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67-607: Musa Cälil ( Tatar : Муса Җәлил , Tatar pronunciation: [muˈsɑ ʑæˈlil] ; Russian : Муса Джалиль , romanized :  Musa Dzhalil ; 15 February [ O.S. 2 February] 1905 – 25 August 1944) was a Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter during World War II . He is the only poet of the Soviet Union awarded simultaneously the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting and

134-604: A "university" since 1819 sees itself as the successor of an academy established on in 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great . MSU originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787. Catherine the Great transferred the university to a building on the other side of Mokhovaya Street, constructed between 1782 and 1793, to a design by Matvei Kazakov , and rebuilt by Domenico Giliardi after fire consumed much of Moscow in 1812 . In

201-494: A cell with Belgian patriot and resistance fighter André Timmermans and a Polish prisoner. Cälil studied the German language in prison to communicate with his cellmates. In prison, he compiled verses composed in the prison into self-made notebooks. He and his group of 12 were sentenced to death on 12 February 1944 and guillotined at Plötzensee Prison , Berlin, on August 25. His body was never recovered. Cälil's first notebook

268-627: A leader of its Tatar section. By the end of the 1920s, lyricism appeared in Cälil's poetry. In 1931, Cälil graduated from the literature faculty of Moscow University . Until 1932, he was a chief editor of the Tatar children's magazine Keckenə iptəşlər , which was later renamed to Oktəbr Balasь ( Little Octobrist ). Then, he managed the section of literature and art in the central Tatar newspaper Kommunist . In 1934, Musa Cälil published two collections. The first of them, The Millions, Decorated with Orders

335-512: A number of Russian loanwords which have palatalized consonants in Russian and are thus written the same in Tatar (often with the "soft sign" ь ). The Tatar standard pronunciation also requires palatalization in such loanwords; however, some Tatar may pronounce them non-palatalized. In native words there are six types of syllables ( C onsonant, V owel, S onorant ): Loanwords allow other types: CSV ( gra -mota), CSVC (käs- trül ), etc. Stress

402-452: A scientist Gabdulkhay Akhatov , who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school. Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others. The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and

469-436: A similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels. According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: high , mid and low , and four tongue positions: front, front-central, back-central and back (as they are named when cited). The mid back unrounded vowel '' ë is usually transcribed as ı , though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel. The tenth vowel ï

536-709: Is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan ( European Russia ), as well as Siberia and Crimea . The Tatar language is spoken in Russia by about 5.3 million people, and also by communities in Azerbaijan , China , Finland , Georgia , Israel , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , Turkey , Ukraine , the US , Uzbekistan , and several other countries. Globally, there are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar. Tatar

603-515: Is also the mother tongue for several thousand Mari , a Finnic people; Mordva 's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the 2010 census , 69% of Russian Tatars claimed at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In Tatarstan, 93% of Tatars and 3.6% of Russians claimed to have at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In neighbouring Bashkortostan , 67% of Tatars, 27% of Bashkirs , and 1.3% of Russians claimed to understand basic Tatar language. Tatar, along with Russian,

670-621: Is also used in Kazakhstan . The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the Constitutional Court ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating

737-541: Is attributed to Gisyanism ( ğıysyanizm ; гыйсъянизм), a romantic poetic style celebrating revolution that was often found in young Tatar poetry of the 1920s. In 1919, he joined the underground Komsomol cell in Orenburg (the region was under the control of White Russians at that time). Then, Musa participated in the Russian Civil War against pro-White forces; due to his young age, he did not fight at

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804-642: Is realized as the diphthong ëy ( IPA: [ɯɪ] ), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme. Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central. The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or кышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'. Low back / ɑ /

871-503: Is restricted to the humanities . In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan . Since 2017, Tatar language classes are no longer mandatory in

938-500: Is rounded [ ɒ ] in the first syllable and after [ ɒ ] , but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларга balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'. In Russian loans there are also [ ɨ ] , [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] , and [ ä ] , written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively. Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas

1005-632: Is significantly more irregular than any other verbs: its 2nd person singular imperative is диген, while its expected regular form is repurposed as the present tense forms (дим, диң, ди...). These predicative suffixes have now fallen into disuse, or rarely used. During its history, Tatar has been written in Arabic , Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written in Arabic script (Иске имля/ İske imlâ , "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/ Yaña imlâ , "New orthography", 1920–1928). During

1072-802: Is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language. Middle Tatar includes the Nagaibak dialect . The Western (Mişär) dialect is distinguished from the Central dialect especially by the absence of the uvular q and ğ and the rounded å of the first syllable. Letters ç and c are pronounced as affricates . Regional differences exist also. Mishar is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland . Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are ç as [ ts ] and c as [ j ] , corresponding to standard [ ɕ ] and [ ʑ ] . There are also grammatical differences within

1139-712: Is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan . The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic script with some additional letters. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999, which came into force in 2001, establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. Unofficially, other scripts are used as well, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan must use Cyrillic on their websites and in publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status,

1206-407: Is used after 3rd person possessive suffix. Nouns ending in -и, -у, or -ү, although phonologically vowels, take consonantic endings. The declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in bold . The distribution of present tense suffixes is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and the latter

1273-454: Is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, эшләү – эшл и , compare Turkish işlemek – continuous işl iyor ). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга – яз ар ). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable. Tenses are negated with -ма, however in

1340-399: Is usually on the final syllable. However, some suffixes cannot be stressed, so the stress shifts to the syllable before that suffix, even if the stressed syllable is the third or fourth from the end. A number of Tatar words and grammatical forms have the natural stress on the first syllable. Loanwords, mainly from Russian, usually preserve their original stress (unless the original stress is on

1407-571: The Qьzьl Tatarstan newspaper and studied at rabfak of the Oriental Pedagogical Institute. He became acquainted with Tatar poets such as Qawi Näcmi , Hadi Taqtaş , and Ğädel Qutuy . In 1924, he became a member of the literary society October, backing Proletkult . Since that year, his poetry departed from Ghisyanism and aruz and turned to the Tatar folk verse. His first collection of verses, Barabız ( We are going )

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1474-636: The Chulym language ) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from

1541-721: The Commonwealth of Independent States . In November 2012, Mikhail Basharatyan, Deputy Dean of the MSU World Economy Department, was fired for taking a bribe from a pupil. In February 2013, Andrei Andriyanov resigned as head of the Kolmogorov Special Educational and Scientific Center of the university, after an investigation concluded that he had included fake references in his doctoral thesis. In March 2022, Victor Sadovnichy, rector of Moscow State University and president of

1608-664: The Lenin Prize for having written The Moabit Notebooks ; both awards were bestowed upon him posthumously. Musa Cälil was born in Mustafino , a village in Orenburg Governorate , to a family of junk dealers . He graduated from Husainiya Madrasa  [ tt ] in Orenburg . His first published works were revolutionary verses. The Turkic aruz wezni poetic rhythm is seen in Cälil's early works, which

1675-521: The October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the university abolished tuition fees, and established a preparatory facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalin 's first five-year plan (1928–32), prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of

1742-521: The Warsaw Pact countries. Soviet Tatar composer Nazib Zhiganov wrote an "opera-poem" Dzhalil based on the life of Cälil. This was premiered in Tatar in Kazan in 1957, and later recorded by conductor Boris Khaykin for Moscow radio. Musa Cälil Tatar Library was opened in Constanța , Romania , in 2014. The Symphony-poem "Musa Jalil" written by Soviet Tatar composer Almaz Monasypov in 1971

1809-671: The 18th century, the university had three departments: philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the university until its abolition in 1812. In 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen (Благородный пансион) which in 1830 became a gymnasium for Russian nobility . The university press , run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the newspaper in Imperial Russia: Moskovskie Vedomosti . In 1804, medical education split into clinical (therapy), surgical, and obstetrics faculties. Between 1884 and 1897,

1876-463: The 19th century, Russian Christian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. This alphabet is still used by Christian Tatars ( Kryashens ). In the Soviet Union after 1928, Tatar was written with a Latin alphabet called Jaꞑalif . In 1939, in Tatarstan and all other parts of the Soviet Union, a Cyrillic script was adopted and is still used to write Tatar. It

1943-494: The 20th century. By the 1980s, the study and teaching of Tatar in the public education system was limited to rural schools. However, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance of entering university because higher education was available in Russian almost exclusively. As of 2001, Tatar was considered a potentially endangered language while Siberian Tatar received "endangered" and "seriously endangered" statuses, respectively. Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan , and

2010-761: The Central Committee of Komsomol. Cälil joined the All-Union Communist Party (b) in 1929, which was the same year that his second collection, İptäşkä ( To the Comrade ; Yañalif : Iptəşkə ) was published. Living in Moscow, Cälil met Russian poets Zharov, Bezymensky, and Svetlov ; Cälil also attended Vladimir Mayakovsky 's performances. He entered the Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers ; he became its third secretary and

2077-770: The Department of Medicine built a medical campus in Devichye Pole , between the Garden Ring and Novodevichy Convent ; designed by Konstantin Bykovsky , with university doctors like Nikolay Sklifosovskiy and Fyodor Erismann acting as consultants. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from Moscow University in 1930. Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions. The roots of student unrest in

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2144-857: The German command produced, and printed and circulated anti-Hitler leaflets among the legionnaires into esoteric action groups consisting of five men each. The first battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion that was sent to the Eastern Front mutinied, shot all the German officers there, and defected to the Soviet partisans in Belarus . On 10 August 1943, he was arrested with his comrades by the Gestapo and sent to Moabit Prison in Berlin . He sat in

2211-457: The Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Bashkir .) Tatar consonants usually undergo slight palatalization before front vowels. However, this allophony is not significant and does not constitute a phonemic status. This differs from Russian where palatalized consonants are not allophones but phonemes on their own. There are

2278-573: The Russian Union of Rectors, was the lead signature in a public statement endorsing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . In reaction, Academia Europaea , a pan-European academy, suspended the membership of Sadovnichy. In response to the Russian invasion, that same month Yale University , the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences , University of Potsdam , and HKU Business School suspended their longstanding relationships with

2345-658: The Russian translation also was published in Literaturnaya Gazeta , owing to its editor, Konstantin Simonov . Musa Cälil was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union in 1956 and Literature Lenin Prize in 1957 for The Moabit Notebooks . A monument to Musa Cälil is placed near the Kazan Kremlin ; the museum in his flat was opened in Kazan in 1983. His poetry was popularized in the Soviet Union and

2412-703: The Soviet Union in June 1941, Cälil volunteered for the Red Army. Graduating political commissar courses, he arrived at the Volkhov Front and became a war correspondent in the Otvaga newspaper. Cälil also wrote verse, which was at first patriotic but later evolving into lyricism concerning war and people experiencing war. In June 1942, during the Lyuban Offensive Operation , Cälil's unit

2479-641: The Tatar ASSR Union of Writers in 1946 and 1947 correspondingly. They were published as two books under the title Moabit Däftäre ( The Moabit Notebook ). Cälil's widow Äminä Zalyalova gave the originals to the National Museum of Tatarstan for safekeeping. One notebook was brought to the Soviet embassy in Rome by the ethnically Tatar Turkish citizen Kazım Mirşan in 1946. However, this notebook

2546-772: The Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs. There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords). According to Baskakov (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, high and low . There are two low vowels, front and back , while there are eight high vowels: front and back, round (R+) and unround (R−), normal and short (or reduced). Poppe (1963) proposed

2613-799: The camp. Cälil responded by forming a resistance group. In late 1942, the Wehrmacht started forming what they called " national legions ". Among others, the Idel-Ural legion was formed in Lager Jedlnia , General Government , consisting of prisoners of war belonging to the nations of the Volga basin. Since the majority of the legion were Volga Tatars , the Germans usually called it the Volga-Tatar Legion . The Wehrmacht began preparing

2680-578: The dialect, scattered across Siberia. Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow and by Siberian Tatar linguists and denounced by some Russian and Tatar ethnographs. Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g.

2747-619: The first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does ( эшләү – эшл им ). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар). Some verbs, however, fall into this category. Dozens of them have irregular stems with a final mid vowel, but obscured on the infinitive ( уку – ук ы , ук ый , төзү – төз е , төз и ). The verbs кору "to build", тану "to disclaim", ташу "to spill" have contrastive meanings with verbs with their final vowelled counterparts, meaning "to dry", "to know", "to carry". The verb дию "to say"

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2814-725: The front, instead serving in a Red Army unit. In 1920, Cälil returned to his native village, establishing the pro-Communist youth organization The Red Flower there. He also became a Komsomol activist in Mustafino. He represented his village at the governorate Komsomol conference. In 1920, the Tatar ASSR was established and Kazan became its capital. In 1922, Musa, along with other Tatar poets, moved to Kazan. During this time, verses that he wrote include "The Red Host", "The Red Holyday", "The Red Hero", "The Red Way", "The Red Force", and "The Red Banner". In Kazan, Cälil worked as copyist for

2881-420: The idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on 23 January [ O.S. 12 January] 1755. The first lectures were given on 7 May [ O.S. 26 April]. Saint Petersburg State University and MSU each claim to be Russia's oldest university. Though Moscow State University was founded in 1755, St. Petersburg which has had a continuous existence as

2948-400: The indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used. Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels,

3015-411: The last syllable, in such a case the stress in Tatar shifts to suffixes as usual, e.g. sovét > sovetlár > sovetlarğá ). Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes which are not reflected in the orthography. Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language . Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on the last consonants of

3082-572: The late 1930s, he tended to write epic poems, such as The Director and the Sun (1935), Cihan (1935–1938), and The Postman (1938). As a playwright of the Tatar State Opera , he wrote four librettos for Tatar operas, one of which is Altınçäç ( Golden Hair Maiden ) of Näcip Cihanov . In 1939 and 1940, he served as the chairman of the Tatar ASSR Union of Writers. After the Axis invasion of

3149-668: The legionnaires for action against the Red Army. Cälil joined the Wehrmacht propaganda unit for the legion under the false name of Gumeroff. Cälil's group set out to wreck the National Socialist plans, to convince the men to use the weapons they would be supplied with against the National Socialists themselves. The members of the resistance group infiltrated the editorial board of the Idel-Ural newspaper

3216-555: The main building. The building on Mokhovaya Street houses the Faculty of Journalism , the Faculty of Psychology , and Institute of Asian and African Countries . A number of faculty buildings are located near Manege Square in the centre of Moscow and a number of campuses abroad in Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . The Ulyanovsk branch of MSU was reorganized into Ulyanovsk State University in 1996. As of 2009,

3283-662: The newly expanded university. In 1970, the university imposed a 2% quota on Jewish students. A 2014 article entitled "Math as a tool of anti-semitism" in The Mathematics Enthusiast discussed antisemitism in the Moscow State University's Department of Mathematics during the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the Dean of MSU's law faculty was dismissed for taking bribes. After 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year,

3350-409: The noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (кита б ым) when a possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at #Phonology section. The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан

3417-509: The post-war era, Joseph Stalin ordered seven tiered neoclassic towers to be built around the city. It was built using Gulag labour, as were many of Stalin's Great Construction Projects in Russia. The MSU main building was the tallest building in Europe until 1990. The central tower is 240 m tall, 36 stories high. Along with the university administration, the Museum of Earth Sciences and faculties of Mechanics and Mathematics , Geology, Geography , and Fine and Performing Arts are in

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3484-422: The schools of Tatarstan. According to the opponents of this change, it will further endanger the Tatar language and is a violation of the Tatarstan Constitution which stipulates the equality of Russian and Tatar languages in the republic. There are two main dialects of Tatar: All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by

3551-480: The some international rankings MSU is the highest-ranked Russian university (with the nearest Russian competitor being Saint Petersburg State University ), but it was consistently ranked outside the top 5 nationally in 2010–11 by Forbes and Ria Novosti / HSE , with both ratings based on data set collected by HSE from Russian Unified State Exam scores averaged per all students and faculties of university. The university has contacts with universities throughout

3618-414: The university gained a unique status: it is funded directly from the state budget (bypassing the Ministry of Education). On 6 September 1997, French electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre used the front of the university as the backdrop for a concert . The concert attracted a paying crowd of half a million people. In 2007, MSU Rector Viktor Sadovnichy said that corruption in Russia's education system

3685-432: The university had 39 faculties and 15 research centres. A number of small faculties opened, such as Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and Higher School of Television . The full list of faculties is as follows: In world rankings, MSU was ranked 101st–150th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022, #75 by QS World University Rankings 2023 , and #355 by U.S. News & World Report 2023. According to

3752-613: The university reach deep into the nineteenth century. In 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the university and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the university. In 1911, in a protest over the introduction of troops onto the campus and mistreatment of certain professors, 130 scientists and professors resigned en masse , including Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinskiy , Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev , and Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin ; thousands of students were expelled. After

3819-444: The university, and the University of St Andrews suspended a joint master's degree programme with the university. Intel and AMD , the largest chip manufacturers in the world, whose processors are used in the Moscow State University supercomputer , as well as Nvidia , reacted by suspending deliveries of their processors to Russia. Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills , in southwest Moscow. In

3886-496: The use of Cyrillic for the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation does not contradict the Russian constitution . In accordance with this Constitutional Court ruling, on 28 December 2004, the Tatar Supreme Court overturned the Tatarstani law that made the Latin alphabet official. In 2012 the Tatarstan government adopted a new Latin alphabet but with limited usage (mostly for Romanization). Moscow University Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted

3953-399: The use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917, but only within the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Tatar is also considered to have been the official language in the short-lived Idel-Ural State , briefly formed during the Russian Civil War . The usage of Tatar declined during

4020-529: The world, exchanging students and lecturers. It houses the UNESCO International Demography Courses and Hydrology Courses. In 1991 the French University College, the Russian-American University, and the Institute of German Science and Culture were opened. The institution's academic reputation was severely undermined because of its support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . (See: sanctions ). The university employs more than 4,000 academics and 15,000 support staff. Approximately 5,000 researchers work at

4087-407: Was a "systemic illness," and that he had seen an ad guaranteeing a perfect score on entrance exams to MSU, for a significant fee. On 19 March 2008, Russia's most powerful supercomputer to date, the SKIF MSU ( Russian : СКИФ МГУ ; skif means ' Scythian ' in Russian) was launched at the university. Its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS ( LINPACK – 47.170 TFLOPS) made it the fastest supercomputer in

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4154-407: Was dedicated to the poet. A minor planet 3082 Dzhalil discovered by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova in 1972 is named after him. On October 13, 2021, a monument to Cälil had its grand opening in the Sverdlovsk Oblast within Yekaterinburg . Tatar language Tatar ( / ˈ t ɑː t ər / TAH -tər ; татар теле , tatar tele or татарча , tatarça )

4221-504: Was devoted mostly to youth and Komsomol, whereas in the second, Verses and Poems , was a general compilation of his writing. However, many of his lyrical poems weren't published due to being at conflict with Stalinism . In 1935, the first Russian translations of his poems were published. During the 1930s, Cälil also translated to the Tatar language writings of poets of the USSR peoples, such as Shota Rustaveli , Taras Shevchenko , Pushkin , Nekrasov , Mayakovsky and Lebedev-Kumach . In

4288-420: Was encircled; when his unit tried to run a blockade he became seriously wounded, shell-shocked, and captured. After months in concentration camps for Soviet prisoners of war, including Stalag-340 in Daugavpils , Latvia and Spandau , Cälil was transferred to Dęblin , a fortified stronghold in German-occupied Poland . There, the Wehrmacht were assembling prisoners of Idel-Ural and Eastern nationalities in

4355-487: Was lost in the archives of SMERSH , and pursuits for it since 1979 have had no results. These notebooks were in arabic script . In 1946, MGB opened a file on Musa Cälil branding him as a traitor. In April 1947, his name was included in the list of wanted "dangerous criminals". Then Tatar writers and the Tatarstan department of state security proved Cälil's underground work against the Third Reich and his death. In 1953, The Moabit Notebooks were published in Kazan and

4422-411: Was preserved by the Tatars Ğabbas Şäripov and then Niğmät Teregulov , both of whom later died in Stalin's camps. Şäripov was also imprisoned in Moabit and received Cälil's and Abdulla Aliş 's writings when the prison guards hid from bombing. To preserve the writings, Cälil's group fenced him off. The second notebook was preserved by the Belgian cellmate André Timmermans. Those notebooks were passed to

4489-455: Was published in 1925. One concept that the verses dealt with was pre-revolutionary life. During 1925 and 1926, Cälil became an instructor of Orsk uyezd Komsomol cell, where he visited Tatar and Kazakh auls , agitating for Komsomol there. In 1926, he became the member of Orenburg governorate Komsomol committee. In 1927, Musa moved to Moscow , where he combined his study in the Moscow State University and job in Tatar – Bashkir section of

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