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66-744: Originally a hunting lodge for the Duke of Valmy, the building at the edge of the Bois de Boulogne was purchased in 1882 by Jules Marmottan, who later left it to his son, Paul Marmottan. The latter moved into the lodge and, with an interest in the Napoleonic era, he expanded his father's collection of paintings, furniture and bronzes. Marmottan bequeathed his home and collection, as well as his library (the Bibliothèque Marmottan in Boulogne), to

132-549: A battleground. In 1416–17, the soldiers of John the Fearless , the Duke of Burgundy, burned part of the forest in their successful campaign to capture Paris. Under Louis XI , the trees were replanted, and two roads were opened through the forest. In 1526, King Francis I of France began a royal residence, the Château de Madrid , in the forest in what is now Neuilly and used it for hunting and festivities. It took its name from

198-776: A canal drawn from Ourq River and from artesian wells in Passy . The water arrives in the Lac Superieur (Upper Lake), built in 1852 and located near the Hippodrome de Auteil, then flows by gravity to the Grand Cascade and then to the Lac Inferieur , or Lower Lake . Within the Bois de Boulogne, there are several separate botanical and floral gardens, and gardens of amusement. There is a seven-hectare campground in

264-411: A day. This well went into service in 1861. The water then had to be distributed around the park to water the lawns and gardens; the traditional system of horse-drawn wagons with large barrels of water would not be enough. A system of 66 kilometers of pipes was laid, with a faucet every 30 or 40 meters, a total of 1600 faucets. Alphand also had to build a network of roads, paths, and trails to connect

330-728: A museum in France. This led to the recovery of the stolen paintings in a small villa in Corsica in December 1990. Though originally a showcase for pieces from the First Empire , the nature of the museum's collection began to change with two major donations. In 1957, Victorine Donop de Monchy gave the museum an important collection of Impressionist works that had belonged to her father, Doctor Georges de Bellio, physician to Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley and Renoir, and an early supporter of

396-461: A new water distribution system and sewers; and creating green spaces and recreation for Paris' rapidly growing population. In 1852, Napoleon donated the land for the Bois de Boulogne and for the Bois de Vincennes, which both belonged officially to him. Additional land in the plain of Longchamp, the site of the Château de Madrid, the Château de Bagatelle, and its gardens were purchased and attached to

462-537: A popular rendezvous place for prostitutes, usually working in vans parked by the side of the road. The practice persists despite some French government efforts to eliminate this business from the park. Bois de Boulogne is home to many red squirrels . They are protected by law in France, and dogs are required to be kept on leads in the park to ensure the safety of the squirrels. The Bois de Boulogne contains two artificial lakes and eight artificial ponds, connected by three artificial streams. They receive their water from

528-523: A similar palace in Madrid, where Francis had been held prisoner for several months. The Château was rarely used by later monarchs, fell into ruins in the 18th century, and was demolished after the French Revolution . Despite its royal status, the forest remained dangerous for travellers; the scientist and traveller Pierre Belon was murdered by thieves in the Bois de Boulogne in 1564. During

594-641: A total 1,835 hectares of green space in Paris, more than any other ruler of France before or since. By 1867 the Baedeker Guide described it as "once a forest abounding with game, the resort of duellists and suicides and the haunt of bandits ... now a delightful park". During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), which led to the downfall of Napoleon III and the long siege of Paris, the park suffered some damage from German artillery bombardment,

660-514: Is a large public park that is the western half of the 16th arrondissement of Paris , near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine . The land was ceded to the city of Paris by the Emperor Napoleon III to be turned into a public park in 1852. It is the second-largest park in Paris, slightly smaller than the Bois de Vincennes on the eastern side of the city. It covers an area of 845 hectares (2088 acres), which

726-464: Is a remnant of the ancient oak forest of Rouvray , which included the present-day forests of Montmorency, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Chaville, and Meudon. Dagobert I hunted bears, deer, and other game in the forest. His grandson, Childeric II , gave the forest to the monks of the Abbey of Saint-Denis , who founded several monastic communities there. Philip Augustus (1180–1223) bought back the main part of

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792-632: Is about two and a half times the area of Central Park in New York , slightly larger than Phoenix Park in Dublin , and slightly smaller than Richmond Park in London . Within the boundaries of the Bois de Boulogne are an English landscape garden with several lakes and a cascade; two smaller botanical and landscape gardens, the Château de Bagatelle and the Pré-Catelan; a zoo and amusement park in

858-521: The Académie des Beaux-Arts . The Académie opened up the house and collection as the Musée Marmottan in 1934. On October 27, 1985, during daylight hours, five masked gunmen with pistols threatening security and visitors entered the museum and stole nine paintings from the collection. Among them were Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) by Claude Monet , the painting from which

924-795: The Cleveland Museum of Art , the Portland Art Museum , and the Legion of Honor . In 2020, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston celebrated its 150th anniversary with some of Monet's Water Lilies paintings. On 19 June 2007, one of Monet's Water Lily paintings sold for £18.5 million at a Sotheby's auction in London . On 24 June 2008 another of his Water Lily paintings, Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas , sold for almost £41 million at Christie's in London , almost double

990-509: The Comte d'Artois , Louis XVI 's brother, built a charming miniature palace, the Château de Bagatelle , in the Bois in just 64 days, on a wager from his sister-in-law, Marie Antoinette . Louis XVI also opened the walled park to the public for the first time. On 21 November 1783, Pilâtre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes took off from the Château de la Muette in a hot air balloon made by

1056-745: The French Second Republic , the Bois was largely empty, an assortment of bleak ruined meadows and tree stumps where the British and Russians had camped and dismal stagnant ponds. The Bois de Boulogne was the idea of Napoleon III , shortly after he staged a coup d'état and elevated himself from the President of the French Republic to Emperor of the French in 1852. When Napoleon III became Emperor, Paris had only four public parks -

1122-762: The Impressionism movement took its name. Aside from that also stolen were Camille Monet and Cousin on the Beach at Trouville , Portrait of Jean Monet, Portrait of Poly, Fisherman of Belle-Isle and Field of Tulips in Holland also by Monet, Bather Sitting on a Rock and Portrait of Monet by Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Young Woman at the Ball by Berthe Morisot , and Portrait of Monet by Seiichi Naruse . The stolen paintings were valued at $ 12 million. A tip-off led to

1188-567: The Jardin d'Acclimatation , a separate concession of 20 hectares at the north end of the park; it included a zoo and a botanical garden, as well as an amusement park. Between 1877 and 1912, it also served as the home of what was called an ethnological garden, a place where groups of the inhabitants of faraway countries were put on display for weeks at a time in reconstructed villages from their homelands. They were mostly Sub-Saharan Africans, North Africans, or South American Indians, and came mostly from

1254-825: The Jardin d'Acclimatation ; GoodPlanet Foundation 's Domaine de Longchamp dedicated to ecology and humanism, The Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil , a complex of greenhouses holding a hundred thousand plants; two tracks for horse racing , the Hippodrome de Longchamp and the Auteuil Hippodrome ; the Stade Roland Garros where the French Open tennis tournament is held each year, the Louis Vuitton Foundation art museum and cultural center, and other attractions. The Bois de Boulogne

1320-543: The Montgolfier brothers . Previous flights had carried animals or had been tethered to the ground; this was the first manned free flight in history. The balloon rose to a height of 910 meters (3000 feet), was in the air for 25 minutes, and covered nine kilometers. Following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, 40,000 soldiers of the British and Russian armies camped in the forest. Thousands of trees were cut down to build shelters and for firewood. From 1815 until

1386-676: The Tuileries Gardens , the Luxembourg Garden , the Palais-Royal , and the Jardin des Plantes - all in the center of the city. There were no public parks in the rapidly growing east and west of the city. During his exile in London, he had been particularly impressed by Hyde Park , by its lakes and streams and its popularity with Londoners of all social classes. Therefore, he decided to build two large public parks on

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1452-730: The Villa Windsor , a house in the Bois de Boulogne behind the garden of the Bagatelle. The house was (and still is) owned by the City of Paris and was leased to the couple. The Duke died in this house in 1972, and the Duchess died there in 1986. The lease was purchased by Mohamed al-Fayed , the owner of the Ritz Hotel in Paris. The house was visited briefly by Diana, Princess of Wales and her companion, Dodi Fayed , on 31 August 1997,

1518-665: The Walters Art Museum , San Diego Museum of Art and Portland Museum of Art in 1998–1999. The museum also contains works by Berthe Morisot , Edgar Degas , Édouard Manet , Alfred Sisley , Camille Pissarro , Paul Gauguin , Paul Signac , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and others. It also houses the Wildenstein Collection of illuminated manuscripts and the Jules and Paul Marmottan collection of Napoleonic era art and furniture. Jacque Carlu, then curator of

1584-505: The croquet and tug of war events. During the 1924 Summer Olympics , the equestrian events took place in the Auteuil Hippodrome . The Bois de Boulogne hosted all rowing teams participating in the Inter-Allied Games , held in Paris in 1919 following the end of World War One. The Bois de Boulogne was officially annexed by the city of Paris in 1929 and incorporated into the 16th arrondissement. Soon after World War II ,

1650-522: The 1920s, the state of France built a pair of oval rooms at the Musée de l'Orangerie as a permanent home for eight water lily murals by Monet. The exhibit opened to the public on 16 May 1927, a few months after Monet's death. Sixty water lily paintings from around the globe were assembled for a special exhibition at the Musée de l'Orangerie in 1999. The paintings are on prominent display at museums all over

1716-472: The 20th Century and were hugely influential to many of the following generations of artists." The sale took place on 23 June 2010 at the auction house and the painting attracted bids of up to £29 million, but it ultimately failed to sell. On 6 May 2014, one of the Water Lilies , Le Bassin aux Nymphéas , was auctioned at Christie's, New York City for $ 27 million.[16] In June 2014, one of

1782-581: The Bois de Boulogne, Camping Indigo Paris, with five hundred and ten sites ("pitches") for travellers with tents, caravans and camping cars. Reservations can be made in advance, online. Mobile home rentals are also available by reservation. Notes Water Lilies Water Lilies ( French : Nymphéas [nɛ̃.fe.a] ) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926). The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny , and were

1848-457: The Bois, "to give life to this arid promenade". The first plan for the Bois de Boulogne was drawn up by the architect Jacques Hittorff , who, under King Louis Philippe , had designed the Place de la Concorde , and the landscape architect Louis-Sulpice Varé, who had designed French landscape gardens at several famous châteaux. Their plan called for long straight alleys in patterns crisscrossing

1914-544: The French coast, to see a statue of the Virgin Mary which was reputed to inspire miracles. He decided to build a church with a copy of the statue in a village in the forest not far from Paris, in order to attract pilgrims. The chapel was built after Philip's death between 1319 and 1330, in what is now Boulogne-Billancourt . During the Hundred Years' War , the forest became a sanctuary for robbers and sometimes

1980-650: The French colonies in Africa and South America, but also included natives of Lapland and Cossacks from Russia. These exhibitions were extremely popular and took place not only in Paris, but also in Germany, England, and at the Chicago Exposition in the United States; but they were also criticized at the time and later as being a kind of " human zoo ". Twenty-two of these exhibits were held in the park in

2046-469: The Impressionist movement. In 1966, Claude Monet's second son, Michel Monet , left the museum his own collection of his father's work, thus creating the world's largest collection of Monet paintings. In 1985, Nelly Duhem, adopted daughter of the painter Henri Duhem , donated his large collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works (which included several Monets) to the museum. Since 1975

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2112-699: The Water Lilies, Nymphéas , sold for US$ 54 million at a Sotheby's auction in London. This piece was auctioned to an anonymous buyer, but the piece went on to be part of the exhibition "Painting the Modern Garden: From Monet to Matisse" at the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Royal Academy of Arts, London, starting in 2015. The co-chairman of Sotheby's modern and impressionist art department, Helena Newman, claims that

2178-594: The arrest in Japan of a yakuza gangster named Shuinichi Fujikuma who had spent time in French prison for trafficking heroin and was sentenced for five years. There he met Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun who were part of an art syndicate. Fujikuma, Jamin and Khimoun planned the Marmottan theft. In Fujikuma's house, police found a catalog with all the stolen paintings from the museum circled. Also found were two paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot stolen in 1984 from

2244-510: The cascade and an artificial grotto. The pumps from the Seine could not provide enough water to fill the lakes and irrigate the park, so a new channel was created to bring the water of the Ourcq River, from Monceau to the upper lake in the Bois, but this was not enough. An artesian well 586 meters deep was eventually dug in the plain of Passy which could produce 20,000 cubic meters of water

2310-551: The convent of the Abbey of Longchamp, located where the hippodrome now stands. A famous opera singer of the period, Madmoiselle Le Maure, retired there in 1727 but continued to give recitals inside the Abbey, even during Holy Week . These concerts drew large crowds and irritated the Archbishop of Paris, who closed the Abbey to the public. Louis XVI and his family used the forest as a hunting ground and pleasure garden. In 1777,

2376-548: The day that they died in a traffic accident in the Alma tunnel. On weekends, the Bois de Boulogne is full of activities such as biking, jogging, boat rowing, horseback and pony rides, and remote control speed boats. Picnics are permitted in most parts of the park, but barbecues are not allowed. The Bois de Boulogne hosts several races, like the 10 km (6.2 mi) of Boulogne and the Boulogne half marathon. Since its creation,

2442-422: The eastern and western edges of the city where both the rich and ordinary people could enjoy themselves. These parks became an important part of the plan for the reconstruction of Paris drawn up by Napoleon III and his new Prefect of the Seine, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann . The Haussmann plan called for improving the city's traffic circulation by building new boulevards; improving the city's health by building

2508-476: The estimate of £18 to £24 million. In May 2010, it was announced that the 1906 Nymphéas work would be auctioned in London in June 2010. The painting had an estimated sale price of between £30 and £40 million. Giovanna Bertazzoni, Christie's auction house director and head of impressionist and modern art, said, "Claude Monet's water-lily paintings are amongst the most recognised and celebrated works of

2574-523: The experience and aesthetics they had developed in the Bois de Boulogne. They also rebuilt the Luxembourg gardens and the gardens of the Champs- Elysees, created smaller squares and parks throughout the center of Paris, and planted thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann had created. In the 17 years of Napoleon III's reign, they planted no less than 600,000 trees and created

2640-415: The forest from the monks to create a royal hunting reserve. In 1256, Isabelle de France , sister of Saint-Louis , founded the Abbey of Longchamp at the site of the present hippodrome. The Bois received its present name from a chapel, Notre Dame de Boulogne la Petite, which was built in the forest at the command of Philip IV of France (1268–1314). In 1308, Philip made a pilgrimage to Boulogne-sur-Mer, on

2706-405: The forest more natural, they brought 50 deer to live in and around the Pré-Catelan. The park was designed to be more than a collection of picturesque landscapes; it was meant as a place for amusement and recreation, with sports fields, bandstands, cafes, shooting galleries, riding stables, boating on the lakes, and other attractions. In 1855, Gabriel Davioud , a graduate of Ecole des Beaux-Arts ,

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2772-612: The head of a new Service of Promenades and Plantations, in charge of all the parks in Paris. Alphand was charged to make a new plan for the Bois de Boulogne. Alphand's plan was radically different from the Hittorff-Varé plan. While it still had two long straight boulevards, the Allée Reine Marguerite and the Avenue Longchamp, all the other paths and alleys curved and meandered. The flat Bois de Boulogne

2838-463: The lake and became a restaurant. He built another restaurant next to the park's most picturesque feature, the Grand Cascade. He designed artificial grottoes made of rocks and concrete, and bridges and balustrades made of concrete painted to look like wood. He also designed all the architectural details of the park, from cone-shaped shelters designed to protect horseback riders from the rain to

2904-418: The last part of the Paris marathon ends by crossing the Bois de Boulogne from 35 km (22 mi). Boulogne Wood is an important place of running in Paris. The Bois holds a three-day weekend party in the month of July, with over 50 bands and singers, attended mostly by students who camp out overnight. Though soliciting for prostitution is illegal in France, at night-time parts of the Bois de Boulogne are

2970-403: The last quarter of the 19th century. About ten more were held in the 20th century, with the last one taking place in 1931. In 1905, a grand new restaurant in the classical style was built in the Pré-Catelan by architect Guillaume Tronchet . Like the cafe at the Grand Cascade, it became a popular promenade destination for the French upper classes. At the 1900 Summer Olympics , the land hosted

3036-643: The main focus of his artistic production during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts . Monet's long-standing preference for producing and exhibiting a series of paintings related by subject and perspective began in 1889, with at least ten paintings done at the Valley of the Creuse , which were shown at the Galerie Georges Petit. Among his other famous series are his Haystacks . During

3102-407: The museum has organized two exhibitions annually dedicated to an individual or collections, including Toulouse-Lautrec in 1976, Boilly in 1984, Daumier in 1989, Goya in 1990, Boldini in 1991 and Pissarro in 2017. The museum's paintings from late in the career of Claude Monet were exhibited at the New Orleans Museum of Art and Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1995. The works later traveled to

3168-446: The museum, built a special exhibition space for the Monet collection in a lower level of the museum. Inspired by the hall designed for Monet's Water Lilies murals in the Musée de l'Orangerie , the large, open room allows visitors to see a progression of Monet's work, as well as to view his canvases both up close and from afar. One of the most notable pieces in the museum is Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, Soleil Levant) ,

3234-564: The painting from which the Impressionist movement took its name. The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan in 1985 but recovered five years later and returned to the permanent exhibit in 1991. The museum is located at 2, rue Louis Boilly in the 16th arrondissement of Paris . The nearest métro station is La Muette , on line 9. Bois de Boulogne 48°52′N 2°15′E  /  48.86°N 2.25°E  / 48.86; 2.25 The Bois de Boulogne ( French pronunciation: [bwɑ d(ə) bulɔɲ] , "Boulogne woodland")

3300-417: The park began to come back to life. In 1945, it held its first motor race after the war: the Paris Cup. In 1953, a British group, Les Amis de la France, created the Shakespeare Garden on the site of the old floral theater in the Pré-Catelan. From 1952 until 1986, the Duke of Windsor , the title granted to King Edward VIII after his abdication, and his wife, Wallis Simpson , the Duchess of Windsor, lived in

3366-416: The park benches and direction signs. At the south end of the park, in the Plain of Longchamp, Davioud restored the ruined windmill which was the surviving vestige of the Abbey of Longchamp, and, working with the Jockey Club of Paris, constructed the grandstands of the Hippodrome of Longchamp, which opened in 1857. At the northern end of the park, between the Sablons gate and Neuilly, a 20-hectare section of

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3432-405: The park was given to the Societé Imperiale zoologique d'Acclimatation, to create a small zoo and botanical garden, with an aviary of rare birds and exotic plants and animals from around the world. In March 1855, an area in the center of the park, called the Pré-Catelan, was leased to a concessionaire for a garden and amusement park. It was built on the site of a quarry where the gravel and sand for

3498-477: The park was the task of the new chief gardener and landscape architect of the Service of Promenades and Plantations, Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps , who had also worked with Haussmann and Alphand in Bordeaux. His gardeners planted 420,000 trees, including hornbeam , beech , linden , cedar , chestnut , and elm , and hardy exotic species, like redwoods . They planted 270 hectares of lawns, with 150 kilograms of seed per hectare, and thousands of flowers. To make

3564-441: The park's roads and paths had been dug out. It included a large circular lawn surrounded by trees, grottos, rocks, paths, and flower beds. Davioud designed a buffet, a marionette theater, a photography pavilion, stables, a dairy, and other structures. The most original feature was the Théâtre des fleurs, an open-air theater in a setting of trees and flowers. Later, an ice skating rink and shooting gallery were added. The Pré-Catelan

3630-416: The park, and, as the Emperor had asked, lakes and a long stream similar to the Serpentine in Hyde Park. Varé bungled the assignment. He failed to take into account the difference in elevation between the beginning of the stream and the end; if his plan had been followed, the upper part of the stream would have been empty, and the lower portion flooded. When Haussmann saw the partially finished stream, he saw

3696-527: The problem immediately and had the elevations measured. He dismissed the unfortunate Varé and Hittorff, and designed the solution himself; an upper lake and a lower lake, divided by an elevated road, which serves as a dam, and a cascade which allows the water to flow between the lakes. This is the design still seen today. In 1853, Haussmann hired an experienced engineer from the corps of Bridges and Highways, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand , whom he had worked with in his previous assignment in Bordeaux, and made him

3762-441: The proposed park, so it could extend all the way to the Seine. Construction was funded out of the state budget, supplemented by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, in Neuilly . Napoleon III was personally involved in planning the new parks. He insisted that the Bois de Boulogne should have a stream and lakes, like Hyde Park in London. "We must have a stream here, as in Hyde Park," he observed while driving through

3828-402: The reigns of Henry II and Henry III , the forest was enclosed within a wall with eight gates. Henry IV planted 15,000 mulberry trees, with the hope of beginning a local silk industry. When Henry annulled his marriage to Marguerite de Valois , she went to live in the Château de la Muette , on the edge of the forest. In the early 18th century, wealthy and important women often retired to

3894-486: The restaurant of the Grand Cascade was turned into a field hospital, and many of the park's animals and wild fowl were eaten by the hungry population. In the years following, however, the park quickly recovered. The Bois de Boulogne became a popular meeting place and promenade route for Parisians of all classes. The alleys were filled with carriages, coaches, and horseback riders, and later with men and women on bicycles, and then with automobiles. Families having picnics filled

3960-551: The second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Scenes set in the park appeared in Nana by Émile Zola and in L'Éducation sentimentale by Gustave Flaubert . In the last pages of Du côté de chez Swann in À la recherche du temps perdu (1914), Marcel Proust minutely described a walk around the lakes taken as a child. The life in the park was also the subject of the paintings of many artists, including Édouard Manet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Vincent van Gogh , and Mary Cassatt . In 1860, Napoleon opened

4026-418: The sights of the park. The two long straight alleys from the old park were retained, and his workers built an additional 58 kilometers of roads paved with stones for carriages, 12 kilometers of sandy paths for horses, and 25 kilometers of dirt trails for walkers. As a result of Louis Napoléon's exile in London and his memories of Hyde Park, all the new roads and paths were curved and meandering. The planting of

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4092-456: The woods and lawns, and Parisians rowed boats on the lake, while the upper classes were entertained in the cafes. The restaurant of the Pavillon de la Grand Cascade became a popular spot for Parisian weddings. During the winter, when the lakes were frozen, they were crowded with ice skaters. The activities of Parisians in the Bois, particularly the long promenades in carriages around the lakes, were often portrayed in French literature and art in

4158-451: The world, including the Musée Marmottan Monet , the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Tate , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago , the Saint Louis Art Museum , the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri, the Carnegie Museum of Art , Princeton University Art Museum , the National Museum of Wales , the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes , The Toledo Museum of Art ,

4224-411: Was named the chief architect of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations. He was commissioned to design 24 pavilions and chalets, plus cafes, gatehouses, boating docks, and kiosks. He designed the gatehouses where the guardians of the park lived to look like rustic cottages. He had a real Swiss chalet built out of wood in Switzerland and transported to Paris, where it was reassembled on an island in

4290-418: Was popular for concerts and dances, but it had continual financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt. The floral theater remained in business until the beginning of the First World War , in 1914. The garden-building team assembled by Haussmann of Alphand, Barrillet-Deschamps and Davioud went on to build The Bois de Vincennes , Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris , and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont , using

4356-506: Was to be turned into an undulating landscape of lakes, hills, islands, groves, lawns, and grassy slopes, not a reproduction of but an idealization of nature. It became the prototype for the other city parks of Paris and then for city parks around the world. The building of the park was an enormous engineering project which lasted for five years. The upper and lower lakes were dug, and the earth piled into islands and hills. Rocks were brought from Fontainbleau and combined with concrete to make

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