Foorculus:
153-631: The Murusade, ( Somali : Murursade, Mursal; Arabic : مرسذه ,مرسل) also contemporarily known as Mursal , are a Somali sub-clan, part of the Karanle branch of the larger Hawiye Clan. They primarily reside in the central regions of Somalia , particularly in the Galgaduud , Lower Shabelle , Middle Shabelle and Banaadir regions. The Mursal traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists , coastal people, merchants and farmers . They are historically viewed as an affluent clan. They are also one of
306-747: A Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. Additionally, other state-run public networks like Somaliland National TV , regional public networks such as Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. Somali
459-632: A protectorate agreement with the Italians, On December 27, 1894, in Mogadishu , certain branches of the clan residing in some of the southern areas, which were significantly distanced from the direct authority of the Sultan and the clan elders, persisted in engaging in conflicts against the Italian forces. This was particularly evident in the case of branches that had established strategic alliances with
612-719: A Greek travel document dating from the first century AD, as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali littoral. According to the Periplus , maritime trade already connected peoples in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean. During ancient times Mogadishu was part of the Somali city-states that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting Somali merchants with Phoenicia , Ptolemic Egypt , Greece, Parthian Persia , Sabaeans , Nabataea and
765-458: A Muslim medieval geographer in the year 1220 describes Mogadishu as the most prominent town on the coast. Yaqut also mentioned Mogadishu as being a town inhabited by Berbers, described as "dark-skinned" and considered ancestors of modern Somalis. By the thirteenth century, Ibn Sa'id described Mogadishu, Merca and Barawa located in the Benadir coast had become Islamic and commercial centers in
918-584: A bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre , who at the time commanded the army. Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Ali Korshel . Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution," and Barre shortly afterwards became
1071-468: A historic ally of Somalia. In October 2017, over 500 people were killed by a truck bombing . In March 2022, al-Shabaab killed over 60 people in a series of attacks . In October 2022, an al-Shabaab double car bombing killed over 120 people. On 14 March, militants attacked and sieged the SYL Hotel in Mogadishu . In July 2024, At least eight people are killed and twenty-one others injured in
1224-499: A king over it, and is a place of great trade in merchandise. Ships come there from the kingdom of Cambay (India) and from Aden with stuffs of all kinds, and with spices. And they carry away from there much gold, ivory, beeswax, and other things upon which they make a profit. In this town there is plenty of meat, wheat, barley, and horses, and much fruit: it is a very rich place. In 1542, the Portuguese commander João de Sepúvelda led
1377-463: A new technocratic government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms, especially in the security sector. By August 2011, the new administration and its AMISOM allies had managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants. Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction spearheaded by the Somali diaspora, the municipal authorities, and Turkey,
1530-583: A period of decline and disarray near the end of the Hiraab Imamate . Following a struggle between the two leading figures of each respective quarter ( Shingani and Hamarweyn ) Sultan Yusuf marched into the city with an 8,000 strong army and ruled in favour of the Shingani leader, with the loser fleeing the city. Yusuf would nominate a relative of the deposed chief to lead the Hamarweyn quarter ending
1683-426: A period of major reconstruction commenced. The origins of the name Mogadishu (Muqdisho) have many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the Somali words Muuq and Disho which mean "Sight Killer" or "Blinder", possibly referring to the city's blinding beauty. Magh'ad-e shāh ( Persian : مقعد شاه ) is another phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, meaning "seat of
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#17327725518081836-504: A plethora of other traditional Somali handicrafts. These products were procured from El-Buur , a notable Murusade settlement, which served as the clan's main trading hub in central and northern Somalia. It was from this hub that they obtained significant quantities of economically valuable minerals such as sepiolite , quartz , muscovite , microcline , and goethite , in addition to other commodities like livestock , Ivory , Sorghum , Ghee , Salt , Hides , and Gold among others. As
1989-465: A prominent clan in Somali society. The Murusade have a rich mercantile heritage that dates back along the ancient Banaadir coast and central Somalia . Throughout history, they have demonstrated a strong proclivity towards mercantilism and various forms of commerce , actively engaging in a wide array of economic pursuits. These activities ranged from nomadic pastoralism in the arid deserts of central Somalia to agricultural practices along
2142-493: A prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from
2295-464: A significant local trading center. Enrico Cerulli states: "In historical terms, a theocratic ideology superimposed on an extensive network of Hawiyya-affiliated clans helped uphold Ajuran dominance over a wide region." The Ajuran Sultanate collapsed in the 17th century primarily due to their implementation of excessive taxes on their populace, which led to the Hawiye initiating a rebellion and defeating
2448-468: A small fleet on an expedition to the Somali coast . During this expedition, he briefly attacked Mogadishu, capturing an Ottoman ship and firing upon the city, which compelled the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace treaty with the Portuguese. According to the 16th-century explorer, Leo Africanus indicates that the native inhabitants of the Mogadishu polity were of the same origins as the denizens of
2601-706: A small team of African Union troops, the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to retake control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its control of southern Somalia, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia , and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a , a moderate Sufi militia. In November 2010,
2754-471: A vast trading network, dominated the regional gold trade, minted its own currency , and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia. A local city-state which much influence over the hinterland neighbouring coastal towns. For many years Mogadishu functioned as the pre-eminent city in the بلد البربر ( Bilad al Barbar – "Land of the Berbers "), as medieval Arabic-speakers named
2907-494: A widespread geographical presence within the central regions of Somalia . They have influenced the historical, political, and economic development of these regions. Of particular significance is their predominant position in the mining towns of El-Buur district - an area that has been inhabited since the 13th century and that served as a crucial economic hub during the Ajuuran Sultanate and subsequent eras. The region
3060-522: Is Merca , which is specifically identified as the "capital of Hawiye country," boasting a multitude of more than 50 settlements within its boundaries. The historical trajectory of the Murusade clan's migration aligns with the broader movement of the Hawiye clans , underscoring their shared history and cultural heritage. This journey signifies not only a physical relocation but also a symbolic continuation of
3213-524: Is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and
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#17327725518083366-448: Is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and
3519-484: Is also the place of origin of the local pipe-making industry. Furthermore, the Murusade also form the majority population alongside the Abgaal clan in Mogadishu . In the past, there was a fairly respected division between the Murusade group and the Abgaal community. However, with the evolution of Mogadishu into the capital city of Somalia, a wave of Somali migrants flocked to establish themselves there. Consequently,
3672-680: Is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in both Somalia and Ethiopia , and serves as a national language in Djibouti , it is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet although
3825-563: Is located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean, which, unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a maamul goboleed (federal state). Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from the ancient period up until the present, serving as the capital of the Sultanate of Mogadishu in the 9th-13th century, which for many centuries controlled the Indian Ocean gold trade and eventually came under
3978-597: Is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga,
4131-481: Is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative, Partially the reason why is that it is mostly found in Arabic loanwords. It is pronounced as the phoneme χ when it is an allophone for the letter ⟨q⟩ in syllabic codas. As in A kh ri from A q ri meaning (read). Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali
4284-584: Is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language
4437-623: Is represented by the Gurra, with few Hauia elements. The Caranle and the Agiuran, who immigrated there thirty years ago and who have a considerable influence on the social life of the Arsi; the Caranle especially came there to Islamize them, but ended up merging with them in a process of mutual assimilation, causing the Arsi to lose their religious heritage. It is therefore the work of the Caranle if today
4590-467: Is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). Clitic pronouns are attached to
4743-738: Is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti. Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when
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4896-562: Is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of the Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. The language
5049-718: Is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. As of October 2022, Somali and Oromo are
5202-710: Is traditionally inhabited by four clans. These are the Moorshe, Iskashato, DhabarWeyne, and the Bandawow. Moorshe is regarded the oldest group in Mogadishu and is considered to be a sub-clan of Ajuran who established one of the most powerful medieval kingdoms in Africa, the Ajuran Sultanate . The Gibil Madow (Dark Skins) faction of the Benadiri are said to hail from the Somali clan groups from inland which make up
5355-490: The Ajuran Sultanate in the 13th century which was an important player in the medieval Silk Road maritime trade. Mogadishu enjoyed the height of its prosperity during the 14th and 15th centuries and was during the early modern period considered the wealthiest city on the East African coast, as well as the center of a thriving textile industry. In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under
5508-646: The Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and the Borama script are informally used. Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. The Somali language
5661-537: The Banaadir coast, including the city of Mogadishu , which is the current capital of Somalia and where they were among the earliest settlers. The Murusade Merchants had established extensive and intricate relationships with a multitude of sultanates and kingdoms situated along the Baanaadir coast, showcasing the remarkable reputation they had meticulously crafted over time. This notable reputation resulted in
5814-563: The Banaadir coast, stating: "The Murosade, who have become detached in the process of tribal movement, are found in small groups in the region of Merca and, in a larger body, below the Shebelle around Afgoi. They are essentially pastoralists, although they practice some cultivation, and in the Merca region, they are engaged in the caravan trade." The clan also maintained strong ties with their Karanle counterparts located within and surrounding
5967-447: The Banaadir coast, thereby granting them access to additional markets in the southern regions, particularly in bustling cities like Merca and Barawe , ultimately leading to a period of unprecedented prosperity. However, this significant migration south along the Banaadir coast inadvertently caused the Murusade clan to become detached to a degree. I. M. Lewis provides a highly valuable reference to this as well as their presence along
6120-621: The Battle of Ras Kamboni , raged, TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , a former colonel in the Somali Army, entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to Villa Somalia in Mogadishu from its interim location in Baidoa , marking the first time since the fall of the Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of
6273-555: The Geledi Sultanate , they maintained their distinct identities, engaging in the exchange of bloodwealth and other legal compensations as a united polity. They were, however, regarded as equals by the Geledi , who sought their counsel prior to making decisions. "From time to time a general assembly, kulun, of the entire Geledi clan, was held. Such an assembly would be ordered by the sultan; any man could come who wished, but it
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6426-585: The Hiraab Imamate . In the 19th century, it came under the Sultanate of the Geledi 's sphere of influence. In 1894, the Somali chief had signed a treaty of peace, friendship, and protection with Filonardi of the Commercial Company of Benadir. The onset of Italian colonial rule occurred in stages, with treaties signed in the 1880s followed by economic engagement between Somali clans and the Commercial Company of Benadir, and then direct governance by
6579-571: The Indian Ocean . He said the local people in the Benadir coast and the interior were predominantly inhabited by Somalis with a minority of Arab, Persian and Indian merchants living in the coastal towns. Ibn al-Mujawir mentions the Banu Majid who fled the Mundhiriya region in Yemen in the year 1159 and settled in Mogadishu and also traders from the port towns of Abyan and Haram. Mogadishu
6732-574: The Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and imposed sharia law. The new Transitional Federal Government (TFG), established two years earlier, sought to establish its authority. With the assistance of Ethiopian troops , AMISOM peacekeepers and air support by the United States, it drove out the rival ICU and solidified its rule. On 8 January 2007, as
6885-615: The Italian Empire after 1906, British Military Administration of Somalia after World War II and the Trust Territory of Somaliland administered by Italy in the 1950s. This was followed by independence in 1960, the Somali Democratic Republic era during Siad Barre 's presidency (1969–1991). The three-decade long Somali Civil War afterwards devastated the city. As of the late 2010s and 2020s,
7038-455: The Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in
7191-520: The Ottoman Empire , and with the import of firearms such as muskets and cannons . Most were Muslims, although a few adhered to pre-Islamic beliefs ; there were also some Orthodox Tewahedo Christians further inland. Mogadishu itself was a wealthy, and well-built city-state, which maintained commercial trade with kingdoms across the world. The metropolis city was surrounded by walled stone fortifications. The Ajuran Sultanate collapsed in
7344-588: The Roman Empire . Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo. The founding ethnicity of Mogadishu and its subsequent sultanate has been a topic of intrigue in Somali Studies . Ioan Lewis and Enrico Cerulli believed that the city was founded and ruled by a council of Arab and Persian families. However, the reference I.M Lewis and Cerulli received traces back to one 19th century text called
7497-553: The Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents
7650-522: The State of Somaliland , and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, with Mogadishu serving as the nation's capital. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of
7803-448: The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted
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#17327725518087956-622: The United Nations Operation in Somalia II several gun battles took place in Mogadishu between Somali factions, volunteers and peacekeepers . Among these was the Battle of Mogadishu of 1993 , a US apprehension of two high-ranking lieutenants of the Somali National Alliance . The UN soldiers withdrew altogether from the country on 3 March 1995, having incurred more significant casualties. In 2006,
8109-406: The east African coast and the Red Sea . Mentions of the clan group can be found in Portuguese references dating back to the 16th century. At the time, the Murusade resided in the vicinity of Barawa , near Sindassi, Torre, and Barawe, and aligned themselves with the Ajuran coalition in resistance against the Portuguese forces . The Murusade are also noted to have participated attacks against
8262-408: The emirate of Harar , as well as its predecessor, the Ifat Sultanate and Adal Sultanate . This can be seen today in descendants of the Ethiopian Karanle subclans inhabiting southern Somalia for generations with their kinsmen - the Italian census of 1931 counts the Sihawle as a Murursade affiliated clan inhabiting parts of Luuq district and they also can be found in small numbers in Mogadishu, while
8415-415: The 12th century, portraying them as a significant Muslim community that resided in the area ranging from Merca to Ras Hafun , encompassing the fertile lands along the "Nile of Mogadishu," known as the Webi Shebelle . Subsequent writings by Arab scholars further reinforce the prominence of the Hawiye clan , linking them to key locations such as Merca and the lower Shabelle valley. Of particular note
8568-406: The 13th century, a significant player in the maritime trade along the medieval Silk Road. The Murusade clan in agreement with others, argue to be one of the original inhabitants of Mogadishu , having settled there sometime over a millenia ago. According to Sheikh Mahamed Ahmed Sheikh Mahamud, a Banaadiri theologian and scholar of Banaadiri history : "Some of the earliest Somalis from
8721-441: The 16th century, Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya sailed to Mogadishu with cloths and spices for which they in return received gold , wax and ivory . Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants. Mogadishu, the center of a thriving weaving industry known as toob benadir (specialized for
8874-534: The 17th century due to heavy taxation against their subjects, which started a rebellion. The ex-subjects became a new wave of Somali migrants, the Abgaal , moved both into the Shebelle River basin and Mogadishu. A new political elite led by Abgaal Yaquub imams , with ties to the new leaders in the interior, moved into the Shangani District of the city. Remnants of the Ajuran lived in the other key-quarters of Hamar Weyne District . Ajuran merchants began to look for new linkages and regional trade opportunities since
9027-422: The 17th century, the Ajuran Sultanate was experiencing a decline, causing various vassals to either gain independence or become part of emerging Somali powers. One of these emerging powers was the Silcis Sultanate , which started to assert its authority over the Afgooye region. Initially vassals, the Geledi and the Wa'adan rebelled against and expelled the Silcis by the turn of the 18th century. Subsequently,
9180-427: The Abgaal had commandeered the existing trading networks. By the 17th century, the Hiraab Imamate was a powerful kingdom that ruled large parts of southern and central Somalia. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards. By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline due to internal problems,
9333-494: The Ajuran Sultanate. Subsequently, the Hawiye became key figures in a new influx of Somali migrants, who were in search of safety and new opportunities elsewhere. The Ajuran migrated back to Ethiopia to rejoin older Ajuran lineages as well as the Karanle, demonstrating the long ties between both clans despite the turbulent history, intermarriage and political alliances in the face of Oromo and Ethiopian incursions persisted. The Somali race of Neciasciar (a village in central Oromia)
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#17327725518089486-409: The Arsi of Neciasciar are Muslims, a modest minority is still pagan, but everything suggests that this is disappearing to embrace Islamism. Within this successor group of migrants were the Murusade, who traveled southwards alongside the Hiraab clan who would go on to establish the Hiraab Imamate as a successor to the now defunct Ajuran Sultanate . The long standing relationship between the Hiraab and
9639-522: The Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. Baa and ayaa require
9792-425: The Galla, they emigrated to the north. They fought against the Hauìa Uadan and they defeated them six times, but they were then defeated and had to retreat to Balad, where, encountering with other Hauìa, the Mobilèn, succeeded well three times to beat them, but then suffered from them too a defeat and they fell back on Gheledi, welcomed as alifa by Sultan Jusuf Mahmud and occupied the lands where they still are today. To
9945-406: The Garanle tribe the Murisadas also belong, descended, to what they claim, from Northern Somalia to right bank of the Shebelle, south of the Mobilèn. " The Murusade were welcomed as 'Halifa' or allies by the Sultanate of Geledi , led by Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim , who was looking to form partnerships to counter neighboring clans like the Wa'daan , the Hubeer and the Biimaal . By the close of
10098-482: The Gidir, Kariye, Sixawle and the Murusade themselves. Murusade, youngest son of Karan, shares the same mother as Sixawle and their sister Faduma. Gidir and Kaariye were born from another mother. The Karanle clan, to which the Murusade belongs, was historically involved in combating foreign invaders in the Greater Somalia region as these two nations historically shared an extensive border. "Gum, myrrh, ostrich feathers, ivory, incense abound in Karanle; they don't grow
10251-414: The Hawiya family now began to appear in the south. The Herab and Murosade defeated the Ajuran and settled along the Shebelle." According to Roland Marchal in his 1997 Studies On Governance commenting on the established Murursade sections of the Benadir region and Mogadishu city: "Historically, the Murusade community, like in other districts of the region, was part of the Hiraab. The situation had changed by
10404-412: The Hiraab Imam to acquiesce to the decision. Omani and later Zanzibari officials were mere representatives of the Sultan to collect customs and needed the fort for their own security rather than control of the city. The Fort of Garessa was eventually constructed in 1870. The Sultan of Zanzibar later leased and then sold the infrastructure that he had built to the Italians, but not the land itself, which
10557-554: The Imamate also faced challenges from Imperialist kingdoms, the Zanzibari Sultan from the coast and Geledi Sultanate , and Hobyo Sultanate from the interior from both directions. The Sultanate of Geledi and the Omani Empire vied over who would be the superior power on the Benadir Coast, with Sultan Yusuf Mahamud ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and Said bin Sultan even paying tribute to him in order to keep Omani representatives in Mogadishu. Mogadishu under Abgaal control had been in
10710-414: The Italian media - referring to the similar Italian defeat suffered in Ethiopia months prior at the hands of Menelik, also considered the first premodern victory of coloured natives over a white army, a subsequent series of retaliatory actions took place. Approximately five months after the Lafoole incident, Sorrentino, supported by reinforcements from two Eritrean companies, led an aggressive response against
10863-411: The Jamaa'at in order to restore the ivory trade station inside its citadel that connected routes to Barawe . These three clans, collectively known as Geledi, formed a unified social and political entity over the following centuries, culminating in conflicts with the Italians. The primary factions within this coalition, namely the Murusade and the Wa'adan , were deemed crucial allies. Despite being part of
11016-706: The Kitab Al-Zunuj, which has been discredited by modern scholars as unreliable and unhistorical. More importantly, it contradicts oral, ancient written sources and archaeological evidence on the pre-existing civilizations and communities that flourished on the Somali coast, and to which were the forefathers of Mogadishu and other coastal cities. Thus, the Persian and Arab founding "myths" are regarded as an outdated false colonialist reflection on Africans ability to create their own sophisticated states. It has now been widely accepted that there were already communities on
11169-532: The Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Mogadishu Mogadishu , locally known as Xamar or Hamar , is the capital and most populous city of Somalia . The city has served as an important port connecting traders across the Indian Ocean for millennia and has an estimated urban population of 2,610,483. Mogadishu
11322-585: The Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. The language has five basic vowels . Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as
11475-583: The Mogadishu-based new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world , eventually joining the Arab League in 1974. After fallout from the unsuccessful Ogaden campaign of the late 1970s, the Barre administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the 1978 coup d'état attempt . Most of
11628-726: The Morshe cooperative. By the 13th Century, the Hawiye clan , including the Murusade, found themselves under the governance of the Ajuuran Sultanate , which was led by the Ajuran (clan) , another Hawiye subclan of the Garen Jambelle Hawiye clan family and instrumental in establishing the Ajuuran Sultanate , a powerful entity that held sway over vast territories encompassing much of southern Somalia and parts of eastern Ethiopia. This sultanate's reach extended from
11781-688: The Murursade subclan the Muusetuur, can be found in Dire Dawa and Harar . These connections were effectively employed to ease their participation in commercial caravans originating from the northern territories. The primary purpose of these caravans was to transport and export a diverse range of locally-made traditional Somali handicrafts. Among these handcrafts was the famous dabqaad , also recognised as unsi , as well as various items like incense burners, pottery , clay ovens , and jewellery , among
11934-647: The Murusade and other tribes associated with the defeat at Lafoole. This retribution involved the destruction of Lafoole, the bombardment of the coastal village of Nimow from the sea, and subsequent assaults on several other villages connected to the Geledi and Murusade clans. The aftermath of these events significantly impacted Italian colonial ambitions, influencing both their morale and strategic objectives. Somali language Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : اف صومالِ ; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] )
12087-423: The Murusade clan expanded in size, they initiated a migration away from their traditional territory located in the northern-central region of Somalia , moving towards the southern regions in the company of other Hawiye clans . The Hawiye , to which the Murusade belong, hold the distinction of being the earliest Somali clan to be documented in historical records. The historical accounts trace their presence back to
12240-441: The Murusade clan. At a certain point in Mogadishu's history, elders from different factions gathered to address the rising behavioral issues in the community. This led to the establishment of cooperatives , known as iskaashatooyin. It was also decided that the town would be divided into four zones or quarters, with residents being collectively known by the name of their respective zone. Dhabar Weyne, one of these zones located near
12393-655: The Murusade dating back to the foundations of Hawiye, prospered during this initial era. Key subclans of the Yaquub were born to women of the Murusade clan. The Murusade played a key role in defeating the Ajuuran along the Shabelle river . I.M Lewis states: "The Ajuran influence was considerable and the pressure which they exerted to the south-east contributed to the collapse of the Muzaffar dynasty of Mogadishu. Other tribes of
12546-580: The Omanis (in the 17th century), the Egyptians (in 1875) and the Italians (in 1885), each one forming roots." The Murusade are one of the principal clans of the ancient Banaadir coast, also declared as the "Benadir Colony" by the Italians when they arrived, and it span from Mudug to Jubaland. Due to this, despite the fact that the Sultan of the clan, Mudei Hassan of the Hilibi sub-clan, had officially signed
12699-503: The Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the UN. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected a new president. With the help of
12852-588: The Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop
13005-596: The Shah/merchant Shah" which reflects the city's early Persian influence. The Arabic ' mads ', meaning "hallowed (place)" may also be a root after establishment. The 16th century explorer Leo Africanus knew the city as Magadazo (alt. Magadoxo ). The ancient city of Sarapion is believed to have been the predecessor state of Mogadishu. It is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ,
13158-554: The Shukeerere, a group identified as traders along the Banaadir coast, with significant populations in Merca , where they held a prominent position as one of the 12 Koofid. The term "Koofi" denotes a hat and is symbolic of the 12 elders or clan leaders who serve as representatives of the Merca community. Furthermore, the Shukeerere community had a presence in other Banaadir towns like Mogadishu , where they predominantly resided in
13311-559: The Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic , and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum , the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution , which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he
13464-668: The Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither
13617-516: The Somali coast with ethnic Somali leadership, to whom the Arab and Persian families had to ask for permission to settle in their cities. It also seems the local Somalis retained their political and numerical superiority on the coast while the Muslim immigrants would go through an assimilation process by adopting the local language and culture. Mogadishu along with Zeila and other Somali coastal cities
13770-421: The Somali coast. Following his visit to the city, the 12th-century Syrian historian Yaqut al-Hamawi (a former slave of Greek origin) wrote a global history of many places he visited Mogadishu and called it the richest and most powerful city in the region and was an Islamic center across the Indian Ocean . During his travels, ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi (1213–1286) noted that Mogadishu city had already become
13923-525: The Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . In an 1878 report to
14076-530: The Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,
14229-469: The Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of
14382-580: The Yaquub, are also listed being as long native inhabitants and a stand alone (non-confederacy) in the ancient Mogadishu districts of Shingani, Hamarweyne and Hamar Jajab in the earliest Italian census takes of Mogadishu at the turn of the 20th century. Their impact on the city was profound, as indicated by the symbolic gesture of dedicating one of the four original gateways of the ancient city in their honor. Accounts of Mogadishu's gate by Italian colonial officer Giuseppe Stefanini in May 1913: "A wall surrounds all
14535-413: The aforementioned Geledi Sultanate , thereby strengthening their resistance efforts. The alliance formed by the Geledi , Wa'adan , and Murusade factions emerged as a pivotal and influential force that actively opposed the Italian presence in the region. On November 25, 1896, the Italian government authorized an expedition to explore the inland areas. This authorization was eagerly anticipated by Cecchi,
14688-445: The appointment of Murusade judges and representatives in the courts of these entities, most notably in the Ajuran Sultanate . The title of the clan was per the namesake of their genealogical ancestor, Garfuul. A famous proverb that still survives from this era says " Garqaad Gareen Ajuuraan baa leh, Garnaqsi Garfuul Karanlaa leh ." The Murusade's profound inclination towards mercantilism propelled them to venture further south along
14841-524: The beginning of this century when the Hiraab denomination shifted to Hawiye, maybe because of the number of Hawiye (though non- Hiraab) settling in the region." Following the collapse of the Ajuuran Sultanate and the subsequent migrations of the Hawiye in the lower Shabelle region, this particular era witnessed a significant increase in inter- Hawiye conflicts that were predominantly fought along clan divisions. The Murusade clan found themselves embroiled in
14994-731: The city and opens itself to the outside through four doors [gates]: one towards the sea on the north east side going to Itala and Obbia [Adala and Hobbiyo]; the Gardens door [possibly near the Arba‟- Rukun mosque and garden]; the Market door, from which are the roads leading to the interior and, particularly, to Afgoi, the Scidle and the Dafet [Afgooye, Jowhar and Dafet]; and finally, the Mursola door to
15147-689: The city of Barawa during this time. "Historically, the case of Brava is closer to that of Merka, where the Zanzibarite Arabs of the city formed an alliance with the Tunni, a Digil clan, to repel the assaults of the Hawiye communities in the hinterland, the Abgal, the Murosade and the Wadan. Brava was the object of many of these battles and was successfully coveted by the Portuguese (in the 17th century),
15300-506: The city of Sindassi near Barawa . Subsequently, the Murusade made the decision to migrate towards the northern regions, where a majority of their skirmishes against the Mudulood sub-clan took place, further intensifying the conflicts in the area. This series of events during the time period following the Ajuuran collapse underscores the intricate web of power struggles, territorial disputes, and inter-ethnic confrontations that characterized
15453-513: The city's population of 50,000 residents. Mogadishu remained the capital of Italian Somaliland throughout the latter polity's existence. In World War II it was captured by British forces in February 1941. After World War II Mogadishu was made the capital of the Trust Territory of Somaliland , an Italian administered fiduciary political entity under the UNO mandate, for ten years (1950–1960). British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as
15606-503: The coast, was predominantly inhabited by members of the Murusade clan. During their time there, this clan played a vital role in the city's economy by forming alliances with various clans and participating in commercial activities. Positioned strategically at the port of Xamar , they took advantage of access to lucrative markets in the Arabian Peninsula , thereby contributing to the city's economic growth. The Murusade, alongside
15759-717: The coffee they get from the Galla. They have camels, cattle, sheep and horses in fair quantities....They [the Karanle] alone, led by Omar-Abdi, had the courage to face the 15 thousand Amhara raiders in the Ogaden." The Karanle is considered as the maternal ancestors of numerous prominent clan families, including the Hiraab , the Bimal , and certain Ogaden subclans. "The mother of Hirabä
15912-543: The colonial period. Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in
16065-520: The country. Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into factions. Some of the more radical elements, including a youth milita within the courts military wing known as al-Shabaab , regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military 's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At
16218-406: The country. Mogadishu saw its first major outbreak of violence during the 14 July 1989 riots , during the crackdown Barres forces killed approximately 400 civilians. The July 1989 riots resulted in a large exodus of foreigners from the city and intensification of opposition towards the regime. This incident and other events over the following months led to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991,
16371-534: The destruction". Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. Among these texts are
16524-451: The dispute. Sultan Yusuf is even referred to as the governor of Mogadishu in some sources, highlighting the power he exerted over the city. Despite the Somali political decline, trade with Geledi Sultanate flourished during Geledi Sultan Ahmed Yusuf 's reign. British explorer John Kirk visited the region in 1873 and noted a variety of things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and Merka filled with grain produced from
16677-410: The earliest inhabitants of Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia . The Murusade are a prominent sub-clan among the larger Karanle Hawiye clan family. Hawiye trace their lineage back to Irir, one of the sons of Samaale . Consequently, the Murusade share close kinship ties with other Samaale clans. The Murusade are part of the Karanle clan family, which consists of various sub-clans, including
16830-402: The earliest written attestation of Somali. Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somaliland . As much for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. These piece of writing are from
16983-529: The economic landscape. In conclusion, the Murusade clan, and their heritage, have left an indelible mark on the central regions of Somalia They have had a large historical, political and econimoc influence particularly in the El-Buur district and Mogadishu. Despite facing challenges in recent times, such as land disputes with neighbouring clans, the Murusade continue to demonstrate their resilience and entrepreneurial prowess, further solidifying their position as
17136-517: The emirates of Harar and the Benaadir, an ideal link for the transmission of political and religious ideas." Mogadishu has a rich historical background that dates back to ancient times. It served as the capital of the Sultanate of Mogadishu from the 9th to the 13th century, controlling the trade from Somalia to the Indian Ocean . Subsequently, it came under the rule of the Ajuran Sultanate in
17289-548: The end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops. Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate Alliance for
17442-476: The farms of the Geledi in the interior. Kirk met the Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. The Shabelle river itself was referred to as the 'Geledi river' by Kirk, perhaps in respect of the volume of produce that the Sultanate output. In Barawa there was little grain instead a large quantity of ivory and skins which had already been loaded onto ships destined for Zanzibar . The Geledi Sultans were at
17595-477: The fertile lands surrounding the Shebelle River including the scant but moderate use of slave client labor. According to the "Middle Jubba Study on Governance" published in 1999: The farming was performed by local client-farmers, boon, or low status groups of the dominant Biimaal, Geledle, Hintirre, Murosade, Mobileyn and other predominantly pastoral clans which had established control of small portions of
17748-441: The flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. /q/ is often epiglottalized . The letter ⟨dh⟩ is a retroflex flap when it is pronounced intervocalically, hence becoming the phoneme ( ɽ ): for example, Qu r aanjo (Ant) from Qu dh aanjo; But however, more often than not is the pronunciation of ɽ to the unretained-retroflex ɾ . The letter ⟨kh⟩
17901-400: The focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of
18054-471: The fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern
18207-432: The governing administrations introduced new regulations regarding land acquisition, which compelled the Murusade to cede parts of their own territories and lands. The Murusade are widely recognised for their entrepreneurial spirit, which is reflected in their ownership of a disproportionately high number of businesses in Mogadishu and elsewhere, including the well-known enterprise, Hormuud . Their efforts have contributed to
18360-608: The harrowing defeat that they suffered including the death of Cecchi, mourned in Italy. Lee V. Cassanelli states: "Geledi’s long-time allies the Wa'adan had apparently acted independently at Lafoole; and they had been assisted by a handful of warriors from the Murursade" Following the humiliating defeat of the Italian forces, commonly referred to as the 'Lafoole Massacre', 'Axad Shiikhi' (the Year of Cecchi) in local accounts and " Adwa Part Two" in
18513-564: The head of the SRC. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic , arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programmes, including the Mogadishu Stadium . In addition to a nationalization programme of industry and land,
18666-598: The height of their power. They dominated the East African ivory trade, and also held sway over the Jubba and Shebelle valleys in the hinterland. The Omani Sultans' authority in Mogadishu, however, was largely nominal (existing by name only). When Imam Azzan bin Qais of Oman sought to build a fort in the city, he was thus obligated to request permission from Sultan Ahmed Yusuf the real power broker who in turn convinced
18819-776: The historical landscape of the lower Shabelle region. Colucci states; "Among the Garanle tribes, only the Uadaris were included within the ancient borders of the Benadir Colony, especially represented by the Murisada or Mursola, bordering the Obbia region and the middle Shabelle. According to Colucci, a compact group occupies the villages of Demeràle, Gumurei and Màgle: originally they were in Torre and Sindassi (Brava), but defeated by
18972-534: The hospitality of the people of Mogadishu and how locals would put travellers up in their home to help the local economy. Battuta added that the city was ruled by a Somali sultan , Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar, He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali) but was also fluent in Arabic. The Sultan also had a retinue of viziers , legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs , and other officials at his beck and call. Ibn Khaldun (1332 to 1406) noted in his book that Mogadishu
19125-519: The identification of ancient Sarapion with the city that would later be known as Mogadishu. When Ibn Battuta visited the Sultanate in the 14th century, he identified the Sultan as being of Barbara origin, an ancient term to describe the ancestors of the Somali people . According to Ross E. Dunn neither Mogadishu, or any other city on the coast could be considered alien enclaves of Arabs or Persians, but were in-fact African towns. Yaqut al-Hamawi ,
19278-872: The interior to interact with the Xamari were the Abgal-Reer Mataan, except the Yaquub of the Harti, who settled in Shingani. Additionally, the Is-Xijwaq settled at Gubta. Later, the Muse Abkood, Habar Ceyno, and Hillabi Mohamed from the Murasade (Hawiye) also arrived. These Hawiye groups were collectively referred to as the Xamar Daye, while the Xamari identified themselves as such." Ishijwaaq, Muse Abkood, Habar Ceyno, and Hilibi Mohammed are all sub-clans of
19431-473: The leading Islamic centre in the region. By the time of the Tangier -born traveller ibn Battuta 's appearance on the coastline of Somalia in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Mamluk Sultanate -ruled Egypt , among other places. He also describes
19584-542: The legacy and influence of the Hawiye clan across different regions of Somalia. "Since sections of the Hawiyya were migrating southward before and during Gragn's jihad, it is not inconceivable that they brought certain theocratic notions with them. Indeed, the Ajuran maintained a wakil (governor) in the region around Qallafo. This area was not only the traditional Hawiyya homeland, but also stood midway geographically between
19737-486: The main architect of Italian colonialism in Africa, serving the Governor General of the overall colonial mission, who was determined to finalize agreements with the influential Sultan of Geledi , whom he believed to be pivotal to Italy's plans for Somalia . However, it became apparent that the Sultan did not accurately represent the sentiments of the local population, who vehemently opposed Italian expansion in
19890-470: The majority of Benadiris with a small minority being Gibil Cads (Light Skins) which descend from Muslim immigrants. The Mogadishu Sultanate was a medieval Somali sultanate centered in southern Somalia . It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the Horn of Africa under the rule of Fakhr ad-Din before becoming part of the expanding Ajuran Empire in the 13th century. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained
20043-473: The markets in Egypt and Syria ), together with Merca and Barawa also served as transit stops for Swahili merchants from Mombasa and Malindi and for the gold trade from Kilwa . Jewish merchants from Ormus also brought their Indian textile and fruit to the Somali coast in exchange for grain and wood. Duarte Barbosa , the famous Portuguese traveller, wrote about Mogadishu (c 1517–1518): It has
20196-406: The midst of this turmoil, engaging in numerous battles to secure power and territory within the Shebelle region, particularly facing off against the Mudulood sub-clan of the Hawiye clan . Moreover, the Murusade were also involved in clashes with the Galla residing on the upper banks of the Jubba River during this period, leading to a significant incursion across the river in close proximity to
20349-496: The northern people of Zeila the capital of Adal Sultanate . They were generally tall with an olive skin complexion, some darker. They would wear traditional rich white silk wrapped around their bodies and have Islamic turbans, and coastal people only wore sarongs and wrote in Arabic as a lingua franca . Their weaponry consisted of traditional Somali weapons such as swords , daggers , spears , battle axe , and bow and arrows . However, they received assistance from its close ally,
20502-447: The northern town of Hobyo to the western region of Qelafo , and all the way down to the southern city of Kismayo . To solidify their control and authority, the Ajuran rulers strategically leveraged a network of Hawiye clans, including the Murusade, relying on their support to maintain Ajuuran supremacy across the land. Notably, it was during the reign of the Ajuuran Sultanate that the Murusade town of El-Buur flourished and emerged as
20655-444: The only Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . This widespread modern distribution
20808-428: The people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed. However, several officials escaped abroad and started to form dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force. By the late 1980s, Barre's regime had become increasingly unpopular. The authorities became ever more totalitarian , and resistance movements , encouraged by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration, sprang up across
20961-453: The plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. These are common features of
21114-426: The region. After establishing their camp at Lafoole in the evening, the expedition group was unexpectedly ambushed, leading to a fierce confrontation. Despite this initial attack, it did not definitively halt the progress of the expedition. The following morning, a renewed and more intense assault took place, ultimately resulting in the decisive defeat of the Italian expedition, with only three survivors left to recount
21267-440: The south near the capital, such as Janale and the Villaggio duca degli Abruzzi (present-day Jowhar ). In the 1930s, new buildings and avenues were built. A 114 km (71 mi) narrow-gauge railway was laid from Mogadishu to Jowhar. An asphalt road, the Strada Imperiale , was also constructed and intended to link Mogadishu to Addis Ababa . In 1940, the Italo-Somali population numbered 22,000, accounting for over 44% of
21420-411: The south, leading towards Gesira, Merca and Brava [Jesira, Marka and Baraawe]" The Murusade, in addition to Dhabar Weyne, were known to operate under other aliases. Though Murusade mostly operated outside confederacies and engaged in the caravan trade in the Benadir coastal cities and towns like Bulo Mareer and Merca, some small subclans like the Ibrahim Sabti also migrated there and created aliases like
21573-494: The state. The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone
21726-408: The toppling of Barre's government, and the disbandment of the Somali National Army . Many of the opposition groups began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ouster of Barre's regime. Armed factions led by United Somali Congress commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed , in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. During
21879-440: The two clans established an alliance, later joined by the Murusade, who were granted land in the northeast of the Geledi Sultanate , including Afgooye, where they founded parts of the town quarters and its important offices. They also founded several other towns, taking Jareer groups as clients in order to farm the fields along the banks of the river. The Murusade fought heavily in the Geledi Conquest of Bardere in 1843, defeating
22032-499: The valley. They produced mainly to serve local markets. Ample, fertile land remained uncultivated, due to a chronic shortage of farm labor. In order to respond to market demands for grain in South Arabia, the local Somali clans of the Lower Shabelle began purchasing slaves from Arab and Swahili slave ships. These slaves came first from Zanzibar (the Zegua or Mushunguli people). Moreover, the Murusade have been actively involved in trade within bustling urban hubs and settlements located along
22185-408: The verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. For example,
22338-410: Was Faduma Karanlä." Murusade, whose given name is Mursal, also known as Waadere karanle (Adere is the alternative name for the city of Harar where Mursal was born), and his sister Faay. When his father passed away, Mursal decided to migrated on a North-central Somalia , thereby separating from him his other Karanle siblings. The Murusade hail from a background of nomadic agro-pastoralism and have
22491-477: Was Somali owned. In 1905, Italy made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established Italian Somaliland . The Italians subsequently spelled the name of the city as Mogadiscio . After World War I , the surrounding territory came under Italian control with some resistance. Thousands of Italians and other people from the Italian empire began to settle in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies across Somalia. They also developed some agricultural areas in
22644-428: Was a massive metropolis . He also claimed that the city was very populous with many wealthy merchants . This period gave birth to notable figures like Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu who was described as the governor and island chief of Maldives by ibn Battuta. After him is named the Abdul-Aziz Mosque of Mogadishu, which survived for centuries. The island's appellation "Madagascar" is not of local origin but rather
22797-415: Was appointed by Shermarke. On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod , Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially
22950-437: Was founded upon an indigenous network involving hinterland trade and that happened even before significant Arab migrations or trade with the Somali coast. That goes back approximately four thousand years and are supported by archaeological and textual evidences. This is corroborated by the first century AD Greek document the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , detailing multiple prosperous port cities in ancient Somalia, as well as
23103-596: Was historically important due to its extensive reserves of valuable minerals and various other valuable resources. Throughout history, this particular area has held great significance as it served as a crucial hub for the extraction and exportation of sepiolite and salt, alongside other highly sought-after resources. These resources were then utilised in the creation of traditional Somali handcrafts, including but not limited to dabqaad , also referred to as unsi, as well as incense burners , potteries and jewellery among an array of other traditional Somali handcrafts. El-Buur
23256-421: Was necessary that all the lineages should be represented....There was an attempt to hold a general kulun at the election of 1964, to choose whom the clan would elect as deputy. The sultan refused to ratify it unless the Wa'adan and Murusade were also called." The Murusade, as one of the principle clans of the Banadir coast, engaged in conflicts with the Portuguese empire , who aimed to dominate trade routes along
23409-483: Was popularized in the Middle Ages by Europeans. The name Madageiscar was first recorded in the memoirs of 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco Polo as a corrupted transliteration of the name Mogadishu, the famous port with which Polo had confused the island. Vasco da Gama , who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and large palaces in its centre and many mosques with cylindrical minarets. In
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