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71-562: Murong Bao was Murong Chui's fourth son, by his first wife Princess Duan while he was the Prince of Wu under his brother Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao of Former Yan ). He was initially not his father's heir apparent —his older brother Murong Ling (慕容令), also born of Princess Duan, was. He lost his mother in 358 after she died in prison after being falsely accused of witchcraft against Murong Jun and his wife Empress Kezuhun . After Murong Chui fell into suspicion by Empress Dowager Kezuhun and

142-583: A key player again in Chinese military matters, and would fall a decade later. Princess Duan (Murong Chui%27s wife) Princess Duan (段王妃, personal name unknown) (died 358), formally Empress Chengzhao (成昭皇后, literally "the successful and accomplished empress") was the first wife of the Former Yan general Murong Chui , who would later become the founder of Later Yan . She was the mother of his sons Murong Ling (慕容令) and Murong Bao . Princess Duan

213-506: A more appropriate successor, he, not believing her judgment, compared her derogatorily to Li Ji , the wife of Duke Xian of Jin of the Spring and Autumn period , who falsely accused crown prince Shensheng of crimes and had him killed.) As the years went by, Murong Bao was typically guarding the capital Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding , Hebei ) as his father waged campaigns, and he appeared to serve in this role competently. In 388, when he

284-473: A rebellion near his capital Shengle and offered peace—which Murong Bao rejected, and Murong Bao attacked Northern Wei forces as Tuoba Gui prepared to retreat, but instead was defeated by Tuoba Gui at great loss. Murong Long offered to lead the remaining forces in Zhongshan in a battle against Northern Wei and Murong Bao agreed, but Murong Bao then vacillated and eventually, because Murong Lin opposed, cancelled

355-589: A rebellion, but Murong Chui declined. Around the new year 384, however, when Murong Chui had, after being sent by Fu Jiān on a mission to pacify the northeastern empire, become set to rebel instead, Murong Bao was involved in his first act of rebellion—massacring the Di soldiers that Murong Chui's deputy, Fu Feilong (苻飛龍), commanded. In spring 384, after Murong Chui claimed the title Prince of Yan, effectively declaring independence from Former Qin, he created Murong Bao crown prince . As crown prince, Murong Bao became known as

426-548: A record low of −36.2 °C (−33 °F) was recorded in January 1930. Source 3: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985–2015), Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes) The city is administratively at the prefecture-level, meaning that it administers both its urban area and the rural regions in its vicinity. The administrative area includes 4 counties, 4 districts, and a county-level banner ; they are further divided into 20 urban sub-districts, and 96 townships. The data here represented

497-573: A studious learner and talented writer, and because of this and his careful cultivation of relationships with Murong Chui's servants and officials, his father saw him as a good successor, keeping him in that status despite how he favored the military abilities of his other sons Murong Nong the Prince of Liaoxi , Murong Long the Prince of Gaoyang, and Murong Lin the Prince of Zhao. (At one point, when Murong Chui's wise wife Empress Duan Yuanfei (Murong Bao's cousin) reminded him that Murong Bao lacked abilities and that Murong Nong or Murong Long would make

568-506: A succession issue. His son Murong Hui the Duke of Qinghe was most favored by Murong Chui and considered the most capable, and when Murong Chui waged his last campaign, he put Murong Hui in charge of the old Former Yan capital, the important city of Longcheng (龍城, in modern Jinzhou , Liaoning ). As Murong Chui was on his deathbed, he further told Murong Bao to make Murong Hui his crown prince, but Murong Bao favored his young son Murong Ce (慕容策)

639-495: A surprise attack on Bing Province (并州, modern central and northern Shanxi ), defeating Murong Nong and forcing him to flee back to Zhongshan. Tuoba Gui then advanced east, ready to attack Zhongshan. Accepting Murong Lin's suggestion, Murong Bao prepared to defend Zhongshan, leaving the Northern Wei forces free to roam over his territory, believing that Northern Wei would retreat once its forces are worn out. However, this had

710-773: A third (338.6 mm (13.33 in)) only in July. Hohhot is a popular destination for tourists during the summer months because of the nearby Zhaohe grasslands . More recently, due to desertification, the city sees sandstorms on almost an annual basis. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 54 percent in November to 66 percent in September, sunshine is abundant year-round, the city receives 2,680 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −32.8 °C (−27 °F) on 6 February 1951 to 38.9 °C (102 °F) on 30 July 2010, though unofficially

781-440: A tribute to Later Yan. Traditional historians record that Murong Chui's sons and brothers (plural, but by this point would be led by Murong Bao) detained Tuoba Gu and demanded that Tuoba Gui ransom him by offering horses. Tuoba Gui refused, and Tuoba Gu was not permitted to leave, and the relationship between Later Yan and Northern Wei was gone. Tuoba Gui entered into an alliance with Western Yan , and later, even after Western Yan

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852-483: Is 1 yuan; taxi fares begin at 8 yuan. The Hohhot Metro is in operation. Line 1 opened on 29 December 2019. Universities located in Hohhot include: High Schools located in Hohhot include: Hohhot lacked a professional soccer team until Shenyang Dongjin F.C. relocated to Hohhot, changing their name to Hohhot Dongjin, in 2012. They played at Hohhot City Stadium , which was newly built in 2007. The club finished in

923-502: Is January, with a daily mean of −10.7 °C (12.7 °F), while July, the hottest month, averages 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The annual mean temperature is 7.6 °C (45.7 °F), and the annual precipitation is 411 millimetres (16.2 in), with more than half of it falling in July and August alone. Variability can be very high, however: in 1965 Hohhot recorded as little as 155.1 mm (6.11 in) but six years before that, as much as 929.2 mm (36.58 in), of which over

994-752: Is a seat of the Inner Mongolia University , the largest regional comprehensive university and the only 211 Project University in Inner Mongolia. Yunzhong Commandery ( Chinese : 雲中郡 ) was a historical commandery of China. Its territories were between the Great Wall and Yin Mountains , and correspond to part of modern-day Hohhot, Baotou and Ulanqab prefectures in Inner Mongolia . The central city of Yunzhong

1065-437: Is in km and uses data from the 2010 Census. The urban population of Hohhot has increased rapidly since the 1990s. According to the 2010 Census , the population of Hohhot had reached 2,866,615 people, 428,717 more inhabitants than in 2000 ( the average annual demographic growth for the period 2000–2010 was of 1.63 percent ). Its built-up ( or metro ) area is home to 1,980,774 inhabitants ( 4 urban districts ). The majority of

1136-456: Is named. Several major streets are named after Inner Mongolian leagues and cities; among these, Hulun Buir, Jurim (now Tongliao), Ulaanhad (Now Chifeng), Xilin Gol, and Xing'an run north–south, while Bayannur, Hailar, Ulaanqab, and Erdos run east–west. The city's public transit system is composed of nearly one hundred bus routes and a large fleet of taxicabs, which are normally green or blue. Bus fare

1207-500: Is now home to the municipal government, most of the Autonomous Region's administrative buildings, an artificial lake called Ruyi He, and a large number of condominiums , mostly built by the local real estate company Gold Horse International Inc. The Hohhot City Stadium , built on the city's north side, was finished in 2007. A city with a rich cultural background, Hohhot is known for its historical sites and temples and

1278-652: Is one of the major tourist destinations of Inner Mongolia. It is also nationally known as the home of China's dairy giants Mengniu and Yili , and was declared "Dairy Capital of China" by the China Dairy Industry Association and the Dairy Association of China in 2005. Located in the south central part of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot is encircled by the Daqing Shan (Chinese: 大青山 ; lit. 'Great blue Mountains') to

1349-519: Is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China , serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center. Its population was 3,446,100 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, of whom 2,944,889 lived in the metropolitan area consisting of 4 urban districts (including Hohhot Economic and Development Zone) plus the Tümed Left Banner . The name of

1420-595: The Battle of Canhe Slope , killing or capturing nearly the entire Later Yan army, and only Murong Bao and a number of officers escaped. Tuoba Gui, fearful of the Later Yan captives, slaughtered them. In 396, concerned that Northern Wei would then view Murong Bao lightly, Murong Chui personally led another expedition against Northern Wei, initially successful and killing Tuoba Gui's cousin Tuoba Qian (拓拔虔). However, as

1491-589: The G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway (Jingzang Expressway). The city is on the route of China National Highway 110 , which runs from Yinchuan to Beijing . China National Highway 209 begins in Hohhot and carries traffic southbound towards southern China, with its terminus in Guangxi . Hohhot is connected to its northern counties by the Huwu Highway, which was completed in 2006. Previously, travel to

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1562-812: The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Mongol-minority areas of the Republic's provinces of Suiyuan , Xing'an , Chahar , and Rehe . Guisui was chosen as the region's administrative centre in 1952, replacing Zhangjiakou . In 1954, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the city was renamed from Guisui to Hohhot , though with a different Chinese pronunciation of Huhehaote . The city has seen significant development since China's reform and opening began. The city's far east side began development around 2000 and

1633-545: The Jingbao Railway from Beijing to Baotou, and is served by two railway stations: Hohhot railway station and Hohhot East railway station . The line began operation in 1921. Trains to Beijing link to destinations to the south and the northeast . The most prominent rail link with Beijing is the overnight K90 train, which has served the Hohhot-Beijing line since the 1980s and is referred to colloquially as

1704-593: The Mongolian language . A significant portion of the population is of mixed ethnic origin. According to the anthropologist William Jankowiak, author of the book Sex, Death, and Hierarchy in a Chinese City (1993), there is "relatively little difference between minority culture and Han culture" in Hohhot, with differences concentrating around relatively minor attributes such as food and art, and similarities abounding over fundamental issues of ethics, status, life goals, and worldview. Ethnic groups in Hohhot, according to

1775-519: The Yellow River . Murong Bao's army quickly reached the river in fall 395 and prepared to cross the river. However, by this point, Northern Wei scouts had cut off the line of communication between Murong Bao's army and the Later Yan capital Zhongshan, and Northern Wei had the captured Later Yan messengers declare that Murong Chui had already died, causing great disturbance in the Later Yan army. The Later Yan and Northern Wei forces stalemated across

1846-458: The regent Murong Ping in 369 during the reign of Murong Jun's son Murong Wei , Murong Bao was among the members of Murong Chui's household who fled with him to Former Qin . After his brother Murong Ling fell into a trap set by Former Qin's prime minister Wang Meng (who did not trust Murong Chui or his sons) into defecting back to Former Yan and was subsequently killed, Murong Bao became his father's heir apparent. In his young age, Murong Bao

1917-725: The surrender of Japan in 1945, the Republic of China changed the name back to Guisui. The Chinese Communist Party 's forces drove out General Fu Zuoyi , the Republic's commander in Suiyuan, during the Chinese Civil War , and after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, Guisui was renamed Hohhot. During the Civil War, seeking the support of separatist Mongols, the Communists established

1988-630: The wars against the Xiongnu . In 127 BC, it was from Yunzhong that General Wei Qing led a 40,000-men strong cavalry force and conquered the modern Hetao and Ordos regions. In 2 AD, the commandery administered 11 counties, namely Yunzhong (雲中), Xianyang (咸陽), Taolin (陶林), Zhenling (楨陵), Duhe (犢和), Shaling (沙陵), Yuanyang (原陽), Shanan (沙南), Beiyu (北輿), Wuquan (武泉) and Yangshou (陽壽). The population totaled 38,303 households, or 173,270 people. During Eastern Han, 3 counties were abolished, while 3 new counties were added from Dingxiang Commandery . In 140 AD,

2059-431: The "9-0". Westbound trains go through Baotou and Lanzhou . There are also rail links to most major Inner Mongolian cities and to Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia. Because the quickest trip to Beijing takes around six and a half hours despite the relatively close proximity of the two cities, plans for high-speed rail were discussed extensively prior to the construction of a high-speed railway station beginning in 2008. The station

2130-404: The 2000 census, were: Hohhot is a major industrial center within Inner Mongolia . Together with Baotou and Ordos , it accounts for more than 60 percent of the total industrial output of Inner Mongolia. After Baotou and Ordos, it is the third-largest economy of the province, with GDP of RMB 247.56 billion in 2012, up 11.0 percent year on year. Hohhot accounted for approximately 15.5 percent of

2201-500: The Duke of Kaifeng. Murong Xiang killed him. Meanwhile, Murong Bao adopted Gao Yun as his own son and created him the Duke of Xiyang. As Murong Bao settled in at Longcheng, Zhongshan and Yecheng lost contact with him. Murong Xiang declared himself emperor, but was soon defeated and killed by Murong Lin, who also declared himself emperor. However, he was soon defeated by Northern Wei forces, and he fled to Yecheng and, giving up his imperial title, persuaded Murong Bao's uncle Murong De ,

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2272-524: The Duke of Puyang, and did not favor Murong Hui. Further, Murong Sheng the Duke of Changle, who was slightly older than Murong Hui, also did not want Murong Hui to be crown prince, and so also encouraged Murong Bao to create Murong Ce crown prince. Murong Bao did so in fall 396, and created Murong Hui and Murong Sheng princes. Murong Hui was displeased and secretly considered rebellion. Murong Bao had more immediate pressing concerns, however. In fall 396 as well, Tuoba Gui led his Northern Wei troops and made

2343-730: The Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, and the China Mengniu Dairy Co. As the economic center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot's urban area has expanded greatly since the 1990s. CBDs have grown rapidly in all the city's major districts. The completion of a new office tower for the Municipal Government in Eastern Hohhot marked a shift of the city center to the east. Hailiang Plaza ( 海亮广场 ), a 41-floor tower constructed in

2414-584: The Lama monasteries ... the Tümeds are now practically nonexistent and the nearest Mongolians are to be sought at 50 or 60 miles [80 or 100 kilometres] distance on the plateau." During the progressive Japanese invasion of China in the 1930s, the Japanese created the puppet state of Mengjiang headed by Prince De , who renamed Guisui "Blue City" ( Hohhot ; ( Chinese : 厚和市 ; pinyin : Hòuhé shì ). After

2485-554: The Prince of Dunqiu—Murong Chui's uncle—however, Duan was initially unsuccessful, until Murong Nong inexplicably surrendered to him, destroying morale and causing Longcheng to fall. Murong Bao and Murong Sheng fled south and, in the confusion, Lan took over Longcheng and offered to receive Murong Bao back. Murong Bao, who had reached Jicheng (modern Beijing ) by this point, wanted to head back, but Murong Sheng persuaded to try to head south to seek aid from Murong De, not realizing that Murong De had declared independence. Once they reached

2556-511: The Yellow River for 20 odd days, when Murong Lin's followers tried to start a coup and support Murong Lin as new leader, and while the coup failed, uncertainty fell on Later Yan forces. As winter came, Later Yan forces retreated and, not realizing that the Yellow River would freeze to allow Northern Wei forces to cross easily, Murong Bao left no rearguard as he retreated. Tuoba Gui personally gave chase, catching Later Yan forces unprepared at

2627-506: The advice of Yu Chong (餘崇), Murong Bao accepted Lan Jia'nan's escort, and right outside Longcheng, Lan Jia'nan executed Yu and Murong Bao. Lan Han would then slaughter most of the Murong clan and take over the empire, but spared Murong Sheng (because Murong Sheng was the husband of one of his daughters), and two months later Murong Sheng would overthrow Lan Han and reestablish Later Yan with himself as its emperor. However, Later Yan would not be

2698-521: The army reached Canhe Slope, the soldiers cried out loud for their fathers and brothers, and Murong Chui became angry and ill, forcing the Later Yan forces to retreat to Zhongshan. He soon died, and Murong Bao succeeded him as emperor. One of the first things that Murong Bao did as emperor was forcing his stepmother Duan Yuanfei to commit suicide, still resentful that she advised his father to remove him as crown prince. However, he still buried her with his father, with imperial honors. Murong Bao also faced

2769-551: The capital of Suiyuan Province in northern China. A bubonic plague outbreak in 1917 and the connection of Guisui to railway links in Shanxi , Shaanxi , Hebei , and Beijing helped renew the economy of Guisui town by forming links with eastern China and western China's Xinjiang province. In 1918, the American specialist on Inner Asia Owen Lattimore noted Guisui's ethnic composition as "a town purely Han Chinese except for

2840-535: The charges of witchcraft, and because of this the torture was intensified. Murong Chui was saddened by his wife's suffering, and he sent her a message trying to persuade her to end her suffering by admitting to the charge (and thus end the torture but be sentenced to death). Princess Duan remarked: I am not fearful of death. However, if I falsely implicate myself, I admit to treason. I would be betraying my ancestors and dragging Your Royal Highness into this disaster. The results are dire, and I will not do this. As she

2911-593: The city center, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city. Due to its relatively diverse cultural make-up, and despite its characteristics as a mid-sized Chinese industrial city, the Hohhot street scene has no shortage of ethnic minority elements. Tongdao Road, a major street in the old town area, is decorated with Islamic and Mongol exterior designs on all its buildings. A series of government initiatives in recent years have emphasized Hohhot's identity with ethnic minority groups, especially in increasing Mongol-themed architecture around

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2982-551: The city in Mongolian means "Blue City", although it is also wrongly referred to as the "Green City." The color blue in Mongol culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity. In Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng ( Chinese : 青城 ; lit. ' Blue/Green City') The name has also been variously romanized as Kokotan, Kokutan, Kuku-hoton, Huhohaot'e, Huhehot, Huhhot, Huhot, or Köke qota. The city

3053-500: The city. The city also has rich traditions in the making of hot pot and shaomai , a type of traditional Chinese dumpling served as dim sum . Hohhot's Baita International Airport ( IATA :HET) is located about 14.3 km (8.9 mi) east of the city centre by car. It has direct flights to larger domestic cities including Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu, and others. It also has flights to Taichung , Hong Kong , and Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia. Hohhot lies on

3124-618: The city. By regulation, all street signs and public transportation announcements are in both Chinese and Mongolian. Older Hohhot residents mostly tend to converse in the Hohhot dialect , a branch of the Jin language from neighbouring Shanxi province. This spoken form can be difficult to understand for speakers of other Mandarin Chinese dialects. The newer residents, mostly concentrated in Xincheng and Saihan Districts, speak Hohhot-based Mandarin,

3195-404: The defender of Yecheng, to abandon it and head south of the Yellow River to Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang , Henan ). Murong De did so, and once at Huatai, in spring 398, he effectively declared independence by claiming the title Prince of Yan and changing era name , establishing Southern Yan . Meanwhile, not knowing this and having received Murong De's earlier report requesting that he return to

3266-519: The defense of southwestern Inner Mongolia against Mongol attacks from the north in 1735–39. Guihua and Suiyuan was merged into Shanxi province and became Guihua County ( 歸化縣 ; 归化县 ; Guīhuà Xiàn ) of Qing China. French missionaries established a Catholic church in Guihua in 1874, but the Christians were forced to flee to Beijing during the antiforeign Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901. In 1913,

3337-422: The early 1630s as local Mongol princes encouraged the settlement of Han Chinese merchants. There were occasional attacks on Guihua by Mongol armies, such as the total razing of the city by Ligdan Khan in 1631. Altan Khan and his successors constructed temples and fortresses in 1579, 1602 and 1727. The Tümed Mongols of the area had long since adopted a semiagricultural way of life. Hui merchants gathered north of

3408-440: The effect that all of the cities' garrisons in modern Hebei abandoned them, except for Zhongshan and two other important cities -- Yecheng and Xindu (信都, in modern Hengshui , Hebei ). After making an initial attack against Zhongshan and failing, Tuoba Gui changed his tactic to establishing his rule over the other cities while leaving Zhongshan alone. In spring 397, Xindu fell. Meanwhile, however, Tuoba Gui had received news of

3479-837: The gate of the city's fortress, building a mosque in 1693. Their descendants formed the nucleus of the modern Huimin district. After the Manchus founded the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Kangxi Emperor (reigned 1661–1722) sent troops to control the region, which was of interest to the Qing as a center of study of Tibetan Buddhism . Just 2 km northeast of Guihua the Qing built the strong garrison town of Suiyuan ( traditional Chinese : 綏遠 ; simplified Chinese : 绥远 ; pinyin : PRC Standard Mandarin: Suíyuǎn , ROC Standard Mandarin: Suīyuǎn ), from which they supervised

3550-427: The government of the new Republic of China united the garrison town of Suiyuan and the old town of Guihua as Guisui ( traditional Chinese : 歸綏 ; simplified Chinese : 归绥 ; pinyin : PRC Standard Mandarin: Guīsuí , ROC Standard Mandarin: Guīsuī ; postal : Kweisui ). Guisui town was the center of Guisui County ( 歸綏縣 ; 归绥县 ; PRC : Guīsuí Xiàn , ROC : Guīsuī Xiàn ) and

3621-456: The majority also with a noticeable accent and some unique vocabulary. Food specialty in the area is mostly focused on Mongol cuisine and dairy products. Commercially, Hohhot is known for being the base of the nationally renowned dairy giants Yili and Mengniu . The Mongol drink suutei tsai ( Chinese : 奶茶 ; pinyin : nǎichá ; lit. ' milk tea '), has become a typical breakfast selection for anyone living in or visiting

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3692-471: The most military threat to him), but was only successful in killing Murong Long. Murong Bao and Murong Nong's forces quickly fled to Longcheng, and Murong Hui subsequently put Longcheng under siege. Under a surprise attack led by Gao Yun , however, Murong Hui's forces collapsed, and he fled back to Zhongshan, where the remaining garrison was under the leadership of Murong Bao's cousin Murong Xiang (慕容詳)

3763-533: The north and the Hetao Plateau to the south. The city's antipodal location is 22 kilometres (14 mi) from the village of Los Menucos in Río Negro Provence , Argentina . Hohhot features a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ), marked by long, cold, and very dry winters; hot, somewhat humid summers; strong winds (especially in spring); and monsoonal influence. The coldest month

3834-803: The north of China, divide the Later Yan realm into two parts, and subdue the Xia (407–431), the Later Qin (384–417) and the many Liang and Yan empires. In 1557, the Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan began building the Da Zhao Temple on the Tümed plain in order to convince the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) government of his leadership of the southern Mongol tribes. The town that grew up around this temple

3905-442: The northern counties had required lengthy navigation through mountainous terrain. Long-distance buses connect Hohhot to outlying counties, the cities of Baotou, Wuhai , and Ordos , and other areas in Inner Mongolia. Hohhot's major north–south thoroughfares are called roads (Lu) and its east–west thoroughfares are called streets (Jie). The largest elevated interchange is near the site of the city's Drum Tower (Gulou), after which it

3976-463: The plan, but outlined to Murong Bao the reasons, once at Longcheng he should not head back south for a long time. Murong Bao agreed, and they abandoned Zhongshan to join Murong Hui's forces. Murong Hui, meanwhile, on the way back to Longcheng, considered seizing power by force and finally resolved to do so. He sent assassins to kill Murong Long and Murong Nong (believing that the two uncles posed

4047-455: The plan. He also vacillated between whether to accept a proposal to return Tuoba Gu to Northern Wei and ceding Bing Province for peace. When Murong Lin subsequently rebelled, Murong Bao worried that Murong Lin would seize Murong Hui's troops (which were then advancing toward Zhongshan to relieve it, but due to Murong Hui's continued resentment was advancing slowly), and so decided to abandon Zhongshan to head for Longcheng. Murong Long agreed with

4118-607: The planned Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway are due for completion in 2017, and are designed to operate at 250 km/h (155 mph). The section between Hohhot and Ulanqab (Jining) opened in August 2017; travel time between the two cities was shortened to 40 minutes. An expressway built in 1997 (then known as the Hubao Expressway) links Hohhot with Baotou . In recent years this expressway has been expanded eastwards to Jining and Zhangjiakou , and on to Beijing as part of

4189-470: The population of Hohhot are Han Chinese , representing 87.16 percent of the total population in 2010. Most Han in Hohhot, if their ancestry is traced several decades back, have ancestors from Shanxi , northeast China , or Hebei . Most Mongols in the city speak Chinese . A 1993 survey conducted by Inner Mongolia University found that only 8 percent of Tümed Mongols (the majority tribe in Hohhot) could speak

4260-515: The population was 5,351 households, or a population of 26,430. Toward the late Han dynasty, the area's population decreased sharply as residents fled from invading northern nomadic peoples, and the commandery was dissolved. The Tuoba chieftain Gui (called Tuoba Gui ) was able to refound the Dai empire in 386. From his capital at Shengle (near modern Helingeer). His descendants would, step by step, conquer

4331-588: The province's total GDP in 2012. It is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording ¥ 102.2 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2012, an increase of 14.9 percent from 2011. The city has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project being pursued by the Central Government. There are many famous enterprises located in Hohhot, including China's largest dairy producer by sales revenue,

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4402-481: The south, Murong Bao prepared a campaign to recover lost territory, against Murong Nong and Murong Sheng's pleas that the army was already worn out. As soon as Murong Bao left Longcheng, however, his general Duan Sugu (段速骨) started a rebellion, and the army abandoned Murong Bao, who immediately fled back to Longcheng. Meanwhile, Duan, having forced Murong Long's son Murong Chong (慕容崇) the Prince of Gaoyang as leader, besieged Longcheng. Even with secret help from Lan Han

4473-623: The vicinity of Huatai, however, they heard about how Murong De had assumed imperial powers and therefore fled back north. Many cities on the way offered to coalesce around Murong Bao to start a new resistance against Northern Wei, but Murong Bao resolved to head back to Longcheng. Murong Sheng, suspecting that Lan Han was up to no good, tried to persuade Murong Bao otherwise, but was unable to get him to change his mind, and Murong Sheng fled and hid. When Murong Bao approached Longcheng in early summer 398, Lan Han sent his brother Lan Jia'nan (蘭加難) to welcome Murong Bao but in actuality to guard him. Against

4544-406: Was 33 and Murong Chui was 62, Murong Chui transferred most of the imperial authority to him, only retaining decision power over the most important matters. In 391, Murong Bao was, in all likelihood, involved in an incident that would fatefully lead to the breakup in relations with Later Yan's vassal Northern Wei . That year, Northern Wei's prince Tuoba Gui sent his brother Tuoba Gu (拓拔觚) to offer

4615-823: Was called the "Blue Town" ( Kokegota in Mongolian). The Ming had been blockading the Mongols' access to Chinese iron, cotton, and crop seeds, in order to dissuade them from attacking the North China plain . In 1570, Altan Khan successfully negotiated the end of the blockade by establishing a vassal -tributary relationship with the Ming, who changed Kokegota's name to Guihua ( traditional Chinese : 歸化 ; simplified Chinese : 归化 ; pinyin : Guīhuà ; postal : Kweihua ; lit. 'Return to Civilization') in 1575. The population of Guihua grew to over 150,000 in

4686-511: Was completed in 2011 and initially serviced only ordinary lines. In January 2015, CRH opened its first D-series ( dongchezu ) route in Inner Mongolia in the Baotou-Hohhot- Jining corridor, shortening travel time between Inner Mongolia's two largest cities to a mere 50 minutes. This line reached a maximum speed of 200 km/h (124 mph) between Hohhot and Baotou. Another high-speed rail line linking Hohhot to Zhangjiakou and

4757-450: Was destroyed by Later Yan in 393, continued to harass Later Yan's border lands. In 395, Murong Bao, along with his brothers Murong Nong and Murong Lin, led an 80,000-men expedition that was intended to punish Northern Wei for its recalcitrance—but one that would have fateful consequences for Later Yan. Tuoba Gui, hearing about Murong Bao's army, abandoned his capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ) and retreated west across

4828-563: Was in the suburbs of today's Hohhot. The commandery was created during King Wuling of Zhao 's reign after a successful campaign against the Linhu (林胡) and Loufan (樓煩) peoples. After the establishment of Qin and Han dynasty , the commandery became the frontier between Han and the Xiongnu . In early Han dynasty, the region saw frequent Xiongnu raids. However, from Emperor Wu 's reign onwards, it became an important base of military operations in

4899-451: Was interrogated, Princess Duan replied logically and openly, and Murong Chui was able to avoid being dragged into the case, but she still died in prison, either from the torture or a secret execution. Murong Chui subsequently married her sister, and then her niece Duan Yuanfei as his wife. In 388, after he had established Later Yan, he posthumously honored her as Empress Chengzhao. Hohhot Hohhot , formerly known as Kweisui ,

4970-525: Was not known for his abilities or ambitions, but for favoring flatterers. At one point he served as a commandery governor. In 383, he was a mid-level commander in the Former Qin army that set out to conquer Jin and reunite China but was defeated at the Battle of Fei River . When, after the army collapsed, the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān fled to Murong Chui's army (which remained intact), Murong Bao tried to persuade his father to kill Fu Jiān and declare

5041-667: Was the daughter of Duan Mopei (段末柸), one in a line of Duan chiefs carrying the title of Duke of Liaoxi . Because she came from an honored lineage (originally on par with Former Yan's imperial clan, the Murongs ), she did not respect Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao)'s wife Empress Kezuhun , and Empress Kezuhun despised her greatly. In 358, perhaps at her instigation, the eunuch Nie Hao (涅浩) falsely accused Princess Duan of witchcraft . Murong Jun had her and her alleged coconspirator, Murong Chui's assistant Gao Bi (高弼), arrested. Princess Duan and Gao were tortured, but they refused to admit

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