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69-491: The Muslim-Christian Associations are regarded as the first manifestations of a broad based Palestinian Nationalist movement. By the end of the 1920s they had ceased to be important. The membership was from the upper classes and they proved to be ineffective in halting the Zionist advances and failed to provide leadership for a public that was becoming increasingly concerned about the future. The first Muslim-Christian Association

138-579: A Jewish visitor, L.A. Frankl , found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.' Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in

207-404: A few tents covered with reeds, where pilgrims seek shelter from the heat of the sun. The sea enters the town, forming a poor and shallow harbor: it is dangerous to remain there long for fear of being driven onshore by a gust of wind. When any pilgrims disembark there, interpreters and other officers of the sultan instantly hasten to ascertain their numbers, to serve them as guides, and to receive, in

276-474: A heap of ruins when he visited in 1598. Botanist and traveller Leonhard Rauwolf landed near the site of the town on 13 September 1575 and wrote "we landed on the high, rocky shore where the town of Joppe did stand formerly, at this time the town was so demolished that there was not one house to be found." (p. 212, Rauwolf, 1582) The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and

345-685: A naturally elevated outcrop on the Mediterranean coastline. Excavations at Jaffa indicate that the city was settled as early as the Early Bronze Age . The city is referenced in several ancient Egyptian and Assyrian documents. Biblically, Jaffa is noted as one of the boundaries of the tribe of Dan and as a port through which Lebanese cedars were imported for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem . Under Persian rule, Jaffa

414-676: A period of Babylonian occupation , under Persian rule , Jaffa was governed by Phoenicians from Tyre. Jaffa is not mentioned in Alexander the Great 's coastal campaign, but during the Wars of the Diadochi , Antigonus Monophthalmus captured Jaffa in 315 BCE. Ptolemy I Soter later destroyed it in 312 BCE. Despite this, Jaffa was resettled and became a Ptolemaic mint site in the third century BCE. Archaeological evidence from this period includes

483-443: A pirate base. In the 3rd century CE, Jaffa was known by the name Flavia Ioppe , potentially indicating an honorary designation under Flavian rule . Despite the devastation and loss of life during the revolt, Jaffa maintained a Jewish population. Inscriptions from the early 2nd century indicate Jewish involvement in local governance. Further evidence includes Jewish epitaphs dating from the 3rd to 6th centuries, some from members of

552-533: A three-year truce between the two armies. In 1229, Frederick II signed a ten-year truce in a new Treaty of Jaffa . He fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah." In March 1268, Baibars ,

621-531: A watchtower and numerous stamped amphora handles. Additionally, the city is mentioned in several Zeno papyri . The area was transferred to Seleucid control after the Battle of Paneas in 198 BCE. Around 163–162 BCE, during the Maccabean revolt , the inhabitants of Jaffa invited the local Jews onto boats, subsequently sinking them and drowning hundreds. In retaliation, Judas Maccabeus attacked Jaffa, setting

690-478: Is a large harbour frequented by all the ships coming to Filastin, and from it they set sail to all lands. Between it and Ar Ramlah the distance is 6 miles, and it lies west of Ar Ramlah." In 1432, Bertrandon de la Broquière observed that Jaffa was in ruins, with only a few tents standing. He wrote: "At Jaffa, the pardons commence for pilgrims to the Holy Land ... at present, it is entirely destroyed, having only

759-506: Is debated, given the term leistai (pirates) was often used pejoratively in this period. Jaffa was annexed to Syria by Pompey but later restored to Judaea by Julius Caesar , reaffirming Jewish access to the sea through their traditional port. In 39 BCE, Herod captured Jaffa from Antigonus , though control fluctuated until Octavian returned it to Herod after the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra . After Herod's death, Jaffa, along with Strato's Tower (Caesarea), Sebaste , and Jerusalem,

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828-731: Is made to Jose ben Halafta (2nd century) traveling through Jaffa. Jaffa seems to have attracted serious Jewish scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The Jerusalem Talmud (compiled 4th and 5th century) in Moed Ketan references Rabi Akha bar Khanina of Jaffa; and in Pesachim chapter 1 refers to Rabi Pinchas ben Yair of Jaffa. The Babylonian Talmud (compiled 5th century) in Megillah 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. Leviticus Rabbah (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The Pesikta Rabbati (written in

897-646: The Canaanite city, where the soldiers emerged and conquered it. The story predates the story of the Trojan horse , as told by Homer , by at least two centuries. The city is also mentioned in the Amarna letters under its Egyptian name Ya-Pho ( Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33 ). The city was under Egyptian rule until around 1200 BCE. In the Hebrew Bible , Jaffa is depicted as the northernmost Philistine city, bordering

966-696: The Council of Ephesus in 431 CE. A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known. Early Christian texts describe Jaffa as a modest settlement, with varying accounts of its prosperity and state of preservation. The New Testament account of Saint Peter bringing back to life the widow Dorcas (recorded in Acts of the Apostles , 9:36–42 , takes place in Jaffa, then called in Greek Ἰόππη ( Latinized as Joppa ). Acts 10:10–23 relates that, while Peter

1035-574: The Israelite territories – more specifically those of Tribe of Dan (hence the modern term " Gush Dan " for the center of the coastal plain). The Israelites did not manage to take Jaffa from the Philistines. Jaffa is mentioned four times in the Hebrew Bible : as the northernmost Philistine city by the coast, bordering the territory of the Tribe of Dan ( Joshua 19:46 ); as port-of-entry for

1104-595: The Mahmoudiya Mosque and the public fountain known as Sabil Abu Nabbut . During the 1834 Peasants' revolt in Palestine , Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt . In 1820, Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to their four holy cities - Jerusalem, Hebron , Tiberias and Safed . This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of

1173-533: The Nabi Musa riots the Jerusalem Association issued a statement, 11 November 1921, protesting the harsh sentences given to Arab demonstrators compared to those given to Jews arrested. They also announced their refusal to cooperate with British plans to demand security bonds from those suspected of security offences. But the group was losing credibility with the public, it was seen as ineffective in

1242-527: The cedars of Lebanon for Solomon's Temple ( 2 Chronicles 2:16 ); as the place whence the prophet Jonah embarked for Tarshish ( Jonah 1:3 ); and again as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the Second Temple of Jerusalem ( Ezra 3:7 ). In the late 8th century BCE, Sennacherib , king of Assyria , recorded conquering Jaffa from its sovereign, the Philistine king of Ashkelon . After

1311-537: The diaspora , along with references in Talmudic sources to scholars associated with Jaffa. Archaeological findings from the 2nd and 3rd centuries reveal structures destroyed by fire, possibly linked to regional unrest. During the first centuries of Christianity , Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and Byzantine locality, which only in the 5th century became a bishopric . The new religion arrived in Jaffa relatively late, not appearing in historical records until

1380-673: The 1192 Battle of Jaffa and subsequent Treaty of Jaffa , a truce between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin , as well as a later 1229 peace treaty . In 1799, Napoleon also sacked the town in the Siege of Jaffa , and in the First World War the British took the city in the 1917 Battle of Jaffa , and under their watch, as part of Mandatory Palestine , ethnic tensions culminated in the 1921 Jaffa riots . As an Arab majority city in

1449-547: The 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews. From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep. Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in

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1518-488: The 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa. Several streets and alleys of the Jaffa Flea Market area are named after these scholars. In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla , then the provincial capital. Al-Muqaddasi ( c.  945 /946 – 991) described Yafah as "lying on the sea, is but a small town, although the emporium of Palestine and

1587-584: The Association was Hubbard's idea. In November 1918, to mark the anniversary of Allenby 's victory over the Turks, the Jaffa Association presented the governor with a statement expressing their confidence in British promises of self-government and self-determination . They also emphasized that Palestine was an Arab country and expressed their opposition to Zionists claims to the land. In May 1919

1656-702: The British administration of Mandatory Palestine as well as Arab leaders including Sharif Hussein of Mecca and his son, Emir Abdullah of Trans-Jordan . Kisch was awarded the Order of Wen-Hu (4th Class) by the Republic of China in 1921. Kisch was recalled to active service in 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War . He was promoted to the rank of brigadier and assigned to the British Eighth Army , where he became commanding officer of

1725-570: The British military governor of Jerusalem, Ronald Storrs , warned the mayor, Musa Kazem al-Husseini , and other notables that membership of the Muslim-Christian Association was incompatible with an administrative or a political career. The following year, between 27 January and 10 February 1919, the Associations held a Congress in Jerusalem. Most of the delegates were elderly and from privileged backgrounds. The group

1794-546: The Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to Ramla and Lod , where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore. On 7 March 1799, Napoleon captured

1863-591: The Jaffa Association held a mass meeting in the Zohar Cinema with about 500 people attending. The main resolutions called for independence, recognition of Palestine as being part of Greater Syria and opposition to Jewish immigration. After two hours the meeting got out of control and the military authorities closed it down. The first head of the Jerusalem Muslim-Christian Association was Arif Pasha Dajani . On 24 November 1918

1932-466: The Jaffa association ceased to function after the municipality agreed to accept the Rutenburg Scheme which would supply the town with electricity but which was opposed by the national Congress. At their peak in 1920 there were some 40 Associations with approximately 3,000 active members. In 1922 a number of Muslim National Associations began to appear. These groups were actually funded by

2001-454: The Jews"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by Muhammad Ali of Egypt . By 1839, at least 153 Sephardic Jews were living in Jaffa. The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi miRagusa . In

2070-580: The Ottoman era, Jaffa became known starting from the 19th century for its expansive orchards and fruits, including its namesake Jaffa orange . It was also a Palestinian hub for journalism in Mandatory Palestine in the 20th century, where Falastin and Al-Difa' newspapers were established. After the 1948 Palestine War , most of its Arab population fled or were expelled , and the city became part of then newly established state of Israel, and

2139-558: The Roman and Byzantine periods. Archaeological remains from the Roman period are mainly found near the harbor, including rich finds like terra sigillata , a bread or cheese stamp, and coins. In the early stages of the First Jewish–Roman War in 66 CE, Cestius Gallus sent forces to Jaffa, where the city was destroyed and its inhabitants indiscriminately killed. Josephus writes that 8,400 inhabitants were massacred. Subsequently,

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2208-796: The Royal Engineers in the North African Campaign . Kisch was killed in Tunisia on 7 April 1943 when he stepped on a landmine during the Battle of Wadi Akarit . He had been organising reconstruction of a bridge, essential to the Allied advance. He is buried at Enfidaville War Cemetery  [ fr ] in Tunisia. Ya'ar Kisch -the "Kisch Memorial Forest", moshav Kfar Kisch and various streets, including Sderot Kisch on

2277-818: The Zionist Executive in an attempt to undermine the influence of the Muslim-Christian Associations and the Congress. Colonel Kisch was given the task of cultivating pro-Zionist opinion among the Arabs, with a budget of £20,000. In 1923 the Jerusalem Muslim National Club was being given £100 a month, the Tiberias club was given a lump sum of £200. The funds were also used to bribe many senior notables as well as

2346-494: The accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries, made the hill even higher. The city as such was established at the latest around 1800 BCE. Jaffa is mentioned in an Ancient Egyptian letter from 1440 BCE. The so-called story of the Taking of Joppa glorifies its conquest by Pharaoh Thutmose III , whose general, Djehuty , hid Egyptian soldiers in sacks carried by pack animals and sent them camouflaged as tribute into

2415-404: The afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding

2484-574: The best pomegranates . Frederick Kisch Arab revolt in Palestine Second World War Frederick Hermann Kisch , CB , CBE , DSO (23 August 1888 – 7 April 1943) was a decorated British Army officer and Zionist leader. A Brigadier , he was the highest ranking Jew to serve in the British Army. Frederick Kisch was born to a British-Jewish family in

2553-537: The blessed minaret, as well as the gate of this mosque...in the year 666 of the Hijra [1268 CE]. May God have mercy upon him and upon all Muslims. Abu'l-Fida (1273–1331), writing in 1321, described "Yafa, in Filastin" as "a small but very pleasant town lying on the sea-shore. It has a celebrated harbour. The town of Yafa is well fortified. Its markets are much frequented, and many merchants ply their trades here. There

2622-528: The bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down. Many more died in an epidemic of bubonic plague that broke out soon afterwards. Residential life in the city was reestablished in the early 19th century. The governor who was appointed after the devastation brought about by Napoleon, Muhammad Abu-Nabbut , commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including

2691-454: The city was resettled by Jews expelled from neighboring regions, who used it to disrupt maritime commerce between Egypt and Syria . As the Romans, led by Vespasian , approached Jaffa, those Jews fled to sea but were devastated by a storm, killing 4,200 people. Those who reached shore were killed by the Romans, who subsequently destroyed Jaffa again and stationed troops to prevent its reuse as

2760-567: The city. During the operations of Antiochus VII Sidetes in Judaea, he demanded the surrender of Jaffa among other cities. Simon negotiated a settlement by agreeing to pay a smaller tribute. Simon's capture of Jaffa is praised in 1 Maccabees because of the city's strategic importance as a port. In the Hasmonean period, the city was fortified and served as the main port of Judaea. Under Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus (103 – 76 BCE), Jaffa

2829-687: The early 1850s, HaLevi leased an orchard to Clorinda S. Minor , founder of a Christian messianic community that established Mount Hope, a farming initiative to encourage local Jews to learn manual trades, which the Messianics did in order to pave wave for the Second Coming of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist Moses Montefiore bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it. American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that

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2898-504: The face of growing Zionist activity. The following month a Zionist attempt to smuggle weapons into Palestine was intercepted in Haifa. The Societies boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the first high commissioner, Herbert Samuel , 11 September 1922. His arrival coincided with Atatürk 's victories against the Greeks , which was greatly exciting Muslim public opinion. In the autumn of 1923

2967-455: The faith of His Prophet...Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Baybars...who came out with his victorious army on the 10th of the month of Rajab from the land of Egypt, resolved to carry out jihad and combat the intransigent infidels . He camped in the port city of Jaffa in the morning and conquered it, by God's will, in the third hour of that day. Then he ordered the erection of the dome over

3036-513: The harbor is reputed to have been the place where Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. Pliny the Elder associated the name with Iopa, daughter of Aeolus , god of the wind. The medieval Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi referred to it as Yaffa . Ancient Jaffa was built on a 40 metres (130 ft) high kurkar sandstone ridge, with a broad view of the coastline, giving it a strategic importance in military history. The tell of Jaffa, created through

3105-492: The harbor on fire, destroying ships, and killing many inhabitants, though he did not attempt to hold the city. By 147 – 146 BCE, his brother Jonathan Apphus expelled the garrison of Seleucid king Demetrius II from Jaffa but did not conquer the city. In 143 BCE, Simon Thassi established a garrison in Jaffa, expelled the non-Jewish inhabitants to prevent them from collaborating with the Seleucid commander Tryphon, and fortified

3174-417: The last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'. Shamuti or Shamouti oranges, aka " Jaffa oranges ", were the major crop, but citrons , lemons and mandarin oranges were also grown. Jaffa had a reputation for producing

3243-537: The late 1880s. The most successful enterprises were metalworking factories, among them the machine shop run by the Templers that employed over 100 workers in 1910. Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink. Most of the newspapers and books printed in Ottoman Palestine were published in Jaffa . In 1859,

3312-498: The mayors of Jerusalem, Nablus , Tiberias and Beisan . In 1923 the chief secretary to the high commissioner, Colonel Wyndham Deedes , ordered investigations into some of the leaders of the Muslim National Associations. The final report concluded that the people involved were untrustworthy and the strategy was only likely to have a negative impact. Both David Ben-Gurion and Ze'ev Jabotinsky were against

3381-480: The name of their master, the customary tribute." In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottoman sultan Selim I . In the census of 1596, it appeared located in the nahiya of Ramla in the liwa of Gaza . It had a population of 15 households, all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on various products; a total of 7,520 akçe . The traveller Jean Cotwyk (Cotovicus) described Jaffa as

3450-465: The policy. Jaffa Jaffa ( Hebrew : יָפוֹ , romanized :  Yāfō , pronounced [jaˈfo] ; Arabic : يَافَا , romanized :  Yāfā , pronounced [ˈjaːfaː] ), also called Japho , Joppa or Joppe in English, is an ancient Levantine port city which is part of Tel Aviv-Yafo , Israel , located in its southern part. The city sits atop

3519-630: The port of Ar-Ramlah . It is protected by a strong wall with iron gates, and the sea-gates also are of iron. The mosque is pleasant to the eye, and overlooks the sea. The harbour is excellent". Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the First Crusade , and was the centre of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon , one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . One of its counts, John of Ibelin , wrote

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3588-697: The principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Saladin conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on 10 September 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf . Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in the July 1192 Battle of Jaffa , the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing

3657-420: The sultan of the Egyptian Mamluks , conquered Jaffa simultaneously with conquering Antioch . Baibars's goal was to conquer Christian crusader strongholds . An inscription from the White Mosque of Ramla , today visible in the Great Mosque of Gaza , commemorates the event: In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate ,...gave power to his servant...who has trust in him...who fights for Him and defends

3726-425: The town had a population of "about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems". The city walls were torn down during the 1870s, allowing the city to expand. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of Jews left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement

3795-438: The town in what became known as the Siege of Jaffa , breached its walls, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French. Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Jacques-François Miot described it thus: On 10 March 1799 in

3864-454: The town of Darjeeling , British Empire in India , on 23 August 1888, where his father Michael was head of the Indian Postal Service . After some time, Kisch family moved back to England , where Frederick attended Clifton College and subsequently the Royal Military Academy Woolwich . Kisch joined the Royal Engineers in 1909 and served with them in the First World War in France and the Middle East theatres. During his war service, he

3933-420: The troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and

4002-409: The unity of Palestine and Syria and rejected the idea of a Jewish National Home while acknowledging the rights of the existing Jewish population. General Allenby refused permission for it to be issued and the circular was withdrawn. The British authorities allowed the Associations to hold a two-day general strike, 13–14 July 1920, protesting against the mandate and the behaviour of the army. Following

4071-457: The war, he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Kisch was appointed a member of the British delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . He joined the Zionist Organization in 1922, where he headed the political department until being succeeded by Chaim Arlosoroff . He also served as Zionist Commission head for the Jerusalem region between 1923 and 1931. His British military background allowed him to cultivate excellent relations with

4140-447: Was already losing touch with the more radical opinions of the general population. In March, the Jerusalem Association proposed holding a demonstration on 1 April 1919 to protest against the Zionist program. This was called off after the authorities denied permission. Similarly, in May 1919, the Association proposed issuing a circular presenting their views in anticipation of the arrival of the Inter-Allied Commission. The statement emphasized

4209-417: Was assigned to Archelaus ' ethnarchy in Judaea. The construction of Herod's superior harbor at Caesarea diminished Jaffa's regional importance. Josephus's accounts indicate that Jaffa had city status, administering surrounding districts, reflecting continued regional significance. However, he adds that the harbor at Jaffa was inferior to that of Caesarea . The population of the city during this period

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4278-429: Was founded in Jaffa , 8 May 1918, with al-Hajj Ragib al-Dajani as its president. The membership were prominent members of Jaffa society. The Jaffa group was largely pro-British, partly because the citrus export industry needed to maintain good relations with the authorities. Also the military governor of Jaffa, Colonel Hubbard, had good relations with the Arabs of the town. According to Israeli politician, Aharon Cohen ,

4347-404: Was given to the Phoenicians . The city features in the biblical story of Jonah and the Greek legend of Andromeda . Later, the city served as the major port of Hasmonean Judea . However, its importance declined during the Roman period due to the construction of Caesarea . Jaffa was contested during the Crusades , when it presided over the County of Jaffa and Ascalon . It is associated with

4416-448: Was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with "clean" and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the Holy Spirit telling him to accompany several messengers to Cornelius in Caesarea Maritima . Peter retells the story of his vision in Acts 11:4–17 , explaining how he had come to preach Christianity to the gentiles . In Midrash Tanna'im in its chapter Deuteronomy 33:19 , reference

4485-447: Was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit, but an assembly of its residents changed its name to Tel Aviv in 1910. Other Jewish suburbs to Jaffa had already been founded since 1887 , with others following until the Great War . In 1904, rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935) moved to Ottoman Palestine and took up the position of Chief Rabbi of Jaffa. In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in

4554-481: Was one of several coastal cities controlled by the Jews, including Straton's Tower , Apollonia , Iamnia , and Gaza . Archaeological evidence from this period is limited but includes remnants of walls, tombs from the early first century BCE, and hoards of coins. Incidents of piracy before the Roman conquest are mentioned by Josephus , who accused Aristobulus of instigating raids and acts of piracy. These claims are echoed by Diodorus and Strabo, though their reliability

4623-445: Was predominantly Jewish. Strabo , writing in the early 1st century CE, describes Jaffa as a location from which it is possible to see Jerusalem , the capital of the Jews, and writes that the Jews used it as their naval arsenal when they descended to the sea. Excavations suggest urban expansion during the Hellenistic period under Ptolemaic rule, followed by contraction under Seleucid and early Roman rule, and renewed expansion later in

4692-489: Was unified into a single municipality with Tel Aviv in 1950. Today, Jaffa is one of Israel's mixed cities , with approximately 37% of the city being Arab. The town was mentioned in Egyptian sources and the Amarna letters as Yapu . Mythology says that it is named for Yafet (Japheth), one of the sons of Noah , the one who built it after the Flood . The Hellenist tradition links the name to Iopeia , or Cassiopeia , mother of Andromeda . An outcropping of rocks near

4761-460: Was wounded three times, and decorated with the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry in action. He was also decorated by the government of France with the Croix de guerre with Palm . Due to his wounds, he was declared temporarily unfit for frontline service and was subsequently transferred to the Military Intelligence Corps , where he served for the rest of the war. He also served as general staff officer to General Sir George Macdonogh . During

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