize all voting through
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#1732765102142836-486: The city. Instead of drafting a new constitution, the Thirty ruled Athens themselves, similar to the Spartan Gerousia. They limited citizenship and the right "to share in the government" to only 3,000 selected Athenians. These hand-selected individuals had the right to carry weapons, to have a jury trial, and to reside within city limits. The list of the selected 3,000 was constantly revised. Although little
874-486: The drafting of new laws and a new constitution. It was determined that Theramenes would choose ten, the five Ephors would choose ten, and the Ecclesia would choose the final ten. The final thirty selected men were tasked with drawing up the laws under which they would govern. The names of the Thirty are listed by Xenophon : With Spartan support, the Thirty established an interim government in Athens. They reestablished
912-454: The interaction between Socrates and the Thirty. In the Republic , Plato mentions Lysias , one of the men from Athens who escaped the Thirty's reign of terror. Lysias' brother Polemarchus "fell victim to the Thirty Tyrants." Due to their desire to remain in complete control over Athens, the Thirty sought to exile or kill anyone who outwardly opposed their regime. Socrates remained in
950-453: The killing of 5% of the Athenian population, the confiscation of citizens' property, and the exile of other democratic supporters. After the Athenian navy was destroyed at the battle of Aegospotami in 405 BC, Lysander led the Spartan and Peloponnesian League naval force to Athens for the final destruction of the city. The Athenians prepared for a siege, but without a navy to defend them or import food, many Athenian citizens starved. After
988-475: The king Cleombrotus was advised by his friends to energetically wage war against Thebes to avoid a later trial. The Gerousia debated motions which were to be put before the citizen assembly , with the power to prevent any motion from being passed on. The Great Rhetra suggests that it had the power to overturn decisions made by the Spartan assembly. The name Gerousia continued to be known in Laconia in
1026-512: The kings) could easily manipulate the elections. The gerontes were likely drawn from a limited aristocracy composed of only a few families, sometimes called the kaloi kagatoi . Modern scholars have debated since the 19th century on whether these families had a legal privilege on Gerousia membership, or just a de facto monopoly. Of the latter opinion, G. E. M. de Ste. Croix compared the situation in Sparta with that of Roman Republic , where
1064-435: The new form of government. Those who did not approve of the new laws could either fight, risking exile or execution, or accept the Thirty's rule. Some supporters of democracy chose to fight and were exiled, among them Thrasybulus , a trierarch in the Athenian navy and noted supporter of democratic government. The uprising that overthrew the Thirty in 403 BCE was orchestrated by a group of exiles led by Thrasybulus. Critias
1102-511: The other four men obeyed, Socrates refused, not wanting to partake in the guilt of the executioners. However, he did not attempt to warn or save Leon of Salamis. By disobeying, Socrates may have been placing his own life in jeopardy, and he claimed it was only the disbanding of the oligarchy soon afterward that saved his life. When the oligarchy came into power, the Thirty Commissioners, in their turn, summoned me and four others to
1140-464: The overthrow of the Thirty's regime by Thrasybulus' rebel forces. After the revolution, Athens needed to decide the best way to govern the liberated city-state and to reconcile the atrocities committed by the Thirty. It was decided to give amnesty to all of the members of the selected 3,000, except for the Thirty themselves, the Eleven (a group of prison magistrates appointed by lot who reported directly to
1178-431: The rule of the Thirty, as one of the two commanders of the cavalry, which were the Thirty's militia. Indeed, in his book Hipparchos (Commander of the cavalry), Xenophon mentions just one of the commanders (there were always two), only to revile him, while never mentioning the other. In his Memorabilia (Bk 1, Ch 2), Xenophon reports a contentious confrontation between Socrates and the Thirty, Critias included. Socrates
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1216-530: The source of the gerontes' prestige was removed and the Gerousia became a more pliable chamber as a result. The Gerousia served as the court in charge of capital cases. A king could even be prosecuted before a special court of 34 members, made of the Gerousia and the five ephors (the defendant king could not sit in the Gerousia during the trial). A famous case was the trial of king Pausanias in 403; accused of betrayal for having restored democracy in Athens , he
1254-430: The time Critias obtained power. Gerousia The Gerousia (γερουσία) was the council of elders in ancient Sparta. Sometimes called Spartan senate in the literature, it was made up of the two Spartan kings , plus 28 men over the age of sixty, known as gerontes . The Gerousia was a prestigious body, holding extensive judicial and legislative powers, which shaped Sparta's policies. Ancient Greeks considered that
1292-409: The years such a network of supporters among the gerontes that they de facto controlled the Gerousia, therefore Sparta's external and internal policies. This patronage of the gerontes by a king is illustrated by the story reported by Plutarch of Agesilaus II offering an ox and cloak to every new member of the Gerousia. Paul Cartledge notes that when a king was absent, his nearest relative could cast
1330-541: Was a lost study on the Spartan constitution by Aristotle . There were no ballots: the gerontes were elected by shouting . The candidates passed one by one before the Spartan citizens , who therefore shouted according to their preference. The loudness of the shouts was assessed by a jury confined into a windowless building, who then declared winner the candidate with the loudest shouts. Aristotle considered this system "childish", probably because influential people (such as
1368-435: Was killed in the fighting at the doors of Athens. The Thirty Tyrants' brief reign was characterized by violence and corruption. Historian Sian Lewis argues that the violence and brutality the Thirty carried out in Athens was necessary to transition Athens from a democracy to an oligarchy. However, the more violent the Thirty's regime became, the more opposition they faced. The increased level of opposition ultimately led to
1406-400: Was nonetheless acquitted by a 19-15 decision, in which the other king Agis II had cast his vote against him. Thanks to this judicial power, the gerontes were able to significantly influence foreign policy, although they had no constitutional power in that field, because the fear of prosecution before the Gerousia compelled Spartan officials to follow the gerontes' opinion. For example, in 371
1444-582: Was one of their own, Theramenes , whom Xenophon depicts as revolted by Critias' excessive violence and injustice and trying to oppose him. Critias accused Theramenes of conspiracy and treason and then forced him to drink hemlock . Many wealthy citizens were executed simply so the oligarchs could confiscate their assets, which were then distributed among the Thirty and their supporters. They also hired 300 "lash-bearers,” or whip-bearing men to intimidate Athenian citizens. The Thirty's regime did not meet with much overt opposition, although many Athenians disliked
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