A lake island is any landmass within a lake . It is a type of inland island. Lake islands may form a lake archipelago .
55-698: Munroe Island (Malayalam: മണ്റോത്തുരുത്ത്) or Mundrothuruthu is an inland island group located at the confluence of Ashtamudi Lake and the Kallada River , in Kollam district , Kerala , South India . It is a group of eight small islets comprising a total area of about 13.4 km. The island, accessible by road, rail and inland water navigation, is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Kollam by road, 38 kilometres (24 mi) north from Paravur , 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west from Kundara and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Karunagapally . As of
110-414: A glacial lake a moraine can form an island. They may also have formed through earthquake , meteor , or volcanic activity. In the latter case, crater or caldera islands exist, with new volcanic prominences in lakes formed in the craters of larger volcanoes. Other lake islands include ephemeral beds of floating vegetation, and islands artificially formed by human activity. Lakes may sometimes form in
165-537: A 2-year study from 2017 to 2019. They used observations from the satellite microwave interferometric technique and from an array of local GPS stations. They tentatively concluded that the Island is not subsiding. They found that only very heavy buildings that do not follow proper design standards have subsided up to 1.5 ft (0.46 m). The double railway line, with up to 150 trains per day, and station platforms are also subsiding. The NCESS scientists found that
220-575: A bacterium that can thrive in extreme weather conditions and can be helpful in decomposing the biodegradable waste naturally. The flora and fauna of the Siachen region are also affected by the huge military presence. The region is home to rare species including snow leopard , brown bear and ibex that are at risk because of the military presence. The glacier's region is the highest battleground on Earth, where Pakistan and India have fought intermittently since April 1984. Both countries maintain
275-417: A build-up of sedimentation as shoals , and become true islands through changes in the level of the lake. They may have been originally part of the lake's shore, and been separated from it by erosion , or they may have been left as pinnacles when the lake formed through a raising in the level of a river or other waterway (either naturally, or artificially through the damming of a river or lake). On creation of
330-612: A conference at Geneva and invited Indian and Pakistani mountaineers ( Mandip Singh Soin , Harish Kapadia , Nazir Sabir and Sher Khan). The region was nominated for inclusion in the United Nations ' World Heritage List as a part of the Karakoram range, but this was deferred by the World Heritage Committee . The areas to the east and west of the Siachen region have already been declared national parks:
385-422: A considerable time, becoming ephemeral islands until the gas has dissipated enough for the vegetation to return to the lake floor. Artificial or man-made islands are islands constructed by human activity rather than formed by natural means. They may be totally created by humans, enlarged from existing islands or reefs, formed by joining small existing islands, or cut from a mainland (for example, by cutting through
440-521: A distinction between the two is often ignored in non-technical circumstances and the term crater lake is widely used for the lakes formed in both craters and calderas. The following is a list of large or notable crater lake islands: Impact craters , formed by the collision of large meteorites or comets with the Earth, are relatively uncommon, and those which do exist are frequently heavily eroded or deeply buried. Several, however, do contain lakes. Where
495-420: A high-altitude research centre where scientists and researchers from both the countries can carry out research activities related to glaciology, geology, atmospheric sciences and other related fields. The Siachen glacier was mentioned in the 2018 Hollywood movie Mission: Impossible – Fallout starring Tom Cruise and Henry Cavill . In the movie's climax, rogue agent Walker (Cavill) plants nuclear bombs at
550-482: A military operation that gave India control over all of the Siachen Glacier, including its tributaries. Between 1984 and 1999, frequent skirmishes took place between India and Pakistan. Indian troops under Operation Meghdoot pre-empted Pakistan's Operation Ababeel by just one day to occupy most of the dominating heights on Saltoro Ridge to the west of Siachen Glacier. However, more soldiers have died from
605-537: A permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Both India and Pakistan have wished to disengage from the costly military outposts. India launched Operation Meghdoot to occupy Siachen Glacier in 1984. Then, due to the Pakistani incursions during the Kargil War in 1999, India abandoned plans to withdraw from Siachen, wary of further Pakistani incursions if they vacate
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#1732793678648660-458: A tide of 1 m (3.3 ft) at the coast translates to less than 0.5 m (1.6 ft) at Munroe Island. Hence, global warming is also not a key problem. The island's population has been steadily declining due to an exodus of people unable to cope up with the living conditions. The death of Lance Naik B. Sudheesh of this island in the Border area at Siachen Glacier spurred interest of
715-755: A written reply in the Lok Sabha that a total of 869 Army personnel have died on the Siachen glacier due to climatic conditions and environmental and other factors from the date that the Army launched Operation Meghdoot in 1984. In February 2016, Indian Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar stated that India will not vacate Siachen, as there is a trust deficit with Pakistan and also said that 915 people have died in Siachen since Operation Meghdoot in 1984. According to official records, only 220 Indian soldiers have been killed by enemy bullets since 1984 in Siachen area. Both India and Pakistan continue to deploy thousands of troops in
770-540: Is a tourism destination where one can see the coir retting process, coir weaving, fishing, prawns feeding, migratory bird watch, narrow canals and waterways, coconut farms on the lake shore, lagoons, mangrove plants and the beautiful tiny islands of Pathupara. Kallada Boat Race , which is one of the famous boat races in Kerala, is at Karuvathrakadavu- Muthiraparambu nettayam in Munroe Island. Low-lying areas of
825-483: Is said to have planned a "Green Siachen, Clean Siachen" campaign to airlift the garbage from the glacier, and to use biodigestors for biodegradable waste in the absence of oxygen and freezing temperatures. Almost forty percent (40%) of the waste left at the glacier is plastic and metal, including toxins such as cobalt, cadmium and chromium that eventually affect the water of the Shyok River (which ultimately enters
880-643: The Himalayas at about 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540 , just northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends. At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas . It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on
935-698: The Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary in India and the Central Karakoram National Park in Pakistan. Sandia National Laboratories organised conferences where military experts and environmentalists from both India and Pakistan and also from other countries were invited to present joint papers. Kent L. Biringer, a researcher at Cooperative Monitoring Center of Sandia Labs suggested setting up Siachen Science Center ,
990-553: The Shyok River . The Shyok in turn joins the 3000 kilometre-long Indus River which flows through Pakistan. Thus, the glacier is a major source of the Indus and feeds the largest irrigation system in the world. The glacier was uninhabited before 1984, and the presence of thousands of troops since then has introduced pollution and melting to the glacier. To support the troops, glacial ice has been cut and melted with chemicals. Dumping of non- biodegradable waste in large quantities and
1045-689: The Sia Kangri peak on the China border in the Karakoram range. The crest of the Saltoro Ridge's altitudes range from 5,450 to 7,720 m (17,880 to 25,330 feet). The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5,589 m (18,336 ft), Bilafond La at 5,450 m (17,880 ft), and Gyong La at 5,689 m (18,665 ft). The average winter snowfall is more than 1000 cm (35 ft) and temperatures can dip to −50 °C (−58 °F). Including all tributary glaciers,
1100-473: The ring fault , develops around the edge of the chamber. The centre of the volcano within the ring fracture collapses, creating a ring-shaped depression. Long after the eruption, this caldera may fill with water to become a lake. If volcanic activity continues or restarts, the centre of the caldera may be uplifted in the form of a resurgent dome , to become a crater lake island. Though typically calderas are larger and deeper than craters and form in different ways,
1155-523: The 110-km long AGPL is first authenticated, delineated and then demarcated. The 1949 Karachi agreement only carefully delineated the line of separation to point NJ9842 , after which, the agreement states, the line of separation would continue "thence north to the glaciers". According to the Indian stance, the line of separation should continue roughly northwards along the Saltoro Range to
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#17327936786481210-442: The 2011 Indian census, the administrative village of Mundrothuruth (which includes nearby small villages as well) has a total population of 9599, consisting of 4636 males and 4963 females. This island is also known as "Sinking Island of Kerala". The place is named in honour of Resident Colonel John Munro of the former Princely State of Travancore . The islands measure 13.4 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi) in area. In 1795
1265-603: The British established their supremacy in South India and the princely state of Travancore came under their governance. From 1800 onwards, a Resident was appointed by East India Company as administrative head of Travancore . The first Resident was Colonel Colin Macaulay , followed by Colonel John Munro . During his tenure Munro oversaw the land reclamation efforts in the delta where Kallada River joins Ashtamudi Lake and
1320-491: The Indian Army should stay in the region for strategic advantages, and because a "lot of blood has been shed" by Indian armed personnel for Siachen. The present ground positions, relatively stable for over a decade, mean that India maintains control over all of the 76 kilometres (47 mi) Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of
1375-586: The Indian side, roads go only as far as the military base camp at Dzingrulma ( 35°09′59″N 77°12′58″E / 35.1663°N 77.2162°E / 35.1663; 77.2162 ), 72 km from the head of the glacier. The Indian Army has developed various means to reach the Siachen region, including the Manali - Leh - Khardung La -Siachen route. In 2012, Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army General Bikram Singh said that
1430-592: The India–China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus . The entire Siachen Glacier, with all major passes, has been under the administration of India as part of the union territory of Ladakh , located in the Kashmir region since 1984 . Pakistan maintains a territorial claim over the Siachen Glacier and controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge , lying west of the glacier, with Pakistani posts located 1 km below more than 100 Indian posts on
1485-525: The Indus River near Skardu ). The Indus is used for drinking and irrigation. Research is being done by scientists of The Energy and Resources Institute , to find ways to successfully dispose of the garbage generated at the glacier using scientific means. Some scientists of the Defence Research and Development Organisation who went on an expedition to Antarctica are also working to produce
1540-669: The Island are reportedly under a threat of submerging in high tides. In 2016, an expert team from the Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam had started a study into the phenomena at the request of the Munroethuruthu grama panchayat . The team headed by Prof. Gouri Antharjanam, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, visited the Island. Subsequently, geo-scientists from the National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) conducted
1595-811: The Netherlands and other low lying countries. Notable modern examples of artificial lake islands include the Dutch polder of Flevopolder in Flevoland , the island of IJburg in Amsterdam , and Flamingo Island in Kamfers Dam , South Africa. At 948 km (366 sq mi), Flevopolder, in the now-freshwater lake IJsselmeer , is the largest man-made island in the world. There are few naturally occurring lake islands with an area in excess of 270 km (100 sq mi). Of these, five are located in
1650-485: The Siachen Glacier posts. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, during which he called for a peaceful resolution of the problem. After that present Prime Minister Narendra Modi also visited this place. President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari also visited an area near the Siachen Glacier called Gayari Sector during 2012 with Pakistan Army Chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. Both of them showed their commitment to resolve
1705-484: The Siachen Glacier system covers about 700 km (270 sq mi). "Sia" in the Balti language refers to the rose family plant widely dispersed in the region. "Chen" refers to any object found in abundance. Thus the name Siachen refers to a land with an abundance of roses. The naming of the glacier itself, or at least its currency, is attributed to Tom Longstaff . Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over
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1760-581: The Siachen conflict as early as possible. In the previous year, the President of India , Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. Since September 2007, India has opened up limited mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the area. The first group included cadets from Chail Military School , National Defence Academy , National Cadet Corps , Indian Military Academy , Rashtriya Indian Military College and family members of armed forces officers. The expeditions are also meant to show to
1815-423: The circular depressions of volcanic craters . These craters are typically circular or oval basins around the vent or vents from which magma erupts. A large volcanic eruption sometimes results in the formation of a caldera , caused by the collapse of the magma chamber under the volcano. If enough magma is ejected, the emptied chamber is unable to support the weight of the volcano, and a roughly circular fracture,
1870-488: The deliberate flooding of valleys (such as in the creation of hydroelectricity projects and reservoirs ) are not normally regarded as artificial islands. Artificial islands are built for numerous uses, ranging from flood protection to immigration or quarantine stations. Other uses for reclaimed artificial islands include expansion of living space or transportation centres in densely populated regions. Agricultural land has also been developed through reclamation of polders in
1925-601: The entire Siachen region. In June 1958, first Geological Survey of India expedition went to the Siachen glacier. It was the first official Indian survey of Siachen Glacier by Geological Survey of India post-1947 and that was undertaken to commemorate the International Geophysical Year in 1958. The study included snout surveying of five glaciers namely Siachen, Mamostong , Chong Kumdan , Kichik Kumdan and Aktash Glaciers in Ladakh region. 5Q 131 05 084
1980-430: The glacier size has decreased by almost 35 percent. In an eleven-year period, the glacier had receded nearly 800 metres, and in seventeen years about 1700 metres. It is predicted that the glaciers of the Siachen region will be reduced to about one-fifth of their 2011 size by 2035. In the twenty-nine-year period 1929–1958, well before the military occupation, the glacial retreat was recorded to be about 914 metres. One of
2035-445: The glacier, including Sia La , Bilafond La , Gyong La , Yarma La (6,100m), and Chulung La [ ceb ] (5,800m). Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. According to TIME magazine , India gained over 1,000 square miles (3,000 km ) in territory because of its 1980s military operations in Siachen. India has categorically stated that India will not pull its army from Siachen until
2090-403: The harsh weather conditions in the region than from combat. Pakistan lost 353 soldiers in various operations recorded between 2003 and 2010 near Siachen, including 140 Pakistanis killed in the 2012 Gayari Sector avalanche . Between January 2012 and July 2015, 33 Indian soldiers died due to adverse weather. In December 2015, Indian Union Minister of State for Defence Rao Inderjit Singh said in
2145-405: The impact crater is complex , a central peak emerges from the floor of the crater. If a lake is present, this central peak may break the water's surface as an island. In other cases, other geological processes may have caused only a ring-shaped annular lake to remain from an impact, with a large central island taking up the remaining area of the crater. The world's largest impact crater island (and
2200-494: The international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the key Saltoro Ridge and to show that Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier. Ignoring protests from Pakistan, India maintains that it does not need anyone's approval to send trekkers to Siachen, in what it says is essentially its own territory. In addition, the Indian Army 's Army Mountaineering Institute (AMI) functions out of
2255-518: The isthmus of a peninsula). Artificial islands have a long history, dating back to the crannogs of prehistoric Britain and Ireland, and the traditional floating Uru islands of Lake Titicaca in South America. Notable early artificial islands include the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan , at the site of modern Mexico City . Though technically caused by human activity, islands formed from hilltops by
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2310-468: The large Great Lakes of North America , three are located in the large African Great Lakes , one is located in the largest lake in Central America , one was formed by the world's fourth largest meteorite impact , and one is located in the largest (by volume) lake in the world. Note: Siachen Glacier The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in
2365-579: The natural biological system and protect species whose lives are at risk. Italian ecologist Giuliano Tallone said the ecological life was at serious risk, and proposed setting up a Siachen Peace Park at the conference. After a proposal of a transboundary Peace Park was floated, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) organised
2420-535: The outer world in the problems of this place. Villagers fear subsiding of the land, and they suffer due to the lack of transport and other amenities. Land prices have fallen as they migrate elsewhere for better opportunities. The problems may have been exacerbated by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 that changed the backwater system and resulted in increased salinity of the soil. Lake island Lake islands may form in numerous ways. They may occur through
2475-435: The reasons theorized for the recent glacial retreat is chemical blasting, to construct camps and posts . In 2001 India laid oil pipelines (about 250 kilometres long) inside the glacier to supply kerosene and aviation fuel to the outposts from base camps. As of 2007, the temperature rise at Siachen was estimated at 0.2-degree Celsius annually, causing melting, avalanches, and crevasses in the glacier. The waste produced by
2530-486: The reclaimed island was named after him as Munroe Island. The Dutch Church here in Munroe Island is one of the ancient churches in Kerala . It was built by the Dutch in 1878. The red brick church is a blend of Dutch - Kerala architecture on the scenic banks of Lake Ashtamudi . The villagers depended on coconut coir manufacturing as livelihood, however, post Indian Ocean tsunami, things have changed. The island village
2585-411: The region. The idea of declaring the Siachen region a "Peace Park" was presented by environmentalists and peace activists in part to preserve the ecosystem of the region badly affected by the military presence. In September 2003, the governments of India and Pakistan were urged by the participants of the 5th World Parks Congress held at Durban , to establish a peace park in the Siachen region to restore
2640-519: The ridge. The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the " Third Pole ". The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro Ridge originates in the north from
2695-456: The troops stationed there is dumped in the crevasses of the glacier. Mountaineers who visited the area while on climbing expeditions witnessed large amount of garbage, empty ammunition shells , parachutes etc. dumped on the glacier, that neither decomposes nor can be burned because of the extreme climatic conditions. About 1,000 kilograms (1.1 short tons) of waste is produced and dumped in glacial crevasses daily by Indian forces. The Indian army
2750-412: The use of arms and ammunition have considerably affected the ecosystem of the region. Preliminary findings of a survey by Pakistan Meteorological Department in 2007 revealed that the Siachen glacier has been retreating for the past 30 years and is melting at an alarming rate. The study of satellite images of the glacier showed that the glacier is retreating at a rate of about 110 metres a year and that
2805-439: The vicinity of Siachen and attempts to demilitarize the region have been so far unsuccessful. Prior to 1984, neither country had any military forces in this area. Aside from the Indian and Pakistani military presence, the glacier region is unpopulated. The nearest civilian settlement is the village of Warshi , 10 miles downstream from the Indian base camp. The region is also extremely remote, with limited road connectivity. On
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#17327936786482860-543: The west of the Siachen glacier beyond NJ9842; international boundary lines that follow mountain ranges often do so by following the watershed drainage divide such as that of the Saltoro Range. The 1972 Simla Agreement made no change to the 1949 Line of Control in this northernmost sector. The glacier's melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River in the Indian region of Ladakh , which drains into
2915-705: The world's second-largest lake island of any kind) is René-Levasseur Island , in Lake Manicouagan , Canada. The Sanshan Islands of Lake Tai , China, are also examples of impact crater islands, as are the islands in Canada's Clearwater Lakes , and the Slate Islands of Lake Superior, also in Canada. Sollerön Island in Siljan Lake , Sweden, and an unnamed island in Lake Karakul , Tajikistan,
2970-409: Was also formed by meteor impact. The term floating island is sometimes used for accumulations of vegetation free-floating within a body of water. Due to the lack of currents and tides, these are more frequently found in lakes than in rivers or the open sea. Peaty masses of vegetable matter from shallow lake floors may rise due to the accumulation of gases during decomposition, and will often float for
3025-629: Was the number assigned to the Siachen glacier by the expedition. U.S. and Pakistani maps in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed a dotted line from NJ9842 (the northernmost demarcated point of the India-Pakistan cease-fire line, also known as the Line of Control ) to the Karakoram Pass , which India believed to be a cartographic error and in violation of the Simla Agreement . In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot ,
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