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46-476: To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('Muravá' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. Apart from the main route, there were a number of branches and bypaths, of which

92-844: A branch at the latitude of Cherkasy going west to Galicia. The Kuczman Trail followed the south bank of the Bug and the Wolsky Trail followed the shore of the Black Sea and then the Dniester River . Black Trail [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. {{ cite encyclopedia }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Kalmius The Kalmius ( Ukrainian : Кальміус , Russian : Кальмиус )

138-568: A different route. They did not waste time attacking fortified towns and avoided fighting organized forces unless they were forced to defend themselves. The returning columns, laden with booty, were most vulnerable to counterattack. The need to guard and escort captives kept the ratio of captives to raiders to about 1:3. Individual Mirzas would lead smaller-scale raids with a few thousand men. They would send out scouts to look for enemy forces and capture prisoners for interrogation and then sweep through an area 10 to twelve leagues broad, rendezvousing at

184-446: A few days and sent out scouts to be sure there were no significant forces in the area. After penetration they sent out two wings of up to 10,000 men each from the main body to sweep the country for 10 or 12 leagues around, taking women, children, horses, sheep and cattle and those men who chose not to resist. When these wings returned to the main corps, other wings were sent out in the same manner. Having 'harvested' an area they withdrew by

230-417: A large hatchery of carp has successfully operated since 1967. On the banks of the river, in the floodplain wetlands, there are abundant water frogs , toads (especially green toad ), smooth and great crested newts and less common grass snake , dice snake and European pond terrapin . Human activities, mainly cultivation of the steppes, resulted in the disappearance of animals formerly common in

276-569: A location in Donetsk Oblast is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Ukraine is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Donets The Seversky Donets ( Russian : Се́верский Доне́ц ) or Siverskyi Donets ( Ukrainian : Сіверський Донець , lit.   'Northern Donets'), usually simply called the Donets ,

322-510: A number of attempts were made to revive shipping, in particular, for the sake of the possibility of water transportation of minerals in the Donbass. One of the enthusiasts of the project was D. I. Mendeleev, who wrote about the need to “arrange the Donets […] for our Russian needs […] because the Donets, due to the importance of the interests involved in it, is most necessary”[39]. The developer of

368-591: A pre-arranged point each night. If attacked they would split into bands of about 100 men (" chambuly ") and scatter in all directions, reuniting later. According to Davies, the trail started at Perekop (about 1100 km south of Moscow) and ran northeast parallel to the Sea of Azov coast about two thirds of the way and then swung north along the watershed between the basins of the Dnieper River and Donets . There it spread into branches through what later became

414-618: Is 25 m /s (880 cu ft/s) near the source and 200 m /s (7,100 cu ft/s) at the confluence to the Don. The Donets originates on the Central Russian Upland , near Podolkhi village, Prokhorovka area, north of Belgorod , at an elevation of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. Its basin contains over 3000 rivers, of which 425 are longer than 10 km (6.2 mi) and 11 are longer than 100 km (62 mi); 1011 of those rivers directly flow into

460-503: Is a river on the south of the East European Plain . It originates in the Central Russian Upland , north of Belgorod , flows south-east through Ukraine ( Kharkiv , Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts ) and then again through Russia ( Rostov Oblast ) to join the river Don , about 100 km (62 mi) from the Sea of Azov . The Donets is the fourth-longest river in Ukraine, and the largest in eastern Ukraine , where it

506-791: Is a river flowing through Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . Its source is near the Ukrainian city of Yasynuvata , and its mouth is in Mariupol . The Kalmius is one of two rivers flowing through Mariupol. The other is the Kalchyk , which flows into the Kalmius. The Kalmius flows into the Sea of Azov near the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works in Mariupol. Major cities along the Kalmius are Yasynuvata , Donetsk , Kalmiuske , and Mariupol. Kalmius

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552-606: Is also another, small Tanais, which originates in the Seversky Principality (for this reason it is called Donets Seversky) and flows into the large Tanais above Azov ". The Donets is the largest river in eastern Ukraine and the largest tributary of the Don . Its total length is 1,053 km (654 mi) and the basin area is 98,900 km (38,200 sq mi). Most of the river's length 950 km (590 mi) stretches across Ukraine. The average annual flow

598-571: Is an important source of fresh water. It gives its name to the Donets Basin, known commonly as the Donbas , an important coal-mining and industrial region in Ukraine. The names Don and its diminutive Donets are derived from Iranic , Sarmatian Dānu "the river". Scytho-Sarmatians inhabited the areas to the north of the Black Sea from 1100 BC into the early medieval times. In

644-604: Is contaminated by industrial and communal wastes of Belgorod, Izium and Shebekino cities, but the water is partially purified through the Pechenizke Reservoir. The density of plants and thus the contamination increase downstream in Donetsk and Luhansk areas, especially around Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk , about 400 km from the mouth. Some tributaries of the Donets, such as Kozenyi Butt, Bakhmut and Lugan are so polluted that consuming fish caught there

690-518: Is dangerous. The purest segment of Donets is between the source and Belgorod, and between the Pechenizke Reservoir and Chuhuiv . Average water salinity is 650–750 mg/L, and it increases in winter to 1000 mg/L mostly due to industrial wastewater. The Donets hosts 44 species of fish, predominantly small fishes such as European perch , rutilus and common rudd . Medium and large species include bream , perch , catfish and pike and are becoming increasingly rare. Near Pechenizke Reservoir

736-551: Is dissected by gullies. The left bank is more flat, contains numerous swamps, lakes and oxbow lakes , the largest of which is lake Lyman. The river is meandering, especially above the Oskil tributary. Upstream, above Belgorod, the river contains several dams and small reservoirs. Downstream, below the confluence with the Wolf River (Volchiya River), there is the Pechenizke Reservoir (volume 86 km ), which supplies water to

782-697: Is said to be the name of a 16th-century Cossack encampment where the town of Pavlovsk was founded, later renamed Mariupol . The Kalmius Trail was a Tatar raiding trail, one of the branches of the Muravsky Trail . After an offensive by the separatist forces of the Donetsk People's Republic in August 2014 during the war in Donbas , in southern Donetsk Oblast, the river became the boundary between Donetsk People's Republic-controlled territory to

828-658: The Kalmius Trail and the Izyum Trail were by far the most important. Between 1500 and 1550, 43 Tatar raids used this trail. In the wake of the Russo-Crimean War (1571) , it became increasingly clear that only a defense line south of the Great Zasechnaya cherta would put an end to annual incursions. Such a chain of eleven forts and obstructions, the "Belgorod Defense Line", was constructed at

874-686: The Sloboda Ukraine , the branches rejoining at Stary Oskol (618 km south of Moscow) and Livny (about 375 km south of Moscow). From Livny it went directly north to Tula and crossed the Oka River at Serpukhov almost directly south of Moscow. In the spread out section there were three branches. The western branch was the Muravsky proper which ran northwest to about Valki and then northeast west of Belgorod to Livny. The center or Izyumsky Trail seems to have run directly north along

920-510: The War in Donbas , Luhansk Oblast was roughly split along the river between the Luhansk People's Republic , which controlled most of the portion of the oblast south of the Donets, and the Ukrainian government, which controlled most of the territory north of the Donets. In May 2022, Russian attempts to cross the Donets above Lysychansk were stopped in the operationally decisive Battle of

966-509: The 18th century, when old oaks were cut down along its banks. The industrial development of the 19th century reduced the groundwater levels of the basin. This resulted in shallowing of the river and slowed navigation. Until the mid-19th century, the river was rich in fish which population rapidly declined since then. The water quality is graded as level IV (polluted) to V (dirty). The main pollutants are fertilizers , petroleum , phenols , zinc , chromium and copper . In Kharkiv Oblast, water

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1012-480: The 2nd century CE Ptolemy knew the river Don, into which the Donets flows, as Tanais , and Western Europeans recognized that the Don had a significant tributary which they called either the small Tanais or Donetz . The Slavic name of Seversky Donets derived from the fact that the river originates from the land of Severians . As the Italian-Polish chronicler Alexander Guagnini (1538–1614) wrote: "There

1058-539: The Donets. These rivers are mostly fed by melting snow, and thus the water supply is uneven during the year. The spring flood lasts about two months, from February to April – during this period the water level rises by 3 to 8 m (9.8 to 26.2 ft). Excessive flooding is rare due to numerous artificial water reservoirs constructed along the river. The width of the river mostly ranges between 30 and 70 m (98 and 230 ft), sometimes reaching 100–200 m (330–660 ft) and even 4 km (2.5 mi) in

1104-583: The Kharkiv Oblast. North of Izium , there are still broadleaf forests, and pine forests are found near Chuhuiv . Many species of wild plants survive near floodplain wetlands. These include willow , downy birch , alder and krushinnik. Along the river banks, there are cane , swamp horsetail, carex , kizlyak, swamp sabelnik and other types of grass. The Donets is regarded as one of the most scenic rivers of East European Plain and contains many hiking and biking routes along its banks. Canoe rafting

1150-469: The Kochetok Reservoir was created and coupled to the water system of Kharkiv. By the 1950s, this measure proved insufficient, and in the 1960s, Pechenizke Reservoir was constructed in place of the Kochetok Reservoir. It has with the capacity of 400 million m and provides about 75% of water consumed by Kharkiv. To supply water to southern Donbas and Donetsk, the 130-km long Donets-Donbas channel

1196-478: The Siverskyi Donets . Being one of the largest rivers in Ukraine, the Donets is very intensively used in farming and industry. Ukraine alone uses more than 2 km (0.48 cu mi) of river waters per year, half of which is returned as polluted discharges; this consumption effectively reduces river runoff by 32 m /s (1,100 cu ft/s). Donets suffered greatly even back in

1242-453: The ages, the river banks were populated by tribals of various cultures, including Mousterian , Yamna , Catacomb , Scythian , Alan , Khazar and later Slavic cultures. Many of the related tribals had nomadic lifestyle characteristic of Kipchak people , Golden Horde and later of Cossacks . The river flows through the historic lands of Sloboda Ukraine as well as the lands of Don River Host. The many Cossacks became later assimilated into

1288-408: The basin in the 1960s brought insectivorous birds new to this area, such as Streptopelia , European magpie and shrikes . From the traditional bird types, still common are several species of ducks, crows, Charadriiformes , Podiceps , great reed warbler and much less common are herons and storks . Only 12 individuals of demoiselle cranes remain in the area, near Sviatohirsk city. During

1334-408: The basin, such as tarpan , steppe antelope, saiga antelope , marmots and others. Back in the 1960s–1970s, especially near Oskil River, it was not unusual to meet bobak marmot , Eurasian deer , wild boar and Russian desman . Current mammals of the basin include European beaver , Dipodidae , suslik , mice, European otter , European mink , weasel and bats . The number of bird species of

1380-535: The behest of Boris Godunov , including, among other fortified settlements, the towns of Livny (1586), Voronezh (1586), Kursk (1587, rebuilt), Yelets (1592, rebuilt), Stary Oskol (1593), Valuyki (1593) and Belgorod (1596, rebuilt). After this, the Tatars began avoiding this route. It later became a main route used by the Cossacks to raid Crimea. The Tatars preferred to invade at harvest time when forage

1426-410: The city of Donetsk ( Rostov Oblast ), 222 km from the mouth. Navigation on the last section is supported by six dams, built from 1911 to 1914. Each consists of a 100–150-meter (330–490 ft) long concrete dam and a single-chamber sluice, 100 m (330 ft) long, 17 m (56 ft) wide and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) deep. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries,

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1472-725: The city of Kharkiv . Below the Pechenizke Reservoir, the Donets is fed by the Udy and by its largest tributary, the Oskil. There the valley widens and its floodplain creates numerous oxbow lakes. Within Ukraine, the river flows between the Cisdesna plateau and the Donets lowland. In its middle, the river is partly fed by the Dnieper waters, which are brought though the Dnieper–Donbas–Seversky Donets channels which provide water to

1518-633: The coal industry of the Donets Basin (usually called the Donbas). Near the Russian city of Donetsk (Rostov oblast) , the river crosses the Donets Ridge and flows in a narrow valley with steep and rocky slopes. In the lower part of the Donets lowland, the flow is interrupted by sluices and is slow. At the delta, it splits into three distributaries . At present, the Donets is navigable up to

1564-523: The dams and their old age slowed the navigation of the river, which is currently rather limited. The river played a crucial role for its ancient settlers as a source of water and food, means of transportation and trade route. The first archaeological evidence of settlers relates to Cheulean and Acheulean periods of Lower Paleolithic through stone tools (axes) found on the river banks near Izium city of Kharkiv Oblast and in Luhansk Oblast. Over

1610-653: The east, and Ukrainian government-controlled territory to the west. A Donetsk People's Republic unit was named the Kalmius Brigade after the river. Under decommunization laws, the city of Komsomolske was renamed Kalmiuske in May 2016 after the river. However, the Ukrainian government does not control Kalmiuske, and the new name is not recognized by the pro-Russian occupation authorities. 47°05′10″N 37°34′32″E  /  47.0862°N 37.5755°E  / 47.0862; 37.5755 This article about

1656-472: The end of the 18th century, and the mill dams interrupted navigation on the river. Industrialization in the 20th century shifted interests to mineral exploitation in Donbas , with water-hungry plants concentrated mostly in Kyiv , Luhansk and Donetsk . Already by the 1930s, Kharkiv, Donetsk and Luhansk were lacking water forcing the authorities to gradually create a network of canals and reservoirs. In 1936,

1702-434: The fall of the river is 195 m (640 ft) with the average gradient of 0.18 m/km. The flow is slow, between 0.15 m/s (0.49 ft/s) at Chuhuiv and 1.41 m/s (4.6 ft/s) near Lysychansk . The river valley is wide: from 8–10 km (5.0–6.2 mi) in the upper part and up to 20–26 km (12–16 mi) downstream, and is asymmetrical. The right bank is usually high, sometimes with chalk cliffs, and

1748-496: The migratory season, the region is visited by greylag and black geese. Banks of the river used to contain groves of trees, which were cut during the 18th–19th centuries. Some of the trees were used for shipbuilding during the Russian-Turkish wars in the time of Peter I . By the 20th century, most meadows along the river banks were converted into farmers' fields. Only a small part of the old groves remains, mainly in

1794-594: The project was the Russian hydraulic engineer Nestor Platonovich Puzyrevsky, known for his contribution to the Volga-Don Canal project. In 1903-1904, he conducted a detailed study of the channel of the Seversky Donets and proposed a project to restore the navigation of the Seversky Donets to the city of Belgorod, which involves the construction of a large number of locks were interrupted by World War I , Russian Civil War and lack of funds. The design of

1840-476: The reservoir area. The river bottom is sandy and uneven, with the depth varying between 0.3 and 10 m (1 ft 0 in and 32 ft 10 in) and the average value of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). The river freezes from around mid-December until late March and is covered by 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) thick ice. It flows into the Don 218 km (135 mi) from the latter's mouth, at an elevation of 5.5 m (18 ft) above sea level; thus

1886-409: The richer ones might have chain mail, helmets or muskets. Each man brought one or two spare horses. They carried few supplies, preferring to live off the land. The army traveled in columns. Beauplan estimated a column as 800 to 1,000 paces across and up to 10 leagues long. 'It was an amazing sight since 80,000 Tatars were accompanied by more than 200,000 horses'. On nearing enemy territory they camped for

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1932-460: The river basin reduced sharply over the past 100–150 years. The disappeared species include steppe eagle , tirkusha, sociable lapwing , bustard , black and winged lark . Less common are geese, swans, golden eagle , white-tailed eagle , peregrine falcon , honey buzzard and osprey . The reduction is mainly caused by the destruction of forests, especially old groves along the river banks. The creation of artificial forest belts ( windbreaks ) in

1978-623: The south-flowing part of the Donets and joined the Muravsky at Stary Oskol . The eastern or Kalmius branch ran east of the Donets and joined the others south of Livny . East of these was a route used by the Lesser Nogai Horde which ran from Azov to Livny. The Nogai Road proper was much farther east and ran from near Volgograd through Michurinsk to the Oka at Ryazan . He also mentions three trails running northwest from Perekop to Galicia. The Czarny Trail went north toward Kyiv with

2024-412: The strengthening Russian Empire, which had rebuilt and reinforced the fortress of Belgorod and cities of Kyiv , Izium , Luhansk , Chuhuiv and others in order keep defensive lines against the raids of nomads from the south-east. Later, the protective role of the river basin gave way to economic needs. In the 18th–19th centuries, the river was extensively used for watermills, which numbered by hundreds by

2070-586: Was built around 1958 starting near Raigorodok city, and in compensation, the Dnieper-Donbas channel was created to supply water from Dnieper River to the upstream of the Donets via the Bereka River. As a result of the industrial activity, the wild nature of Donets Basin transformed into an industrial settlement. After the breakup of the USSR, most of the basin territory became part of Ukraine. During

2116-486: Was plentiful. Smaller raids were made in early winter when the rivers were frozen. Davies says that the journey to Moscow took 55 days. Larger raids were led by the Khan in person. The core of his force was a guard of 200-1000 musketeers with light artillery and supply carts that could be formed into a wagenburg . The main force consisted of horse archers with reflex bows and short stirrups. They also had sabers and lances and

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