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43-520: Muong may refer to: Muong people , third largest of Vietnam's 53 minority groups Muong language , spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam No Muong , king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak in 1811 Mueang , pre-modern Tai polities in mainland Southeast Asia, China, and India, pronounced "Mường" in Vietnamese Topics referred to by

86-404: A bamboo cylinder and hung on a branch in the forest. The mother is warmed by fire, fed rice using a bamboo tube, and must abstain from certain foods for a month. The bamboo tubes are hung on a tree branch. There are rituals to educate the child in gender-specific work and a Lung Ta (title meaning "Great Uncle" who is a respected elder of the community, i.e. Great Uncle Bob, Lung Ta Bob) is invited to

129-580: A full shower or bath until after the funeral. They also cannot attend or throw parties, such as weddings and graduations, for up to one year. Today, ordinary rice has become the main food of the Tai, while sticky rice is still being eaten traditionally. Sticky rice is steeped in water, put in a steaming pot and put on a fire and cooked. A meal cannot go without ground chili mixed with salt and accompanied by mint, coriander leaves and onion. Boiled chicken liver, fish gut, and smoked fish called cheo could well be added to

172-468: A new house, people carry out spiritual rites on the spot, reading spiritual texts to drive away bad lucks and to bring good lucks, and to worship ancestors. The Black Tai worship their ancestors on the 7th and 8th month of the Lunar Year. The White Tai also celebrate the new year according to the lunar calendar. Villagers also worship the gods of land, mountain, water and the soul of the central post of

215-555: A pullover which has an open collar, thus revealing the silver buttons inside. The black dresses are nipped at the waist, include large shoulders and decorative pieces of cloth that are attached to the underarms or to the front of the shoulders in a manner similar to the White Tai. Black Tai women wear the famous pieu shawl with colorful embroidery. Tai men wear shorts with a belt; a shirt with an open collar and two pockets on either side. White Tai men have an additional upper pocket on

258-495: A round convex roof like a turtle shell with two ends called khau cut; those with a four paneled roof and a rectangle floor and corridors; those houses with a long and high roof and with rooms at either ends being used as halls; and those with a low roof and narrow interior, which is close to the Muong house style. Carrying is the main way to transport things, while using a gui or back carrier is also popular. Baskets may be carried with

301-535: Is attached special importance to development. The main livestock is cattle and poultries. The significant economic resources of the Mường family are exploiting products of forest including mushrooms, wood ear , wood, bamboo, rattan, etc. The typical crafts of the Mường are weaving, knitting, reeling. From an anthropologist viewpoint, both the Mường and the Vietnamese Kinh are descended from common origins-the ancient Viet-Muong speakers-the northern subbranch of

344-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Muong people The word Mường in Vietnamese is etymologically related to the word mueang from the Tai languages, meaning "cultivated land" or "community", and referred to pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia. This comes from their close association with

387-403: Is done to test his personality and hard work. Tai women generally adopt the custom of wearing their hair in a bun or chignon immediately after this first wedding ceremony. The son-in-law will stay at his wife's home for 8 to 12 years. Down marriage (dong long) - the bringing of the couple and their family to the paternal family. Women give birth in the seated position. The placenta is put into

430-539: Is male-dominated, women play an important part in Tai Dam society. Women have the responsibility of maintaining altars to deceased parents. The ethnic group's name originates from the traditional black skirts and headdresses worn by Tai Dam women. The black silk is embroidered with flowers and beautiful patterns. The belt is typically bright green. Tai Dam women still wear the traditional clothing, especially at ceremonies. The Tai Dam religion consists of spirit worship, and

473-702: The Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from Laos and the Shan from Shan State , Myanmar . Tai Dam means "Black Tai". This name comes from the black clothing worn by the group, especially females. In Vietnam they are called Thái Đen and are included in the group of the Thái people , together with the Thái Đỏ ("Red Tai"), Thái Trắng ("White Tai"), Phu Thai , Tày Thanh and Thái Hàng Tổng . The group of

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516-584: The Vietic ethnolinguistic group of the Austroasiatic family that had heavily contact with Tai-speaking people and other Northern Austroasiatic speakers during the first millennia. The Mường are often perceived as an intact culture, compared to the sinicized Vietnamese (Kinh) in the lowland, and they also tend to adopt and exchange many customs of the neighboring Black Tai Like other Zomia areas (highlands >300 meters) groups, for most of history,

559-620: The Vietnamese alphabet appeared in the 20th century, introduced by Western scholars. The Mường aristocracy were already familiar with Chinese writing through their study of the Confucian canon. The Mường language is mainly used in the domestic sphere of communication. Most native speakers also speak Vietnamese. The population of Mường in Vietnam was 1,452,095 according to the 2019 census, 1.51% of Vietnam's population. They mostly live in

602-681: The White Tai , Thái Đỏ ("Red Tai"), Tày Mười , Tày Thanh ( Man Thanh ), Hàng Tổng ( Tày Mường ), Pu Thay , Thổ Đà Bắc . The Tai originated from southern China where their ancestors have lived since ancient times. During the Indochina War, most Tai Dam allied with the communists. However, some Tai Dam allied with the French and fought against communism. After the fall of Điện Biên Phủ , this anticommunist faction fled Vietnam for northern Laos. By 1955, most Tai Dam moved to Vientiane ,

645-657: The Earth and the Water). The main holidays of the Mường are New Year and agrarian holidays. During the celebration of the New Year, Mường people pray to the ancestors. Such prayers are also arranged on the revolutionary holidays after which the whole village treats themselves to pre-cooked dishes. Different Mường groups will wear different clothing styles. Some wear clothing borrowed from the Thái, while others wear clothing similar to

688-600: The Mường are referred to by some other common designations such as Cheo (Cheo Chi) or Keo are derivations from Giao Chỉ, the name of Northern Vietnam during the First Era of Northern Domination . These designations are used by Tai-speaking people in Vietnam. The Mường were referred in Vietnamese Nôm texts as Mường Mán (茫蠻), which was used in a derogatory sense in the past. The Mường residents primarily grow wet rice and some of them also grow corn and cassava. Breeding

731-485: The Mường epic cycle the origins of all natural phenomena, the first people and then their cultural practices such as the acquisition of fire, building houses, producing silk, casting bronze drums, and weaving and embroidering, are related to the uplands. The first Mường people were living in a cave on the mountain Hang Hao from where their descendants resettled in all the other big and small villages (mường). Only one son of

774-476: The Mường were neither under any regional pre-modern states' influence, both politically and culturally. Professor James C. Scott in his 2009 book The Art of Not Being Governed also included the abstract outlined by Keith Taylor and Patricia Pelley that "the Mường are popularly regarded as the pre-Sinitic version of the Việt." Although it has been little studied, scholarships believe that due to many plausible reasons,

817-406: The Mường word for "people". From Vietnamese perspective in the past, the word mọi is "an old word to denote ethnic minorities, [in] distant regions, [and] backward", even though it is cognate with the Mường word mõl "human being", and both the Vietnamese and Mường words come from one same Proto-Vietic * mɔːlʔ . Among different groups of people of Northern Vietnam, both the Vietnamese and

860-600: The Tai Dam in the state of Iowa . He needed an exemption from U.S. President Gerald Ford to bring a large ethnic population to one state. Today, more Tai Dam live in Iowa than anywhere outside of Asia. Early in their history, the Thai adopted wet rice cultivation, using suitable irrigation networks. The work can be summarized in the Thai saying "muong - phai - lai - lin" (which means digging of canals, consolidating of banks, guiding water through obstacles, and fixing water gutters) in

903-503: The Tai maintain their custom of hospitality by inviting others to join in, much as they would do before a meal. Tai women wear short and colorful blouses, accented down the front with lines of silver buttons in the shapes of butterflies, spiders and cicadas. Their blouses fit beautifully with their tube-shaped black skirts. The belt is a green colored silk band. They wear a key chain round their waists. On festival occasions, Tai women can wear an extra black dress, with an underarm seam or like

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946-549: The Tai peoples. The Mường call the Tai as ɲew, Nyo or Âu; while referring to themselves by various names, such as "Monglong", which means "people living in the center", to distinguish themselves from the people of the valleys and of the highlands. In Hòa Bình , They call themselves Mõl or Moăn. In Thanh Hóa , they call themselves Mon or Mwanl and in Phú Thọ Province, they call themselves Mon or Monl. Sometimes written as Mal, Mwal or Mwai. These words are all dialectal variations on

989-507: The Thái people is the third largest of the 54 ethnic groups recognized by the Vietnamese government. The Tai Dam's language is similar to Lao, but Tai Dam use their own unique writing system and traditionally rejected Buddhism . According to the Tai Dam's creation story, the Lo Cam family is to be the ruling class and the Luong the priests. Under Vietnam's classification of the Tai peoples are

1032-765: The Vietnamese. In general, clothing for women consists of some type of tunic or robe, headscarf, and skirt. Some women in the past wore neck rings like other minorities in Northern Vietnam. Men generally wear simple tunics and pants. Mainly, the Mường follow Buddhism and Christianity ( Catholics ), often with local animistic influences. They believe in the existence of harmful spirits (ma tai, ma em, and others). The Mường practice their traditional ethnic religion, worshiping ancestral spirits and other supernatural deities. They are primarily animists, which means that they believe that non-living objects have spirits. They also deify local heroes who have died. However, with

1075-454: The aid of tump lines tied around the carrier's forehead; at times, pack horses are used. Along large rivers, the Tai are famous for transporting goods and people using swallow-tailed boats. The original social structure is called ban muong, also known as the phia tao regime. The Tai lineage is called Dam. Each person has three key lineal relationships: Ai Nong (everybody born from a common fourth-generation ancestor); Lung Ta (every male member of

1118-482: The ashes with water and pick out the melted jewelry for keepsakes before burying the ashes. Often food that includes a pig and fruit are set before the headstone as respect for the dead. Pregnant women are not allowed at funerals for fear of spirits surrounding the situation, which Tai Dam believe can infiltrate the woman's womb and be born through the fetus. Family members are expected to cry and women are asked to scream loudly. To symbolize their grief, they cannot take

1161-426: The capital of Laos. They worked as domestics, government officials, and soldiers. As communism descended on South Vietnam and Laos, the Tai Dam feared reprisals for their anticommunist past. They evacuated to Thailand and campaigned for sanctuary. Arthur Crisfield, an American language instructor, wrote letters to foreign governments on the group's behalf. In the summer of 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray agreed to resettle

1204-509: The ethnically and linguistically schism between Vietnamese and Mường speakers occurred during the seventh to ninth centuries AD, roughly during the period of Chinese Tang Empire 's domination over Northern Vietnam. Taylor describes the end of Nanzhao-Tang war probably vis-a-vis with the Muong-Vietnamese schism. The Mường refer themselves by their variations of endonym Mol/Monl/Moan (people) and mwal tlong (inner people), while

1247-485: The fields. While the Thai once grew only one sticky rice crop a year, nowadays they have converted to two crops of ordinary rice. They also cultivate swidden fields, where they grow rice, corn, and subsidiary crops, especially cotton, indigo and mulberry for cloth weaving. The Tai have their own Brahmic writing system . Their language is taught orally. The Tai have many ancient written works on their history, traditions, customary laws, and literature. Although their culture

1290-487: The first Mường parents, Dịt Dàng , or the king Việt, went down to lowlands to live and to build a capital city there with a palace and big market. This place in the plains is named in the epic tales as Kinh Kỳ-Kẻ Chợ, i.e. the area of the capital city and market-place. In the Mường epic tales uplanders and lowlanders intensively interact with each other. For instance, they jointly cut down the huge tree of Chu ‘with its copper trunk and iron branches’ and together move it out of

1333-469: The four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt , Thổ and Chứt . The Nguồn , who are classified as Việt, are sometimes believed to be the southernmost group of the Mường, who intermixed with Chứt people. The Mường epic Te tấc te đác ( Vietnamese : Đẻ đất đẻ nước) traces their mythological ancestry to a legendary bird couple called Chim Ây (male bird) and Cái Ứa (female bird). In

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1376-458: The house to name the baby. There are two steps in a funeral: Pong: The bringing of offerings to the deceased and bringing the deceased to the forest for a burial (White Tai) or cremation (Black Tai). Xong: Calling the spirit to come back and live in the section of the house reserved for the worshipping of ancestors... Showing the host his new house, the Lung Ta kindles a new fire. In celebrating

1419-422: The introduction of modern medicine, adherence to many folk beliefs has declined. Huang et al. (2022) found that Viet-Muong speakers, including ethnic Muong and Kinh people, genetically cluster with Kra-Dai speakers. Tai Dam people The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam : ꪼꪕ ꪒꪾ , Lao : ໄຕດຳ , Thai : ไทดำ ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China , northwest Vietnam , Laos , Thailand . They are part of

1462-419: The left and their collar is fastened with a cloth band. The popular color of all clothes is black, pale red, striped or white-colored. At festivals, people wear long black dresses, with split underarm seams and an internal white blouse. A head turban is worn as a headdress, and in ceremonies, the turban should be the length of an arm. The Tai live in stilt houses with roofs of different designs: those houses with

1505-493: The meal. Ruminate meat should be accompanied by sauce taken from the internal organs (nam pia). Raw fish should be either cooked into salad or meat-in-sauce, or simply salted or sauced. Cooked food processing ranges from roasting, steaming and drying to condensing frying, and boiling. The Tai enjoy food with more hot, salty, acrid and buttery tastes, in contrast to those that have sweet, rich and strong tastes. They smoke with bamboo pipes, lighted by dried bamboo pieces. Before smoking,

1548-516: The mountains down to the plains. In contrast to this, in the Vietnamese story of descent the capital city is located in an upland area, in Phong Châu. Here the eldest of the fifty sons who stayed in the mountains with their mother founded the capital of the first Vietnamese kingdom Văn Lang. Many depicted details of ancient life of the Vietnamese are also related to mountains: they use burnt ginger roots instead of salt that could be produced only by

1591-673: The north of Vietnam, mainly in the mountainous provinces of Hòa Bình (549,026 people, comprising 64.28% of the province's population), Thanh Hóa (376,340 people, comprising 10.34% of the province's population), Phú Thọ (218,404 people, comprising 14.92% of the province's population), and Sơn La (84,676 people, comprising 6.78% of the province's population). In Hòa Bình province , there are four large Mường population centers: Mường Vang ( Lạc Sơn District ), Mường Bi ( Tân Lạc District ), Mường Thàng ( Cao Phong District ) and Mường Động ( Kim Bôi District ). The Mường people have many valuable epics (Mường: mo), such as Te tấc te đác (meaning Giving rise to

1634-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Muong . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muong&oldid=1038349468 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1677-528: The sea; men cut their hair short to make it easier when moving in the forests; their lands are reserved mainly for cultivating glutinous rice which requires less water to grow than wet rice and could be easily cultivated on the hillsides; for some ritual purposes they prepare special dishes from this sort of rice such as rice cooked in bamboo tubes or stuffed steamed cakes (bánh chưng, bánh dầy). Forests in Vietnamese tradition are always associated with mountain areas as plains are reserved for paddy fields. Cutting hair

1720-412: The spirits of ancestors are especially important to them They wear white at funerals as a symbol of grief. After the funeral but before the cremation, coins are thrown into the crowd. The dead are cremated with gold and silver jewelry. This practice originates from the belief the person's dead spirit may need to produce payment into the spirit realm. When the family finds a burial place, they sift through

1763-416: The term Mường is a mere xenonym used by the Vietnamese and then French administration implied that xenonym Mường to various Mường -speaking tribes into one single Mường ethnicity during the 1920s. Historical records said there were Mường rebellions in 1029, 1300, 1351, 1430s, 1822, 1833, 1880s. In 1931, Mường population was 180,000, and it grew to 415,000 by 1960. Presently, the Mường are one of

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1806-405: The wife's family throughout generations); and Ying Sao (every male member of the sons-in-law). In the past, the Tai respected the selling and buying of marriage and the son-in-law's staying with the girl's family. To marry a husband, the girl's family needs to take two basic steps: Up marriage (dong khun) - means the introduction and bringing of the son-in-law to live with the girl's family, which

1849-529: Was a custom specific for Việt (Yue) men in contrast to Han Chinese who had been keeping their hair long. Stuffed steamed cakes similar to the Vietnamese bánh chưng and bánh dầy are also found in the cuisine of Zhuang people in Guangxi province, that again provokes associations between Tai and Viet-Muong cultural traditions. The Mường speak the Mường language , a close relative of Vietnamese . Writing based on

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