Misplaced Pages

#77922

140-487: The museum is named after Soumaya Domit, who died in 1999, and was the wife of the founder of the museum Carlos Slim . The museum received an attendance of 1,095,000 in 2013, making it the most visited art museum in Mexico and the 56th in the world that year. In October 2015, the museum welcomed its five millionth visitor. The museum was designed by Slim's son-in-law, Fernando Romero 's practice, fr·ee . The Museo Soumaya has

280-472: A Nahua people and the indigenous ethnicity that still dominates the state. The Tlaxcalans founded the city of Tlaxcala and then began to subdue the surrounding peoples. Eventually, the Tlaxcalan nation would evolve into a confederation of four sub-states called Tepectipac, Ocotelulco, Tizatlán and Quiahuixtlán. The pre-Columbian Tlaxcalan state developed roughly at the same time as another Nahua people,

420-496: A syndicate holding structure the Austrian state holding company OIAG's 28% are combined with Slim's 27% ownership. América Móvil will spend as much as US$ 2   billion to buy out minority shareholders in a mandatory public offer and invest up to 1   billion euros ( US$ 1.38   billion ) into the company, which it sees as "platform for expansion into central and eastern Europe". Labor representatives boycotted attending

560-580: A 40% and 50% interest in the Mexican arms of British American Tobacco and The Hershey Company , respectively. He acquired large blocks of Denny's and Firestone Tires . From Seguros de México, Fianzas La Guardiana and Casa de Bolsa Inbursa, he formed the Grupo Financiero Inbursa , a Mexican financial services provider. Many of these corporate acquisitions were financed by the income-generating revenues and cash flows derived from Cigatam,

700-564: A 50.1% stake in the Cigatam tobacco manufacturer, Slim sold a large portion of his equity to Philip Morris for US$ 1.1   billion. During the same year, Slim sold off his entire stake of Porcelanite for US$ 800 million, a Mexican tile-maker that he acquired back in 1990. He also licensed the Saks name and opened the Mexican arm of Saks Fifth Avenue retailer in Santa Fe , Mexico. Also in 2007,

840-765: A Mexican real estate agency and holding company. Companies in the Mexican construction, soft drink, printing, real estate, bottling and mining industries were the initial focus of Slim's burgeoning business career. He later expanded his business operations and commercial activities by venturing into numerous industries across the Mexican economy including auto parts, aluminum, airlines, chemicals, tobacco, cable and wire manufacturing, paper and packaging, copper and mineral extraction, tires, cement, retail, hotels, beverage distributors, telecommunications and financial services (Slim's Grupo Financiero Inbursa sells insurance and manages mutual funds and pension plans for millions of ordinary Mexicans). By 1972, he had established or acquired

980-533: A Mexican tilemaker. To ultimately realize his further commercial business ambitions and reap the material benefits that would eventually transpire through the acquisition of Telmex , Slim acted in concert later in 1990 with the French telecom operator France Télécom and the American telco Southwestern Bell Corporation to purchase the landline telecommunications service provider from the Mexican government, when

1120-443: A Mexican tobacco distributor that he purchased in the economic downturn that hit Mexico during the early 1980s. In 1988, Slim bought Nacobre, a Mexican copper manufacturer that manufactured, marketed and distributed copper and copper alloy products, along with Química Fluor, a Mexican chemical maker. Slim realized windfall profits in the early 1990s when the Mexican government began privatizing its telecom industry. Capitalizing on

1260-399: A business man, the quality of the work exhibited, and the quality of the building. Initial reviews were mixed between praising the bold exterior design and criticizing the interior and art collection. The Columbia Journal noted it appeared as a "sequined anvil" with the hexagonal aluminum scales, critiquing the interior as having the feel of "somewhere between a fancy Chelsea gallery and

1400-408: A collection of over 66,000 pieces of art . The majority of the art consists of European works from the 15th to the 20th centuries. It also holds Mexican art, religious relics, and historical documents and coins. The museum contains the world's largest collection of pre-Hispanic and colonial era coins. The museum holds the largest collection of casts of sculptures by Auguste Rodin outside France, and

1540-417: A competitive edge in the business world, especially when analyzing the financial statements of prospective companies while making his business decisions as well as evaluating potential investment acquisitions and stock purchases. After graduating from university in 1961, Slim launched his business career by starting off as a stock trader in Mexico, often working 14-hour days to make a name for himself in

SECTION 10

#1732772401078

1680-737: A considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate , Grupo Carso . As of December 2023 , the Bloomberg Billionaires Index ranked him as the 11th-richest person in the world, with a net worth of $ 105 billion or about 7% of Mexico's GDP, making him the richest person in Latin America . Slim's corporate conglomerate spans numerous industries across the Mexican economy, including education, health care, industrial manufacturing, transportation, real estate, mass media, mining, energy, entertainment, technology, retail, sports and financial services. However,

1820-462: A copy of the Occident; what we have is a whole new version of things." The museum notably includes some types of European art that have not been permanently displayed in Latin America in the past. The museum collection includes many of the most well known European artists from the 15th to 20th centuries, in particular a large collection of sculptures by Rodin and Salvador Dalí . Carlos Slim bought

1960-630: A corn tortilla. The letter 'x' in the name reflects the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative / ʃ / , a historical phoneme present in Nahuatl and in Old Spanish. The conquistadors transcribed this sound using that letter in the Spanish language at the time of colonization and also when codifying the alphabets of the indigenous languages in the Americas for the first time. Due to the evolution of

2100-523: A cover story profiling Slim. The article said, "While the market value of his stake in publicly traded companies could decline at any time, at the moment he is probably wealthier than Bill Gates ". According to The Wall Street Journal , Slim credits part of his ability to "discover investment opportunities" early to the writings of his friend, futurist author Alvin Toffler . On 8 August 2007, Fortune magazine reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as

2240-615: A further seven businesses in these industry categories, which included the acquisition of a construction equipment rental company. In 1980, he consolidated his business interests by forming Grupo Galas as the parent company of a conglomerate that had interests in industrial manufacturing , construction , mining , retail , food, and tobacco . In 1982, the Mexican economy contracted rapidly . As many banks were struggling and foreign investors were cutting back on investing and scurrying, Slim began investing heavily and acquired shares in

2380-532: A hostile Tlaxcalan force of 30,000. The Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish and their indigenous allies in a number of battles, with the Spanish inflicting heavy casualties on the Tlaxcalans despite their superior numbers. The Spaniards’ prowess in battle impressed the Tlaxcalan King Xīcohtēncatl Āxāyacatzin , who then not only allowed the Spanish to pass through his territory, but also invited them into

2520-593: A large number of sculptures by Rodin in the 1980s and the value of many of these pieces has soared since. With a collection of over 100 Rodin works, some critics have claimed that Slim "...is more of a bargain hunter than an aesthete". The original building of the Museo Soumaya, opened in 1994, is in the Plaza Loreto of San Ángel in the southern part of Mexico City. The new building in Plaza Carso in

2660-405: A luxury mall" that provided a "claustrophobic feel" (noting that plans for light by Romero were blocked by Slim for financial reasons), and that "Discord between the art and the layout of the rooms contributes to the sense of chaos." In its review, The Architect's Newspaper noted that the design of the exterior was strong on formality, "the same cannot be said about the interior. While the outside

2800-644: A major source of income for the town, although an exact dollar amount is not known. These practices have been denounced by three NGOs . Modern-day investigations (as well as the 2014 documentary “Pimp City: A Journey to the Center of the Sex Trade”) by the US Department of Justice have revealed Tenancingo to be a hub for providing female sex slaves to the United States. According to the documentary,

2940-399: A manifold of stakes across a wide range of industries, thereby making the overall conglomerate nearly recession-proof in the event that one or more industry sectors of the Mexican economy underperform. Amidst the Mexican economic downturn before its gradual recovery in 1985, Slim invested heavily by snapping up numerous Mexican flagship companies for pennies on the dollar. He purchased all or

SECTION 20

#1732772401078

3080-441: A narrow entrance that opens into a large white gallery. The top floor of the building is opened so that it is illuminated by sunlight during the daytime. In addition to the art galleries, the new building contains a library, restaurant, and a 350-seat auditorium. Each of the six floors of the museum is distinctly shaped. The weight of the building is held by an exoskeleton of 28 vertical curved steel columns and seven beams encircling

3220-510: A plethora of Mexican flagship businesses outright at depressed valuations. Much of Slim's business dealings involved a simple strategy, which entails buying a business and retaining it for its cash flow , or eventually selling the stake at a greater profit in future, thereby netting the capital gains as well as reinvesting the initial principal into a new business. In addition, the complexity of Grupo Carso's corporate conglomerate structural labyrinth web of companies allows Slim to purchase

3360-520: A prestigious collection of European art in Mexico itself. Some commentators, including Larry King , have predicted that the museum will cause an increase in the number of tourists from the United States who visit Mexico City. Headlines such as "Carlos Slim's Xanadu?: Reactions to the World's Richest Man's Overweening New Museo Soumaya", "Emperor's New Museum", and "Photos: World's Richest Man Opens World's Flashiest Museum" reflect criticisms of Carlos Slim as

3500-537: A prominent businessman and wealthy investor who remained a reputable pillar within the Lebanese Mexican community, Julian was known for his shrewd business acumen and his astute knack when making investments during bad economic cycles (which occurred frequently in Mexico). Julián was known for his business savvy, strong work ethic, and commitment to traditional Lebanese moral values. In February 2011, Julian,

3640-557: A rating of “low,” seventeen have a ranking of “medium” and only four have a ranking of “high.” According to data through the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with census date of June 12, 2010, the state of Tlaxcala until this year had a total of 1,169,936 inhabitants; of that number, 565,775 were men and 604,161 were women. The annual growth rate for

3780-661: A significant scale in the state, especially products produced for export outside the state. These products include clothing, foam and plastic products, paper products, publishing, textiles and automobile works. Organized industrial areas in the state include the Malinche Corridor, the Apizaco-Xalostoc-Huamantla Corridor, the Panzacola Corridor, the “industrial cities” of Xicohténcatli I, Xicohténcatli II and Xicohténcatli III,

3920-402: A sizeable percentage of numerous Mexican businesses outright at significant discounts. Among the panoply of acquisitions that Slim procured included Empresas Frisco, a mining concessionary and chemical maker, Industrias Nacobre, a copper manufacturer, Reynolds Aluminio, a Mexican aluminum concern, Compañía Hulera Euzkadi (Mexico's largest tire maker), and Bimex hotels, a hotel chain. He also became

4060-444: A specific theme: European & Mexican landscape; The age of Rodin; Mexican calendars; temporary exhibitions. In 2014, on the occasion of its 19th anniversary, it hosted the exhibition European Landscapes, showing 50 works by Pierre-Antoine Demachy , Klaes Molenaer and Joost Carhelisz . 24 of these were new acquisitions. In 2011 the main collection moved to a new 16,000-square-metre (170,000 sq ft) building, constructed in

4200-406: A stake in the Spanish bank, Bankia , which couples with Slim's other purchase of Realia, a Spanish real estate company, where Slim is the second largest shareholder holding a 25% equity stake, behind Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas , a Spanish construction company where Slim is also an active minor shareholder. On April 15, 2015, Slim formed the oil company Carso Oil & Gas. A report that

4340-508: A technology startup that ranks the world's hedge funds creating in-depth behavioral profiles and business analytics. Limited partners pay US$ 30,000 per subscription while hedge fund managers pay half the price and also sign up for a free version of the products the company offers. On June 12, 2024, Slim acquired a 3% stake in British telecommunications company BT worth approximately £400million. Slim's father, Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz,

Museo Soumaya - Misplaced Pages Continue

4480-523: A town in Tlaxcala, is the beginning of a pipeline in an illicit, international trafficking trade, and considered to be the center for sex trafficking in Mexico. Roots of the practice of sex trafficking date back to the 1960s. An unnamed Mexican charity told the BBC that it estimated of the 10,000 inhabitants of Tenancingo, 1,000 are sex traffickers. Sexual exploitation , human trafficking , and pimping are

4620-502: A vast array of various cash flow-producing assets that included large swathes incoming-producing investment-grade real estate, a multifarious assemblage of privately-controlled businesses, and stocks. In August 1926, Julián Slim married Linda Helú Atta. Linda, of Lebanese ancestry, was born in Parral, Chihuahua . Her parents had immigrated to Mexico from Lebanon in the late 19th century. Upon immigrating to Mexico, her parents founded one of

4760-485: A “free and sovereign" state in Mexico. Tlaxcalans consider their fight to remain a distinct entity a hallmark of their history, resisting in turn the Aztecs, the Spanish colonial government, the various monarchies and republics of an independent Mexico, and even the claims on its territory by its neighboring state of Puebla . Evidence of human occupation in what is now the state of Tlaxcala extends back to 12,000 BCE , with

4900-479: Is a complex, and somewhat convoluted shape, the inside is an awkward compromise between promenade and envelope. The relation between outside and inside is neither intrinsic nor well established, and the building negates the seemingly self-supporting structure." "The Soumaya, while a gorgeous object, rises pretentiously, with troubled construction techniques and flawed exhibition design." The Los Angeles Times ' Pulitzer Prize -winning art critic Christopher Knight noted

5040-531: Is architecturally held together with a Plateresque facade. The city's cathedral, called Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, built in the 16th century. Its main altar preserves a Baroque altarpiece with a depiction of the baptism of the Lord Maxixcatzin , with Hernán Cortés and Malinche as godparents. A bit later, the Basilica of Octolan was built in the 17th and 18th centuries to comply with a demand of

5180-462: Is bordered by the states of Puebla to the north, east and south, México to the west and Hidalgo to the northwest. It is the smallest state of the republic, accounting for only 0.2% of the country's territory. The state is named after its capital, Tlaxcala, which was also the name of the Pre-Columbian city and culture. The Tlaxcaltec people allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat

5320-789: Is especially apparent during Carnival , when over 4,000 folk dancers from different villages come to the capital to celebrate. In a village just north of the capital, in San Juan Totolac , every year they commemorate the departure of 400 families in 1591 who went north to colonize the land known as the Great Chichimeca, which primarily covers the northeast of modern Mexico. Streets in Huamantla are decorated with flowers in intricate designs on “La Noche que Nadie Duerme” (The Night No One Sleeps) in August. Many other festivals are in

5460-489: Is home to some of the earliest colonial architecture and art. The oldest church in Mexico, built in 1521 and the first monasteries, built by the Franciscans , were built here in 1524. Many other churches and monasteries were built in the state in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Just about every municipality has colonial-era structures such as churches, municipal palaces and plazas but the best examples are in and around

5600-695: Is known for the use of a number of ingredients in these dishes. One of these is the use of a number of edible insects, many of which are considered delicacies, such as escamoles (ant eggs) and maguey larvae , as well as others locally known as padrecitos, mecapales, toritos and tenanas . Vegetable items include a wide variety of mushrooms (often harvested from the wild), squash flowers, chilacayote , xoconostle (a kind of cactus fruit), nopal and epazote . Like neighboring Puebla, moles are an important element, especially for dishes made for special occasions. Two local versions include mole prieto and mole de ladrillo. The formal state educational system of

5740-594: Is one of the oldest cities in Mexico, founded as an organized civilization before the 15th century. The Spanish political entity was founded by Hernán Cortés between 1520 and 1525 and given the Spanish name of New City of Our Lady of the Assumption. Its economy is still based on the traditional enterprises of agriculture, textiles, and the commerce of products of native peoples such as the Otomí , especially on market days. Other important cities include Santa Ana Chiautempan,

Museo Soumaya - Misplaced Pages Continue

5880-489: Is topped by two monolithic pillars . This pyramid is the fourth largest in Mexico (by base size), and the Spiral Pyramid is one of the few circular ones ever to be found. Cacaxtla was built later than Xochitécatl, between 600 and 900 A.D., and is the far larger of the two. It was only re-discovered in 1975, by farmers from the nearby town of San Miguel del Milago , who began discovering archaeological artifacts in

6020-629: The Aztecs , with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of colonial period . After Mexican Independence , Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory , until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation. Most of the state's economy is based on agriculture, light industry and tourism. The tourist industry is rooted in Tlaxcala's long history with major attractions being archeological sites such as Cacaxtla and colonial constructions in and around Tlaxcala City. The name Tlaxcala pre-dates

6160-618: The Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala ), is one of the 32 federal entities that comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 60 municipalities and the capital city and the largest city is Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl . It is located in east-central Mexico, in the altiplano region , with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental . It

6300-470: The Magdalena river the museum's first building is on what was part of the encomienda of the conquistador Hernán Cortés in the 15th century. His son Martín Cortés installed a wheat watermill on the site which in the 19th century was converted to a paper mill . In 1905 a fire broke out in the facility and as a result, on 13 October 1905, its then owners sold to Alberto Lenz . In 1906 Lenz converted

6440-517: The Mexica , were building the vast Aztec Empire with its capital at Tenochtitlan . From the 14th century, these two nations were in near constant state of war. However, even though the Aztecs managed to build the largest empire in Mesoamerica , they never did conquer Tlaxcala. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Tlaxcala was an independent enclave nearly completely surrounded by

6580-638: The Mixtón Rebellion and accompanied them to conquer places such as Guatemala and northern Mexico. In the late 16th century, Christianized and sedentary Tlaxcalans were recruited to settle and pacify the Chichimecas in what is now northeast Mexico. Tlaxcalans were used not only to fight but also to establish towns in villages in this nomadic people's territory, to be a kind of example to them. Over 400 Tlaxcalan families would move north, but not until they negotiated and won special concessions from

6720-546: The Nuevo Polanco district was designed by the Mexican architect Fernando Romero , son-in-law of Lebanese-Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim Helu, and opened in 2011. The building is named after Lebanese-Mexican Soumaya Domit Gemayel who is the late wife of Carlos Slim Helu. Her relatives are also the important political family Gemayel in Lebanon and is a cousin of the former President's Bashir and Amine Gemayel. Built near

6860-529: The Totonacas , who were a subject people of the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as a way to free themselves of rule from Tenochtitlan. They allied with the Spanish, and when Cortés decided to go inland to Tenochtitlan, the Totonacas guided them to other subject peoples who would be willing to ally with them, including and especially the Tlaxcalans. However, after entering Tlaxcalan territory, the Spanish were met by

7000-577: The Aztec Empire. This left Tlaxcala economically isolated, leaving it without goods such as cotton and salt. This and the constant warfare with the Mexica would give the Tlaxcalans reasons to ally with the Spanish. "It is more inhabited than other provinces; and its inhabitants, who are the least oppressed of any in New Spain, owe this favour to the alliance that their republican ancestors made with

7140-525: The Conquest For the most part, the Spanish kept their promise to the Tlaxcalans. Unlike Tenochtitlan and other cities, Tlaxcala was not destroyed after the Conquest. They also allowed many Tlaxcalans to retain their indigenous names. The Tlaxcalans were mostly able to keep their traditional form of government. For 300 years of colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain rule, the Spanish mostly held true to

SECTION 50

#1732772401078

7280-631: The Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the business. In 2008, Slim took a 6.4% stake valued at $ 27 million in the New York Times Company , a prominent American newspaper publisher. Slim increased his stake to 8% by 2012. Slim's stake in the Times increased again to 16.8% of the company's Class A shares on 20 January 2015 when he exercised stock options to purchase 15.9 million shares, making him the largest shareholder in

7420-566: The Israeli startup Mobli , a company that deals with connections between people and communities corralled according to different interests. In December 2013, Slim's private equity fund, Sinca Inbursa, sold its stake in the Mexican pharmaceutical company Landsteiner Scientific. Slim acquired a 27.51% stake in the company in June 2008, which represented 6.6% of Sinca's investment portfolio. The private equity fund's investments are mainly concentrated in

7560-443: The Mexican business world. In 1965, profits from Slim's private business and investment ventures reached US$ 400,000 , enabling him to start the stock brokerage house Inversora Bursátil. He also began laying the financial groundwork for his eventual conglomerate, Grupo Carso. In 1965, he also acquired Jarritos del Sur, a Mexican bottling and soft drink company. In 1966, worth US$ 40   million , he established Inmuebles Carso,

7700-570: The Mexican retail department store chain owned by Slim controls a majority stake in Mixup, Mexico's most successful retail music store that comprises a chain of 117-store Mexican retailers Mixup also generated more than US$ 320   million in revenue in 2014. In March 2015, Slim made his presence known in the Spanish business scene by buying stakes in various troubled Spanish companies while perusing potential acquisitions across Europe. Slim's investment company, Inmobiliaria Carso, announced it will buy

7840-450: The OIAG supervisory board meeting for 12 hours criticizing the lack of explicit job guarantees. In January 2015, Grupo Carso publicly launched Claro Musica, an online music service that is a Latin American equivalent of iTunes and Spotify . Slim, along with his son, increased their corporate presence in Mexico's music industry, particularly in the retail music sector since 2013. Sanborn's,

7980-485: The Spanish king. Unlike the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala was under the direct protection of the Spanish crown, part of its reward for its support in the Conquest. This shielded the Tlaxcalans from the worst of the oppression of the native peoples, which reached its peak in the 1530s. In fact, Tlaxcalan allegiance to the Spaniards became an enduring partnership. Tlaxcalan forces joined Spanish forces to put down revolts such as

8120-506: The Spanish. They included orders called “mandamientos de amparo” to ensure that these families’ heirs would not lose the lands that were being granted to them. They also included freedom from tributes, taxes and personal service in perpetuity. These settlers were instrumental in pacifying this part of Mexico, and although these families eventually intermarried with the Chichimeca, they never completely lost their Tlaxcalan identity. During

8260-521: The Tlaxcalans returned to Tenochtitlan in December 1520. After many battles, including street-by-street fighting in Tenochtitlan itself, the Aztec Empire fell in August 1521. Historian Charles Gibson published (1952) a path breaking study of Tlaxcala, from the indigenous viewpoint. He particularly focused on ways that the Tlaxcalans shaped the polity's history for its own advantage, and how

8400-437: The Tlaxcalans' conditions of 1520. One of the major cultural interventions, however, was the evangelization of the region. Franciscan friars arrived in 1524. They built monasteries and churches and renamed the city of Tlaxcala “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.” The first archbishopric of New Spain was established here. Most of the conversion work was done by 1530. In 1535, the city of Tlaxcala received its coat-of-arms from

8540-459: The United States as a target destination to exploit potential foreign investment acquisitions and new emerging business opportunities. Slim made headlines within the American business scene in 2003 when he began purchasing large stakes in a number of major US retailers such as Barnes & Noble , OfficeMax , Office Depot , Circuit City , Borders , and CompUSA . Much of the rationale behind Slim's international commercial expansion beyond Mexico

SECTION 60

#1732772401078

8680-1003: The Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT), which also offers the widest range of majors. Other public universities and colleges include the Instituto Tecnológico de Apizaco, Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario de Xocoyucan, Escuela Normal Estatal Lic. Benito Juárez, and the Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala. Private institutions include the Universidad del Valle, Universidad de Calpulalpan, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlaxcala and UPAEP Tlaxcala. In addition to traditional centers of education there are state-run technical training centers, which are considered to be an educational priority for Tlaxcala. These centers train people with short courses with industrial or trade skills. Some of these centers include

8820-536: The Virgin Mary who reportedly appeared before Juan Diego Bernardino here in 1541. It is considered be the culmination of the Baroque style in Tlaxcala. The state also contains 140 haciendas , which vary in their state of conservation but some are promoted for tourism. Regional festivals here are known for dances featuring men in mustached masks (imitating Spaniards), large-plumed hats and colorful garb. This

8960-467: The acronym "IDEAL"—roughly translated as "Promoter of Development and Employment in Latin America"), a Mexican construction and civil engineering company primarily engaged in not-for-profit infrastructure development. Since 2006, IDEAL won three infrastructure contracts yet it faces stiff competition from a number of other Mexican and Spanish construction companies. In 2007, after having amassed

9100-511: The age of 12, he made his first stock investment, by buying shares outright of a Mexican bank. By the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico's largest bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his father's company. He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico , where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming . Though Slim

9240-515: The archaeological sites of Cacaxtla , Xochitécatl and Tizatlán , which were not fully investigated until the 20th century, unlike most sites within the state. When Hernán Cortés came, Mesoamerican civilization here was considered to be in the Post-Classic stage , and the kingdom was filled with temples, palaces and grand plazas that impressed the Spaniards. Tlaxcala's two major archaeological sites are Xochitécatl and Cacaxtla. Xochitécatl

9380-474: The art — or anything else, for that matter — any favors." Carlos Slim This is an accepted version of this page Carlos Slim Helú ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾlos esˈlin eˈlu; - esˈlim -] ; born 28 January 1940) is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by Forbes business magazine. He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in

9520-425: The bevy of potential business opportunities that could crop up and be exploited through this political change motivated Slim and his conglomerate Grupo Carso to acquire Telmex, a landline telecommunications operator from the Mexican government. In 1990, Grupo Carso was floated as a public company initially in Mexico and then worldwide. During the same year, Grupo Carso also acquired a majority ownership of Porcelanite,

9660-515: The buildings here are made of adobe brick , a very unusual construction material for this place and time. The site contains two stucco-covered altars with murals that follow the Borgia Group codex style with images of gods and important human figures, including gods such as Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Mayahuel and were the scene of human sacrifices. The state contains more than 1,000 archeological sites with only seven fully excavated and open to

9800-1233: The cable channel Fox Sports in Mexico and the rest of Latin America, and the website mediotiempo.com. The games are also broadcast on the Internet through UNO TV, offered by Telmex. Slim has been involved with broadcasting sports outside Mexico to larger markets such as the United States. In March 2012, América Móvil acquired the broadcast rights for the Olympic Games in Sochi 2014 and the Brazil 2016 for Latin America. In March 2012, Slim, along with American television host Larry King , established Ora TV , an on-demand digital television network that produces and distributes television shows including Larry King Now , Politicking with Larry King , Recessionista, and Jesse Ventura Uncensored . In September 2012, Slim bought 30% stakes in Pachuca and León , two Mexican soccer teams through his telecommunications company América Móvil. In December 2012, he bought all

9940-473: The capital city of Tlaxcala. Cortés stayed in the city of Tlaxcala for 20 days and forged an alliance with the Tlaxcalans to bring down Tenochtitlan. Cortes added 6,000 Tlaxcala warriors to his ranks and arrived to Tenochtitlan in November 1519. They were received by Emperor Moctezuma II , who understood the potential danger of a Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance. Despite initial friendliness, intrigue and siege of

10080-467: The capital followed, with the Aztec backlash sending Cortes’ very wounded army limping back to Tlaxcalan territory. The Tlaxcalan king gave the Spanish refuge but promised further assistance in the conquest of Tenochtitlan only under certain conditions including perpetual exemption from tribute of any sort, part of the spoils of war, and control of two provinces that bordered Tlaxcala. Cortés agreed. Cortes and

10220-443: The city of Tlaxcala. The largest population centers are Tlaxcala, Huamantla, Apizaco, San Pablo del Monte, Zacatelco and Chiautempan, whose 361,328 inhabitants represent over 33% of the state's population. However, the largest population increases are occurring in the municipalities of Tzompamtepec, Yauhquemecan, and Santa Isabel Xiloxoxtla. Of Tlaxcala's 60 municipalities, ten have a poverty index rating of “very low,” twenty-nine have

10360-410: The city of Tlaxcala. The Temple and Ex-monastery of San Francisco , built in the early 16th century, is located about 14 km southeast of the capital city. Only the church retains its original function; the former monastery now houses a school. The State Government Palace is located in the city proper and was creating by conjoining the former mayor's house, the treasury and the state warehouse, which

10500-528: The collection is believed to be a version of Madonna of the Yarnwinder by a member of the circle of Leonardo da Vinci. Another version of the same painting has been valued at over £30 Million. Several Mexican artists are also featured, including Diego Rivera and Rufino Tamayo . The director of the museum has claimed that the total worth of the art it holds is over $ 700 million. The museum's director, Alfonso Miranda , has described its approach as "not

10640-428: The colonial period, the Tlaxcalans were successful in keeping the concessions granted to them by the Spanish crown. In 1585, when the territory of Tlaxcala was formally established, it roughly had the same borders as the old kingdom of Tlaxcala. While the neighboring territory of Puebla had some authority over this territory, the city of Tlaxcala remained independently governed until Mexican Independence in 1821. However,

10780-464: The companies controlled by Slim where most are involved in the day-to-day running of Slim's business empire. Slim underwent heart surgery in 1999. In high school, Slim's favorite subjects were history, cosmography , and mathematics. Slim and his wife had a very happy marriage, and he indicated that he does not intend to remarry. In his office, Slim does not have a computer, and instead keeps all his financial data in hand-written notebooks. Due to

10920-516: The company made further investments across Latin America, with companies in Colombia , Nicaragua , Peru , Chile , Honduras , and El Salvador , well as a joint venture with the American software house, Microsoft called Tlmsn, a Spanish-language web portal. In 2005, Slim invested in Volaris , a Mexican airline and founded Impulsora del Desarrollo y el Empleo en América Latina SAB de CV (using

11060-501: The company. The New York Times Company's Class A shares are available for purchase by the public and offer less control over the company than Class B shares, which are privately held. According to the company's 2016 annual filings, Slim owned 17.4% of the company's Class A shares, and none of the company's Class B shares. In 2012, Slim sold the broadcast rights for the Leon games to the American terrestrial television network, Telemundo ,

11200-623: The construction of a canal which served the Mexican Valley. After victory in the Mexican War of Independence and the end of the First Mexican Empire with the 1824 Constitution of Mexico , on November 24, 1824, Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory , Tlaxcala Territory . Tlaxcala was finally admitted as a state of the federation on December 9, 1856. The state was subdivided into five provinces, but had roughly

11340-593: The core of his fortune derives from telecommunications, where he owns América Móvil (with operations throughout Latin America) and the Mexican carrier Telcel and ISP Telmex , a state-run-gone-private company which maintained a virtual monopoly for many years after Slim's acquisition. He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange , while his net worth is equivalent to about 6% of Mexico's gross domestic product. As of 2016, he

11480-460: The coronal fricatives that took place in Spanish during the 16th and 17th centuries, /ʃ/ transitioned into a voiceless velar fricative / x / (similar to a strong 'H') at the beginning of a word or intervocalically, while it turned into a voiceless alveolar fricative / s / at the end of a syllable. Thus, the pronunciation of Tlaxcala at the time of the sibilant shift transitioned from [tlaʃˈkala] to [tlasˈkala] . However,

11620-716: The disciplined robbers whom Cortés commanded, and who subdued the Mexican empire. They are the most intelligent of all the Americans subject to Spain." - Thomas Kitchin , The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe , 1778 When Hernán Cortés and the Spanish landed on the Veracruz coast, they were greeted by

11760-527: The earliest identified cultures being Tzompantepec (1700–1200 BCE), Tlatempa (1200–800 BCE), and Texoloc (800–400 BCE). The Toltecs also had a presence, but the first major native culture here was the Olmec Xicalanca. This civilization fell into decline after 900 AD and was replaced by a sub-group of the Chichimecas . In the 14th century, the Chichimecas were driven out by the Tlaxcalans,

11900-592: The east is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental, home of the 4,461 meter La Malinche volcano. Most of the state is rugged terrain dominated by ridges and deep valleys, along with protruding igneous rock formations. This ruggedness, along with large-scale weather phenomena such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone, gives the state a complex climate. Overall rain patterns for the state are about 400 mm (16 in) in

12040-399: The entire country. The state is divided into 60 municipalities, the largest of which are Tlaxcala, Apizaco , Huamantla , Zacatelco , Calpulalpan , Chiautempan and Tlaxco . The political heart of the state is its capital, Tlaxcala, even though it is not the state's largest city. Tlaxcala lies at the foot of the northwestern slope of La Malinche volcano in the Sierra Madre Oriental . It

12180-417: The entire political structure and police force of the town are implicated in human trafficking and the sex trade. Tlaxcala is the smallest and one of the most densely populated of the states of Mexico. The state comprises only 0.2% of the nation's territory, but had a population of 1,068,207 in 2005. Population density ranges from 50 people/km in the rural municipality of Atlangatepec to 269 people/km in

12320-422: The entity during the period 2005-2010 was 1.8%. The average size of households in the state is 4.3, while the national level is 3.9, according to the 2010 population census, however, by municipality varies from 3.8 to 5 persons per household. In the same year (2010) on average in the state of Tlaxcala 293 people per square kilometer, while nationally there are 57 people per square kilometer. Until that year 78% of

12460-789: The estimated value of all of Slim's companies totaled US$ 150   billion. On December 8, 2007, Grupo Carso announced that the remaining 103 CompUSA retail stores would be either liquidated or sold, bringing an end to the struggling company, although the information technology division of CompUSA continued operating under the name Telvista around various American cities such as Dallas , Texas (U.S. Corporate Office) and Danville, Virginia . Telvista also has five centers in Mexico (three in Tijuana, one center in Mexicali, and one in México City). After 28 years of corporate involvement, Slim became

12600-446: The exterior "does add a striking profile to a redeveloping section of the city’s upscale Polanco neighborhood" but that "the small shock is just how weak the museum’s collection is, and how poorly the paintings, sculptures and decorative arts have been installed in the open floor plan galleries." Mexican artist Yoshua Okón parodied the design as fancy toilet. In a 2014 tour of Mexico City architecture, The New York Times summarized

12740-814: The fields. The main attractions here are the murals, painted with pigments sourced from local minerals. Some of the best works include the Scorpion Man at the Venus Temple, Cacaxtli with corn plant at the Red Temple, the Battle Mural (which is 22 meters long, portraying 48 human figures), and the Bird Man and the Jaguar Man found in “Porch A.” Another interesting archeological site is called Tizatlán . This site does not contain pyramids; instead

12880-481: The first Arabic-language magazines for the Lebanese-Mexican community, using a printing press they had brought with them. Julian and Linda had six children: Nour, Alma, Julián, José, Carlos, and Linda. Julián senior died in 1953, when Carlos was 13 years old. Julian's panoply of successful business ventures and investment undertakings became the source of considerable wealth for himself and his family. As

13020-428: The following meanings: the red background represents courage; the castle symbolizes defensive power; the eagle with its open wings represents the spirit of vigilance; the border symbolizes protection and compensation; the green palms stand for victory, and the crowns are the symbol of royal authority. The letter I refers to Joanna of Castile , the mother of Charles I of Spain ; the letter K (for Karl ) represents

13160-523: The four-part organization of the polity was maintained during the early colonial era. A particularly important source for the early colonial history of Tlaxcala is a set of records in the indigenous language of Nahuatl, now published as The Tlaxcalan Actas . These town council records are a type of indigenous language source used by scholars in the field known as the New Philology . James Lockhart drew on these materials in his study The Nahuas After

13300-722: The holding company for América Móvil, was incorporated in 2000. Concurrently, Telmex also spun off its international cellular phone division for a $ 15 billion listing of América Móvil SA on the New York Stock Exchange. Telmex has taken numerous stakes of various international cellular telephone operators outside of Mexico, including the Brazilian ATL and Telecom Americas concerns, Techtel in Argentina , and others in Guatemala and Ecuador . In subsequent years,

13440-432: The indigenous population who had been living in Tlaxcala were somehow reduced to a small minority. Tlaxcala in 1519 had a population estimated at 150,000 to 500,000, the larger estimate perhaps including allies, such as those in the adjacent Pueblo valley. According to Catholic Encyclopedia, in 1625 the formerly sizeable city of Tlaxcala had only 700 people. The decline in the population was due to epidemics, emigrations, and

13580-673: The industrial parks of Calpulalpan, Xiloxoxtla, Ixtacuixtla, and Nanacamilpa as well as the industrial areas of Velasco and Atlangatepec. Most commercial activity in the state occurs in the municipalities of Apizaco, Chiautempan, Tlaxcala, Huamantla, San Pablo del Monte and Zacatelco . In the last economic census in 2003, INEGI registered 21,307 commercial establishments in the state, most of these being small individually or family-owned enterprises. There are also fifty-nine tianguis (tent markets which are movable), seventeen municipal markets , eleven malls, twenty-six department stores and fourteen commercial centers of other types. In addition,

13720-531: The majority shareholder of Sanborn Hermanos , a prominent Mexican food retailer, gift shop and restaurant chain, which was later incorporated as Grupo Carso's retailing arm. In 1984, Slim spent US$ 13   million to acquire Mexican insurance agency Seguros de México, and later subsumed the company into the firm, Seguros Inbursa. The value of his stake in Seguros eventually grew to being worth US$ 1.5   billion by 2007, after four spinoffs. Slim also acquired

13860-577: The mill to a factory named Fábrica de Papel de Loreto y Peña Pobre after which the current plaza is named. In the 1980s, another fire destroyed most of the facilities and operations were transferred to the state of Tlaxcala . This led to the Grupo Carso undertaking an urban conversion of the ruins to turn it into what is now the site of the museum - officially founded in 1994. In 1996 the museum received heritage recognition from ICOMOS . The museum building featured four distinct rooms each of which had

14000-551: The most populous city in the state, Apizaco, noted for its textile production and Huamantla, a farming and cattle town. Tlaxcala is a land-locked state situated on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt . The average altitude for the state is 2,230 meters above sea level, making it a bit higher than the Valley of Mexico just to the southwest. The western part of the state lies on the central plateau of Mexico while

14140-640: The mountain highlands, while the flatlands, with their drier climate, are characterized by agaves and prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia ). The state has no major lakes or large rivers. The principal water sources are the Atoyac-Zahuapan basin and the reservoir of the Atlangatepec dam. Much of Tlaxcala's economy is based on agriculture, livestock and forestry. Principle crops for the state are maize and barley, along with important quantities of wheat, beans, animal feed and potatoes, using about 60% of

14280-402: The municipalities of Ixtenco, Contla de Juan C., San Pablo del Monte, Teolocholco, Tetlanohcan and la Magdalena. High school and vocational education is provided by state school systems named CBTIS, CETIS, CECYTE, CBTA, COBAT, and CONALEP. Most of these schools are of the vocational type. Higher education is provided by both public and prívate institutions, with the most important of these being

14420-590: The museum as "one of those buildings that, love or hate it, you can’t stop looking at. There are so many variations of color, light and form that your eye never gets enough." The Lonely Planet guide notes the collection "contains worthy Rivera and Siqueiros murals and paintings by French impressionists, but there's too much filler." In 2022, the Los Angeles Times summarized the building's reputation, noting it "is renowned for looking great on Instagram ... and that’s about it. Its internal layout does not do

14560-512: The name of the king himself; and the letter F (for Felipe ) belongs to Philip, later Philip II of Spain . The human skulls and cross-bones represent those who died during the Conquest. The state of Tlaxcala is located slightly east of center of Mexico between 97°37′07″ and 98°42′51″W and 19°05′43″ and 19°44′07″N. It is bordered by the states of Hidalgo, Puebla and Mexico. It is the smallest state in terms of territory with only about 4,061 km (1,568 sq mi), representing about 0.2% of

14700-458: The north of the city in Plaza Carso . The building is a 46-metre-high (151 ft) six-story building covered by 16,000 hexagonal aluminum tiles. The aluminium used in the project was supplied by a company that is also owned by Carlos Slim . The new building was designed by the Mexican architect Fernando Romero , who is married to a daughter of Carlos Slim, engineered with Ove Arup and Frank Gehry , and cost $ 70 million to build. The museum has

14840-402: The oldest brother of Carlos, died aged 74. He was an active businessman and worked in one of Mexico's top intelligence agencies. Carlos Slim was married to Soumaya Domit from 1967 until her death in 1999. Among her interests were various philanthropic projects. Slim has six children: Carlos , Marco Antonio, Patrick, Soumaya, Vanessa, and Johanna. His three older sons serve in key positions in

14980-484: The opportunity for Slim to purchase the telco presented itself and materialized when Mexico began privatizing its national industries at the turn of the 1980s. Slim was an early investment backer in Telmex, where the concomitant income-producing cash flows and revenue-generating profits of the telecommunications provider eventually formed the bulk of his private fortune. By 2006, Telmex controlled and operated 90 percent of

15120-447: The point where he had a majority interest in the company. In 1996, Slim split Grupo Carso into three separate constituent companies: Carso Global Telecom, Grupo Carso, and Invercorporación. In the following year, Slim bought the Mexican arm of Sears Roebuck. In 1999, Slim began expanding his business interests beyond Latin America. Though the bulk of his business holdings remained in Mexico, he began setting his sights on exploring

15260-487: The population lives in urban areas and 22% in rural, data also the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2010. The area known as Tlaxcala has officially been a number of different entities, from an indigenous kingdom during the Pre-Columbian era, a district of the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain , a territory of the Republic of Mexico , and finally

15400-505: The public. The last of these is Ocotelulco , situated on a hill near the town of San Francisco Ocotelulco. It is a collection of dwellings with raised areas for ceremonial purposes. Its altar is similar to the one found at Tezcatlipoca , decorated with colorful frescos with images of Quetzalcoatl , Xolotl and Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli . These images are in the style of the Post-classic period and have been dated to about 1450. Tlaxcala

15540-429: The realization [ˈtlaɣskala] is also present due to spelling pronunciation after the Spanish orthographic reform of 1815, which replaced the letter 'x' with 'j' in words that previously had /ʃ/ that transitioned into velar /x/ , leaving the letter 'x' with the current pronunciation /ɡs/ . The state's coat of arms is based on the coat of arms that was granted to the city in 1535. Its different elements have

15680-502: The rest of Mexican soccer's first division. In July 2013, Slim's company América Móvil invested US$ 40   million in Shazam , a British commercial mobile phone-based music identification service for an undisclosed share of ownership. América Móvil partnered with the company to aid its growth into advertising and television and help the audio recognition service expand in Latin America. In November 2013, Slim invested US$ 60 million in

15820-516: The ribbon cutting included Felipe Calderón , Gabriel García Márquez , Evelyn Robert de Rothschild , and Larry King . The new building opened to the public on March 28, 2011. Admission to the museum is now free of charge and the operating costs are covered by Slim's fortune, which was the world's largest at the time the new location opened. The museum is located in a large mixed-use development , Plaza Carso in Nuevo Polanco . This project

15960-531: The same dimensions, but somewhat less than before. Later, the state was able to recover some of that lost territory when the region known as Calpulapan was reunited in the 1860s. The state was governed from 1885 to 1911 by Próspero Cahuantzi , one of the few Mexicans of indigenous origin to be a state governor. The cuisine of the state is similar to that of neighboring Hidalgo, Puebla and Federal District of Mexico City, featuring dishes such as barbacoa , mixiote , tamales , tacos, quesadillas and more. The state

16100-525: The second-richest person in the world, after Bill Gates. On July 15, 2014, Forbes announced that Slim had reclaimed the position of the wealthiest person in the world, with a fortune of US$ 79.6   billion . Tlaxcala Tlaxcala ( UK : / t l ə ˈ s k ɑː l ə , t l æ ˈ -/ tlə- SKAH -lə, tla- , US : / t l ɑː ˈ -/ tlah- ; Spanish: [tla(ɣ)sˈkala] ; from Nahuatl languages : Tlaxcallān [t͡ɬaʃˈkalːaːn̥] ), officially

16240-445: The shares of the second division team Estudiantes Tecos . Slim has also completed business deals for the television rights to games of the Leon soccer team. His company América Móvil purchased 30 percent of the team along with transmission rights as Slim does not have the rights to transmit content by broadcast television or cable TV as well as putting him in competition with Televisa and TV Azteca, two television companies with rights to

16380-417: The state accommodates only 53% of eligible schoolchildren. Almost all of the rest are schooled in pre-schools, indigenous educational systems and other centers. Primary and secondary education is mostly provided by the state Secretary of Education. Indigenous education is a system of preschools and primary schools which meet the cultural demands of indigenous populations of the state. These are largely located in

16520-575: The state by centuries; it derives from the name of the capital city, which was also used to denote the territory controlled by this city in pre-Hispanic times. According to some historians, the name comes from an ancient word texcalli ( IPA: [teʃˈkalːi] ), which meant 'crag'; however, an alternative etymology stems from the Nahuatl word Tlaxcallān which means 'place of corn tortillas '. The Aztec glyph that referred to this place has both elements, two green hills and two hands holding

16660-500: The state is an important link between Mexico's major eastern port, Veracruz , on the Gulf of Mexico , and Mexico City , in the interior. Tourist attractions primarily consist of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites and colonial establishments, with examples of both religious and civil constructions. However, in comparison with the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala's archaeological and colonial sites are barely known. Tlaxcala's major attractions are

16800-532: The state is dedicated to livestock. Due to the limited surface water, there is no commercial fishing or fish-farming here. The state's forestry enterprises are located in the municipalities of Tlaxco, Terrenate , Altzayanca , Calpulalpan and Nanacamilpa , with about 35,842 hectares of land dedicated to this. However, the amount of land dedicated to forestry has been declining in recent years. To combat this, in 2007 2,484,687 trees were planted on about 2,477 hectares of land. Light manufacturing has developed on

16940-455: The state's land. Although the state has 15 dams and 483 wells to provide water for agriculture, 88% of the state's agriculture is dependent on the summer rainy season, leaving it vulnerable to climatic phenomena such as El Niño or La Niña . Most livestock raised in the state is beef cattle and dairy cows along with the renowned fighting bulls. Other important animals are pigs, sheep, horses, poultry and bees. About 35,842 hectares, or 6.7% of

17080-852: The state, many of which display the state's long tradition of bullfighting. Ecotourism is relatively new here and much of it centers on La Malinche National Park, home to the La Malinche volcano, which is 4,461 m (14,636 ft) high. Here one can camp, mountain bike, horseback ride, rappel and climb the volcano itself. At the peak of La Malinche, it is possible to see the volcanos of Popocatépetl , Iztaccíhuatl (in Puebla/Mexico State) and Pico de Orizaba ( Veracruz ). Ninety five percent of those visiting Tlaxcala are from Mexico and most of these are from neighboring Puebla state. Foreign visitors are mostly German, French and Swiss who are interested in Mexican history. Tenancingo ,

17220-405: The structure built by a Slim-owned company that manufactures offshore oil rigs. In addition, the roof is kept stable through its suspension from a cantilever. The floors are made of high quality marble that was imported from Greece. The new location of the Museo Soumaya was officially inaugurated on February 28, 2011 that culminated in a ceremonial ribbon cutting. Notable guests that participated in

17360-424: The summer rainy season and 30 mm (1.2 in) in the winter. Locally, however, this varies dramatically between the drier plateaus and valleys and the wetter mountains. Variations in altitude produce sub-climates between semi-tropical to temperate, with frosts likely in the higher elevations during the winter. Temperate fir ( Abies religiosa ), juniper ( Juniperus deppeana ), and pine-oak forests dominate

17500-570: The telephone lines in Mexico, and his wireless telecommunications company, Telcel , which was created out of the Radiomóvil Dipsa company, operated almost 80 percent of the entire country's cellphones. In 1991, he acquired Hoteles Calinda (now OSTAR Grupo Hotelero), a hotel chain and in 1993, he increased his stakes in General Tire , an American tiremaker and a distributor of aluminum profiles and aluminum concern Grupo Aluminio to

17640-576: The time of his arrival. In 1911, Julián established a dry goods retail store, La Estrella de Oriente (The Star of the Orient). By 1921, he had begun investing in real estate in the flourishing commercial district of Mexico City where Julián acquired prime Mexican real estate at fire sale prices and in the Zocalo District during the 1910–17 Mexican Revolution . By 1922, Julián's net worth reached $ 1,012,258 pesos , shrewdly diversified among

17780-404: The transportation and infrastructure sectors and the fund garnered a total market cap of 5.152 billion pesos at the end of 2012. On 23 April 2014, Slim took control of Telekom Austria , Austria's largest telecommunications company, which operates telcos in countries such as Bulgaria, Croatia, and Belarus, under a 10-year agreement. It was Slim's first successful business acquisition in Europe. In

17920-517: The vast size of his business empire, he often jokes that he cannot keep track of all the companies he manages. Slim is a Maronite Catholic , and he is one of the prominent backers of Legion of Christ , a Roman Catholic religious institute . On 29 March 2007, Slim surpassed American investor Warren Buffett as the world's second richest person with an estimated net worth of US$ 53.1   billion compared with Buffett's US$ 52.4   billion . On 4 August 2007, The Wall Street Journal ran

18060-584: The wealthiest person in the world, with his fortune estimated at US$ 74   billion . In December 2012, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index , Carlos Slim Helú remained the world's richest person with an estimated net worth of US$ 75.5   billion . On 5 March 2013, Forbes stated that Slim was still maintaining his first-place position as the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$ 73   billion . On 16 May 2013, Bloomberg L.P. ranked Slim

18200-577: The world's largest private collection of his art. Slim owns a total of 380 casts and works of art by Rodin. His late wife, whom he credits with teaching him much of what he knows about art, was an admirer of Rodin's work. In addition to Rodin, some notable European artists whose work is displayed include Salvador Dalí , Pablo Picasso , the circle of Leonardo da Vinci , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Joan Miró , Vincent van Gogh , Henri Matisse , Claude Monet , Bartolomé Esteban Murillo , El Greco , Camille Claudel , and Tintoretto . The most valuable work of art in

18340-590: The world's richest person, with a net worth of US$ 53.5   billion . At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of US$ 53   billion and US$ 47   billion respectively. He was the first Mexican to top the list. It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. It was also the first time the person at the top of the list was from an emerging economy. Between 2008 and 2010, Slim more than doubled his net worth from $ 35 to $ 75 billion. In March 2011, Forbes stated that Slim had maintained his position as

18480-562: The world's richest person. Slim's estimated fortune soared to US$ 59   billion , based on the value of his public holdings at the end of July. Gates' net worth was estimated to be at least US$ 58   billion . On 5 March 2008, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's second-richest person, behind Warren Buffett and ahead of Bill Gates. On 11 March 2009, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison . On 10 March 2010, Forbes once again reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as

18620-449: The young Carlos in the importance of keeping accurate financial records when doing business. At the age of 11, Slim invested in a government savings bond, which taught him about the concept of compound interest . Adhering to his father's emphasis on the importance of keeping accurate financial records, he eventually saved every financial and business transaction he ever made into a personal ledger book, which he still keeps to this day. At

18760-470: Was a civil engineering major, he also displayed an interest in economics. Broadening his academic interests outside his traditional area of study beyond civil engineering, he took economics courses in Chile when he completed his engineering degree. Graduating as a civil engineering major, Slim has stated that his mathematical ability and his background of linear programming was a key factor in helping him gain

18900-417: Was also built by Carlos Slim and features many of his companies, as well as a luxury hotel and several apartment buildings. The entire development cost almost $ 800 million to build. Slim himself described the museum as his attempt to increase the " humanistic capital " of Mexico City. He has noted that since many Mexicans cannot afford to travel to Europe to view art collections there, it was important to house

19040-592: Was born on 17 July 1888 in Jezzine , Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire ). In 1902, at the age of 14, Haddad emigrated to Mexico alone, and later changed his name to Julián Slim Haddad. It was not uncommon for Lebanese children to be sent abroad before they reached the age of 15 to avoid being conscripted into the Ottoman Army , and four of Haddad's older brothers were already living in Mexico at

19180-416: Was built between 300 and 400 A.D., and probably reached its peak between 600 and 800 A.D. There is evidence that occupation of the sites extends much further back in time than the early city’s known habitation. The ceremonial center is situated on a hill with four main structures called “The Spiral Building,” “The Volcano Base,” “The Serpent Pyramid” and “The Flower Pyramid.” The last is the most important, and

19320-676: Was due to a running joke in Mexican business circles that "there was nothing left to acquire in Mexico." He set up a Telmex USA branch and also acquired a stake in Tracfone , an American cellular telephone operator. Concurrently, Slim established Carso Infraestructura y Construcción, S. A. (CICSA) as a non-profit subsidiary construction and engineering firm within Grupo Carso. During the same year, Slim underwent heart surgery and subsequently passed on much of his day-to-day corporate involvement to his children and their spouses. América Telecom,

19460-501: Was released by the new company listed its assets at 3.5   billion pesos (approximately US$ 230   million ), placed within 17.7   million shares. Upon the formation of the company, Slim remained sanguine about the company's future potential and Mexico's burgeoning energy sector where the state monopoly ceased to exist. On July 25, 2015, Slim's investment group Control Empresarial de Capitales invested in IMatchative,

19600-757: Was the largest single shareholder of non-voting shares of the New York Times Company . In 2017, he sold half of his shares. Slim was born on 28 January 1940, in Mexico City , to Julián Slim Haddad (born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz) and Linda Helú Atta, both Maronite Christians from Lebanon . He decided at a young age that he aspired to be a businessman as a future career in mind, and received business lessons from his father, who taught him basic financial, business management, and accounting principles by instructing him in how to analyze and interpret financial statements in addition to stressing

#77922