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55-480: The museum was founded by Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral and opened in 1899. With the help of Jules Charles-Roux and Jeanne de Flandreysy , he established a gallery with statues from the Antiquity found on the grounds of the museum. Mistral had worked to build a Provençal literary revival since the 1850s, but in 1896 he declared that he wished to create a more enduring statement of Provençal tradition by building

110-543: A "Pantheon of Provence" that would bring together "all the memories of our race." It sought to become "the museum of the region, the complete representation of a pays ." Much of the collection focused on the traditional clothing of Arlesienne women, but it collected widely. Originally, labels were in Provençal, well after that language had ceased to dominate the region. In his history of the region, Marseillais business-man, politician and historian Jules Charles-Roux explained

165-491: A country and in a story". For his lifelong efforts in restoring the language of Provence, Frédéric Mistral was one of the recipients of the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated by two professors from the Swedish Uppsala University . The other winner that year, José Echegaray , was honored for his Spanish dramas. They shared the prize money equally. Mistral devoted his half to

220-495: A literary and cultural association, which made it possible to promote the Occitan language. Placed under the patronage of Saint Estelle, the movement also welcomed Catalan poets from Spain, driven out by Isabelle II. The seven founders of the organization were (to use their Provençal names): Jóusè Roumaniho, Frederi Mistral, Teodor Aubanel, Ansèume Matiéu, Jan Brunet, Anfos Tavan and Paul Giera. Félibrige exists to this day, one of

275-503: A long poem in Provençal consisting of twelve songs, tells of the thwarted love of Vincent and Mireille, two young Provençal people of different social backgrounds. The name Mireille (Mirèio in Provence) is a doublet of the word meraviho which means wonder. Mistral used the occasion not only to promote his language but also to share the culture of an area. Among other tales, he tells of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer , where according to legend

330-466: A rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the provencal dialect of the Occitan language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço" [ˈaj de pʀuˈvɛ̃sɔ] . Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provençal and French. Aix hosted the ninth International Congress of Modern Architecture in 1953. Aix is the home town of the rugby union team Provence Rugby . It played host to

385-412: Is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows of plane trees , bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall, and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its narrow, irregular streets, and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Situated on this avenue, which

440-526: Is born ... A true Homeric poet in our time; ... Yes, your epic poem is a masterpiece; ... the perfume of your book will not evaporate in a thousand years." Mirèio was translated into some fifteen European languages, including into French by Mistral himself. In 1863, Charles Gounod made it into an opera, Mireille . Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence or simply Aix , is a city and commune in southern France , about 30 km (20 mi) north of Marseille . A former capital of Provence , it

495-545: Is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous brasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it was frequented by the likes of Paul Cézanne , Émile Zola and Ernest Hemingway . On 3 November 2019, Les Deux Garçons was devastated by a fire that engulfed the entire building, leaving the much loved establishment just a shell. The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour ( Aix Cathedral )

550-459: Is situated to the north in the medieval part of Aix. Built on the site of a former Roman forum and an adjacent basilica, it contains a mixture of all styles from the 5th to the 17th century, including a richly decorated portal in the Gothic style with doors elaborately carved in walnut . The interior contains 16th-century tapestries, a 15th-century triptych depicting King René and his wife on

605-468: Is the subprefecture of the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence , in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône , in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 145,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains . Aix ( Aquae Sextiae ) was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus , who gave his name to its springs, following

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660-572: The Festival international d'Art Lyrique , founded in 1948, now ranks with those in Bayreuth , Salzburg and Glyndebourne . The director until 2018 was Bernard Foccroulle , organist and director of la Monnaie in Brussels. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former garden of the archbishop's palace,

715-536: The All Blacks during the early stages of the 2007 Rugby World Cup . Ysabel , the tenth novel of the best-selling Canadian author Guy Gavriel Kay , was set and written in Aix. Italian electroacoustic artist Giuseppe Ielasi 's album Aix was produced in Aix-en-Provence, hence the title. This is also the site of an alleged sighting and landing of a UFO in 1981 that is taken seriously by GEIPAN ,

770-615: The Berlin Philharmonic was performed at the Aix festival. The current director of the festival is Pierre Audi . This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national ' Fête de la Musique .' There is a week of classical, jazz, and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the Conservatoire Darius Milhaud , named in honour of

825-602: The French Alps . A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station. The city also offers a "city pass" available in 24, 48, and 72-hour packages for visiting tourists. The "pass tourisitque" is offered at the Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office, the Atelier de Cézanne, and

880-572: The Félibrige and member of the Académie de Marseille . His name in his native language was Frederi Mistral (Mistrau) according to the Mistralian orthography , or Frederic Mistral (or Mistrau) according to the classical orthography. Mistral's fame was owing in part to Alphonse de Lamartine who sang his praises in the 40th edition of his periodical Cours familier de littérature , following

935-660: The Visigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by the Franks and Lombards , and was occupied by the Saracens in 731 and by Charles Martel in 737. Aix, which during the Middle Ages was the capital of Provence , did not reach its zenith until after the 12th century, when, under the houses of Barcelona/Aragon and Anjou , it became an artistic centre and seat of learning. Aix passed to

990-519: The "boulevard exterieur", the predominantly one-way ring road that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated. As well as overland routes, two "rivers" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, but neither of which can remotely be described as navigable. The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by

1045-649: The Cité du Livre are the Grand Théâtre de Provence and the Pavillon Noir (see above). To the east of Aix rises Montagne Sainte-Victoire (1,011 metres or 3,317 feet), one of the landmarks of the Pays d'Aix. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to the plateau of Bibemus. It dramatically overshadows the small dam built by Émile Zola 's father and

1100-683: The Darius Milhaud Conservatory designed by Kengo Kuma . Aix has several museums and galleries: Prior to 1989 Aix had several libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the Méjanes, an old match factory. In 1993, the "Cité du Livre" was opened around the library. This has media spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians. Adjacent to

1155-657: The Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot, and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: at the top, a 19th-century fountain depicts the "good king" René holding the Muscat grapes that he introduced to Provence in the 15th century; halfway down is a natural hot water fountain (34 °C), covered in moss, dating back to the Romans; and at the bottom, at la Rotonde,

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1210-649: The French composer, a native of Aix. The dance company Ballet Preljocaj of the French dancer and choreographer Angelin Preljocaj has been located in Aix since 1996. In 2007 it took up residence in the Pavillon Noir , a centre for dance performance, designed in 1999 by the architect Rudy Ricciotti . The centre is one of nineteen of its kind in France, designated Centre chorégraphique national . Aix-en-Provence

1265-611: The Mediterranean coast of Provence; and to Nice and other towns on the French Riviera . Aix and Marseille are equidistant from the Marseille Provence Airport (MRS) at Marignane on the Étang de Berre which features domestic and international scheduled passenger service. There is another airport at Les Milles, which is mostly used by general aviation. There is a frequent bus shuttle service from

1320-1076: The Museon Arlaten organized the first "Fèsto Vierginenco," where 28 young women of Arles pledged to wear the clothing that had become the identifiable "traditional costume" of the city. The event was so popular that in subsequent years it had to be moved to the Roman Theatre. The museum was closed for repair works in October 25, 2009. Its reopening, initially planned for 2015, was later postponed to winter 2020/21. It reopened on May 19, 2021. The museum has an important collection of Provençal folk art, displaying furniture, costumes, ceramics, tools and farming implements. 43°40′36″N 4°37′33″E  /  43.676567°N 4.625923°E  / 43.676567; 4.625923 Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral ( French: [mistʁal] ; Occitan : Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral , 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914)

1375-651: The Upper Continental Miocene gave rise to a Christian dragon legend. Aix-en-Provence is situated in the south of France, in a plain overlooking the Arc river, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate, though more extreme than Marseille due to

1430-550: The city and was a frequent subject of Cézanne's works. Aix has long been a university town: Louis II of Anjou granted a royal charter for a university in 1409. Today Aix-en-Provence remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes: Aix also has several training collèges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes. Several lycées offer CPGE . Aix holds two significant musical events each year. These are: An important opera festival,

1485-520: The creation of the Museum at Arles, known locally as " Museon Arlaten ". The museum is considered to be the most important collection of Provençal folk art, displaying furniture, costumes, ceramics, tools and farming implements. In addition, Mistral was awarded the Légion d'honneur. This was a most unusual occurrence since it is usually only awarded for notable achievement on a national level, whereas Mistral

1540-523: The crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until 1789. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence. Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a medieval suburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a Roman amphitheatre . A deposit of fossil bones from

1595-518: The destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont . In 102 BC its vicinity was the scene of the Battle of Aquae Sextiae , where the Romans under Gaius Marius defeated the Ambrones and Teutones , with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism. In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of Narbonensis Secunda . It was occupied by

1650-492: The dragon Tarasque was driven out, and of the famous and ancient Venus of Arles . He prefaced the poem with a short notice about Provençal pronunciation. The poem tells how Mireille's parents wish her to marry a Provençal landowner, but she falls in love with a poor basket maker named Vincent, who loves her as well. After rejecting three rich suitors, a desperate Mireille, driven by the refusal of her parents to let her marry Vincent, runs off to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer to pray to

1705-448: The few remaining cultural organizations in 32 departments of the "Langue d'Oc". Mistral strove to rehabilitate the language of Provence, while carrying it to the highest summits of epic poetry. He redefined the language in its purest form by creating a dictionary and transcribing the songs of the troubadours, who spoke the language in its original form. Mistral is the author of Lou Tresor dóu Félibrige (1878–1886), which to date remains

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1760-468: The history of Provence during his time in Aix-en-Provence. Emancipated by his father, Mistral resolved: "to raise, revive in Provence the feeling of race ...; to move this rebirth by the restoration of the natural and historical language of the country ...; to restore the fashion to Provence by the breath and flame of divine poetry". For Mistral, the word race designates "people linked by language, rooted in

1815-602: The hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In the older part of Aix, there are also fountains of note in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux. Aix is the birthplace of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. A walking trail links sites including his childhood home, Jas de Bouffan, and his former studio, Atelier Cézanne. The white limestone mountain Sainte-Victoire overlooks

1870-508: The inland location. It has an average January temperature of 6 °C (43  °F ) and a July average of 24 °C (75  °F ). It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 58 days of rain. While it is partially protected from the Mistral , Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings. Like most of the south of France, Aix-en-Provence has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa). The Cours Mirabeau

1925-482: The last half of the 17th century and contains several notable hôtels particuliers . The 13th-century church of Saint-Jean-de-Malte contains valuable pictures and a recently restored organ. Next to it is the Musée Granet, devoted to European painting and sculpture. Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains. Among the most notable are the 17th-century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of

1980-510: The legal economy. The current mayor of Aix-en-Provence is Sophie Joissains , elected on September 24, 2021. Presidential Elections Second Round: A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modern autoroutes connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to Avignon and to the Luberon ; southwards to Marseille ; and eastwards to Aubagne and

2035-410: The main bus station in Aix which also serves the nearby TGV station at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Aix. At Aix, the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a railway station near the centre, Gare d'Aix-en-Provence , with connections to Marseille, Pertuis and Briançon in

2090-713: The manufacture of confectionery, iron-ware, hats, matches and the extraction of olive oil . Current economic activities include: The airline Twin Jet has its head office in Aix-en-Provence. From 1990 to 2000, criminal organizations established complex extortion rings in Marseille extending to Aix-en-Provence and the greater French Riviera . Since 2002, Le Milieu is known for, in addition to its extortion rings, large counterfeiting and white-collar crime operations. Due to increased financial regulation, Le Milieu has collectively pushed to integrate their crime profits into

2145-462: The most comprehensive dictionary of the Occitan language , and one of the most reliable, thanks to the precision of its definitions. It is a bilingual dictionary, Occitan-French, in two large volumes, with all of the dialects of oc , including Provençal. Mistral owes to François Vidal the work of typesetting and revising that dictionary. Mistral's most important work is Mirèio ( Mireille ), published in 1859, after eight years of effort. Mirèio ,

2200-439: The museum's choice of language: "Provençal is the language of a free people. And it is this love of humble people, this profound sense of equality, this respect for the spirit of the people, this magnificent understanding of its greatness that motivated Mistral to build a museum to house all the modest objects of daily life,... a museum for everything that makes up the originality, the flavor of Provençal life." In 1903, Mistral and

2255-482: The official Aix tourism website. In the town itself, there is an inexpensive municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), a park-and-ride service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems – these are six-seater vehicles that circulate at a speed of 16 km/h (10 mph). The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on

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2310-563: The patrons of Provence to change her parents' minds. Having forgotten to bring a hat, she falls victim to the heat, dying in Vincent's arms under the gaze of her parents. Mistral dedicated his book to Alphonse de Lamartine as follows: "To Lamartine: To you, I dedicate Mireille: It is my heart and my soul; It is the flower of my years; It is bunch of grapes from La Crau, leaves and all, a peasant's offering." Lamartine wrote enthusiastically: "I will tell you good news today! A great epic poet

2365-408: The public. From 2009 onwards, the château, which now belongs to Jacqueline's daughter Catherine Hutin, has been open to the public from June to September. Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory and Croix de Provence at the summit, to the large man-made reservoir of Bimont and to the Roman viaduct above le Tholonet. Industries formerly included flour-milling,

2420-590: The publication of Mistral's long poem Mirèio . Alphonse Daudet , with whom he maintained a long friendship, eulogized him in "Poet Mistral", one of the stories in his collection Letters from My Windmill ( Lettres de mon moulin ). Mistral was born in Maillane in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in Southern France . His parents were wealthy landed farmers. His father, François Mistral,

2475-491: The recently restored 18th-century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly built Grand Théâtre de Provence ; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists. Over the four-year period from 2006 until 2009, Sir Simon Rattle 's version of Wagner's Ring Cycle with

2530-436: The side panels, as well as a Merovingian baptistery , its Renaissance dome supported by original Roman columns. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and a Romanesque cloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side. The Archbishopric of Aix is now shared with Arles . Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important Appeal Court (Palais de Justice) outside of Paris, located near

2585-549: The site of the former Palace of the Counts (Palais des Comtes) of Provence . The Hôtel de Ville (town hall), a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries. At its side rises a handsome clock-tower, erected in 1510. Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the former Corn Exchange (1759–1761) (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th-century building

2640-520: The village was formerly occupied by the counts of Provence (including René of Anjou ) and the Archbishops of Aix before it became the family home of the marquis de Vauvenargues . It was acquired by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso in 1958, who was resident there from 1959 until 1962, when he moved to Mougins . He and his wife Jacqueline are buried in its grounds, which are not usually open to

2695-422: Was a favourite subject and haunt of Paul Cézanne throughout his lifetime. In the village of Le Tholonet on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is a windmill that he used, and beyond that a mountain hut, the refuge Cézanne , where he liked to paint. To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village of Vauvenargues . The Château of Vauvenargues overlooking

2750-634: Was about nine years old, and quickly began to play truant, leading his parents to send him to a boarding school in Saint-Michel-de-Frigolet, run by a Monsieur Donnat. After receiving his bachelor's degree in Nîmes , Mistral studied law in Aix-en-Provence from 1848 to 1851. He became a champion for the independence of Provence, and in particular for restoring the "first literary language of civilized Europe"—Provençal. He had studied

2805-518: Was an Occitan writer and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist". Mistral was a founding member of

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2860-712: Was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkable thermal springs , containing lime and carbonic acid , that first drew the Romans to Aix and gave it the name Aquae Sextiae . A spa was built in 1705 near the remains of the ancient Roman baths of Sextius . South of the Cours Mirabeau is the Quartier Mazarin . This residential district was constructed for the gentry of Aix by Archbishop Michele Mazzarino brother of Cardinal Jules Mazarin in

2915-647: Was from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . His mother was Adelaide Poulinet. As early as 1471, his paternal ancestor, Mermet Mistral, lived in Maillane. By 1588, the Mistral family lived in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Mistral was given the Provençal name "Frederi" in memory "of a poor small fellow who, at the time when my parents were courting, sweetly ran their errands of love, and who died shortly afterward of sunstroke." Mistral did not begin school until he

2970-595: Was part of Marseille-Provence 2013 , the year-long cultural festival when the region served as the European Capital of Culture . Aix hosted several major cultural events including one half of the Grand Atelier du Midi gala exhibition and an episode of the Révélations pyrotechnical performance. The city also unveiled major new cultural infrastructure to coincide with Marseille-Provence 2013, including

3025-505: Was uniquely Provençal in his work and achievement. In 1876, Mistral married a Burgundian woman, Marie-Louise Rivière (1857–1943) in Dijon Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Bénigne de Dijon) . They had no children. Mistral died on 25 March 1914 in Maillane, the same village where he was born. Mistral joined forces with one of his teachers, Joseph Roumanille , and five other Provençal poets and on 21 May 1854, they founded Félibrige ,

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